| Traditional crops and climate change adaptation: insights from the Andean agricultural sector | Arias Montevechio E.; Crispin Cunya M.; Fernández Jorquera F.; Rendon E.; Vásquez-Lavin F.; Stehr A.; Ponce Oliva R.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1080/17565529.2022.2151307 | The growth of traditional crops could be a primary resource for adapting to climate change and strengthening agrosystems’ resilience. However, these crops tend to be replaced by non-traditional crops with higher productivity, higher market values, and higher short-term income. In this context, smallholders face trade-offs between maximizing short-term income and ensuring resilience to face likely future climate adversities. The economic assessment of such trade-offs has been commonly neglected in the literature. Most studies are conducted using agronomic or anthropological frameworks to recognize the value of traditional agriculture to increase adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability. This study fills this gap by assessing economic and agronomic trade-offs between traditional and non-traditional crops triggered by climate-induced changes in water availability. We also simulate the effectiveness of a water policy. Our results suggest that farmers growing traditional crops may get lower profits, but their portfolio is more resilient to climate change, whereas the water policy proves to be an effective adaptation strategy to climate change. However, the policy implementation could hinder the development of traditional crops. Based on our results, we suggest implementing smart agricultural policies to balance economic, cultural, and adaptation goals. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. | Climate and Development | 17565529 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17565529.2022.2151307 | 1-15 | | Thomson Reuters SSCI | climate change adaptation; hydro-economic modeling; trade-offs; traditional agriculture; traditional crops, nan | Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Católica de la Ssma. Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Escuela de Postgrado, Programa Doctorado de Economía de los Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; School of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Economía y Planificación, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining, Concepcion, Chile |
| Forest hydrology in Chile: Past, present, and future | Balocchi F.; Galleguillos M.; Rivera D.; Stehr A.; Arumi J.L.; Pizarro R.; Garcia-Chevesich P.; Iroumé A.; Armesto J.J.; Hervé-Fernández P.; Oyarzún C.; Barría P.; Little C.; Mancilla G.; Yépez S.; Rodriguez R.; White D.A.; Silberstein R.P.; Neary D.G.; Ramírez de Arellano P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128681 | This paper reviews the current knowledge of hydrological processes in Chilean temperate forests which extend along western South America from latitude 29° S to 56° S. This geographic region includes a diverse range of natural and planted forests and a broad sweep of vegetation, edaphic, topographic, geologic, and climatic settings which create a unique natural laboratory. Many local communities, endangered freshwater ecosystems, and downstream economic activities in Chile rely on water flows from forested catchments. This review aims to (i) provide a comprehensive overview of Chilean forest hydrology, to (ii) review prior research in forest hydrology in Chile, and to (iii) identify knowledge gaps and provide a vision for future research on forest hydrology in Chile. We reviewed the relation between native forests, commercial plantations, and other land uses on water yield and water quality from the plot to the catchment scale. Much of the global understanding of forests and their relationship with the water cycle is in line with the findings of the studies reviewed here. Streamflow from forested catchments increases after timber harvesting, native forests appear to use less water than plantations, and streams draining native forest yield less sediment than streams draining plantations or grassland/shrublands. We identified 20 key knowledge gaps such as forest groundwater systems, soil–plant-atmosphere interactions, native forest hydrology, and the effect of forest management and restoration on hydrology. Also, we found a paucity of research in the northern geographic areas and forest types (35-36°S); most forest hydrology studies in Chile (56%) have been conducted in the southern area (Los Rios Region around 39-40° S). There is limited knowledge of the geology and soils in many forested areas and how surface and groundwater are affected by changes in land cover. There is an opportunity to advance our understanding using process-based investigations linking field studies and modeling. Through the establishment of a forest hydrology science “society” to coordinate efforts, regional and national-scale land use planning might be supported. Our review ends with a vision to advance a cross-scale collaborative effort to use new nation-wide catchment-scale networks Long-term Ecosystem Research (LTER) sites, to promote common and complementary techniques in these studies, and to conduct transdisciplinary research to advance sound and integrated planning of forest lands in Chile. © 2022 The Author(s) | Journal of Hydrology | 00221694 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169422012513 | art128681 | 616 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chilean native forests; exotic plantations; land use planning; sediment yield; water yield, chile; los rios [ecuador]; south america; catchments; conservation; economics; ecosystems; groundwater; logging (forestry); rivers; runoff; stream flow; water quality; catchment scale; chilean native forest; exotic plantation; forest hydrologies; forested catchments; knowledge gaps; land use planning; native forests; sediment yields; water yield; catchment; forest management; groundwater; land use planning; sediment yield; water quality; water yield; land use | Bioforest SA, camino a Coronel s/n, km 15, Coronel, Chile; Water resources and energy for agriculture PhD program, Water Resources Department, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Sustentabilidad y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos (CiSGER), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo, Las Condes, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining, (ANID/FONDAP/15130015). Victoria 1295, Concepción, 4070411, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Recursos Hídricos, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidad de Concepción Chillan, Chillan, Chile; Cátedra Unesco en Hidrología de Superficie, U. de Talca, Chile. Avda. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile; Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Colorado School of Mines, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, 80401, CO, United States; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Alameda, 340, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile... |
| A comparison of mixed logit and latent class models to estimate market segments for seafood faced with ocean acidification | Campos-Requena N.; Vásquez-Lavin F.; Fernández F.; Barrientos M.; Gelcich S.; Oliva R.D.P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1080/13657305.2022.2100005 | This study uses a choice experiment to characterize market segments (consumer preferences heterogeneity) based on three attributes of seafood (mussels) that are affected by ocean acidification: shell appearance, meat color, and nutritional composition. Using a sample of 1,257 individuals from two main cities in Chile, we estimate both the Mixed Logit model and the Latent Class model. We use the individual-specific posterior (ISP) parameters’ distribution to categorize consumers’ heterogeneity based on the signs and intensity (i.e., like or dislike dimension) of these ISPs. We compare the pattern of preferences and whether people are classified within the same preference pattern in both models. In general, we observed that the models identify a different number of segments with various patterns of preferences. Moreover, the models classify the same people into different groups. Since the segmentation is sensitive to the chosen model, we discuss strengths, inconsistencies, biases, and best practices regarding methodological approaches to establishing market segments in choice experiments and future ocean acidification conditions. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. | Aquaculture Economics and Management | 13657305 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13657305.2022.2100005 | 282-314 | 27 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | choice experiment; individual-specific posterior distribution; market segmentation; ocean acidification; seafood products, chile; aquaculture production; best management practice; bivalve; comparative study; consumption behavior; environmental disturbance; estimation method; food quality; future prospect; heterogeneity; mussel culture; ocean acidification; pollution effect; pollution exposure; seafood | Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile; School of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Durham University Business School, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom |
| A firebreak placement model for optimizing biodiversity protection at landscape scale | Carrasco J.; Mahaluf R.; Lisón F.; Pais C.; Miranda A.; de la Barra F.; Palacios D.; Weintraub A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118087 | A solution approach is proposed to optimize the selection of landscape cells for inclusion in firebreaks. It involves linking spatially explicit information on a landscape's ecological values, historical ignition patterns and fire spread behavior. A firebreak placement optimization model is formulated that captures the tradeoff between the direct loss of biodiversity due to the elimination of vegetation in areas designated for placement of firebreaks and the protection provided by the firebreaks from losses due to future forest fires. The optimal solution generated by the model reduced expected losses from wildfires on a biodiversity combined index due to wildfires by 30% relative to a landscape without any treatment. It also reduced expected losses by 16% compared to a randomly chosen solution. These results suggest that biodiversity loss resulting from the removal of vegetation in areas where firebreaks are placed can be offset by the reduction in biodiversity loss due to the firebreaks’ protective function. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd | Journal of Environmental Management | 03014797 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118087 | art118087 | 342 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biodiversity; conservation; deforestation; ecology; fire hazards; fires; vegetation; biodiversity loss; decision making at landscape-scale; decisions makings; expected loss; fire ecology; fire effect; fire risks; landscape scale; mitigation of fire effect; placement model; biodiversity; decision making; fire behavior; forest cover; forest fire; landscape protection; mitigation; reduction; article; biodiversity; decision making; drug combination; fire ecology; forest fire; landscape; mitigation; vegetation; wildfire; decision making, conservation; decision making at landscape-scale; fire ecology; fire risk; mitigation of fire effects | University of Chile, Industrial Engineering Department, Santiago, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute - ISCI, Santiago, Chile; Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Zoología, Fac. Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales y Medioambiente, Fac. Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; University of California Berkeley, IEOR Department, Berkeley, United States; University of Chile, ), Santiago, Chile |
| Surviving in a hostile landscape: Nothofagus alessandrii remnant forests threatened by mega-fires and exotic pine invasion in the coastal range of central Chile | González M.E.; Galleguillos M.; Lopatin J.; Leal C.; Becerra-Rodas C.; Lara A.; San Martín J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1017/S0030605322000102 | Nothofagus alessandrii, categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is an endemic, deciduous tree species of the coastal range of central Chile. We assessed the effects of fire severity, invasion by the exotic fire-prone Pinus radiata, and land-cover composition and configuration of the landscape on the resilience of fragments of N. alessandrii after a mega-fire in 2017. We used remote sensing data to estimate land-use classes and cover, fire severity and invasion cover of P. radiata. We monitored forest composition and structure and post-fire responses of N. alessandrii forests in situ for 2 years after the mega-fire. In the coastal Maule region wildfires have been favoured by intense drought and widespread exotic pine plantations, increasing the ability of fire-adapted invasive species to colonize native forest remnants. Over 85% of N. alessandrii forests were moderately or severely burnt. The propagation and severity of fire was probably amplified by the exotic pines located along the edges of, or inside, the N. alessandrii fragments and the highly flammable pine plantations surrounding these fragments (> 60% of land use is pine plantations). Pinus radiata, a fire-adapted pioneer species, showed strong post-fire recruitment within the N. alessandrii fragments, especially those severely burnt. Positive feedback between climate change (i.e. droughts and heat waves), wildfires and pine invasions is driving N. alessandrii forests into an undesirable and probably irreversible state (i.e. a landscape trap). A large-scale restoration programme to design a diverse and less flammable landscape is needed to avoid the loss of these highly threatened forest ecosystems. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International. | ORYX | 00306053 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605322000102/type/journal_article | 228-238 | 57 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; endangered species; exotic invasion; nothofagus alessandrii; pinus radiata; wildfire, chile; biological invasion; coniferous forest; coniferous tree; deciduous tree; endangered species; forest ecosystem; landscape ecology; wildfire | Inst. de Conservacion Biodiversidad y Territorio Centro Del Fuego y Resiliencia de Socioecosistemas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567 Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile |
| Forest landscape dynamics after intentional large-scale fires in western Patagonia reveal unusual temperate forest recovery trends | Hernández-Moreno Á.; Soto D.P.; Miranda A.; Holz A.; Armenteras-Pascual D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1007/s10980-023-01687-x | Context: Western Chilean Patagonia is an isolated temperate region with an important proportion of intact forest landscapes (IFL) that was subjected to large-scale fires over 60 years ago. However, there is no empirical evaluation of the land cover dynamics to establish the forest loss and recovery, and the effect on the landscape structure and function, and remnant IFL following the fires. Objectives: The present study addressed the following questions: (1) What have been the main trends of the land cover dynamics between 1984 and 2018 following earlier fires, and how have these trends shaped the spatial patterns and potential carbon stock of forests in western Patagonia? (2) What proportion of forest landscape remains intact following fires in this region? Methods: We selected the Coyhaique Province (1,231,910 ha) in western Chilean Patagonia as the study area. Land cover maps for three dates (1984, 2000, 2018) were used to evaluate landscape dynamics after fires. A map of persistence and change occurrence was made to estimate the IFL area over the 1984–2018 period. Landscape metrics were used to assess landscape structure change, and potential carbon stock was estimated based on a literature review. Results: Following fires, the main land cover changes between 1984 and 2018 were loss of ~ 32,600 ha of old-growth forest and a recovery of ~ 69,000 ha of second-growth forest. The increase in second-growth forest area mainly resulted from loss of agricultural cover (~ 41% of the area). Despite these changes, ~ 61% of the area could potentially remain as IFL after fires. Over the 1984–2018 period, a slight increase in fragmentation of old-growth forest, and a decline in second-growth forest were observed. Coyhaique Province experienced a slight increase (3.6%) in overall potential carbon stock, likely as a result of second-growth forest recovery. Conclusions: Our study provides the first evidence of the western Patagonia landscape state after more than six decades since the large-scale fires. The results provide baseline information on landscape structure and function that could help to make conservation and forest management decisions on specific territory areas. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. | Landscape Ecology | 09212973 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01687-x | | | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, forest fragmentation; forest regeneration; landscape metrics; temperate ecosystem | Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Camino Baguales S/N Km 4, Coyhaique, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Global Environmental Change Lab, Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia |
| Warming and Drought Weaken the Carbon Sink Capacity of an Endangered Paleoendemic Temperate Rainforest in South America | Perez-Quezada J.F.; Barichivich J.; Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Carrasco E.; Aguilera D.; Bacour C.; Lara A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1029/2022JG007258 | Measurements of ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes in temperate forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, leaving the functionally diverse temperate forests in the Southern Hemisphere underrepresented. Here, we report 3 years (February 2018 to January 2021) of C fluxes, studied with eddy-covariance and closed chamber techniques, in an endangered temperate evergreen rainforest of the long-lived paleoendemic South American conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Using classification and regression trees, we analyzed the most relevant drivers and thresholds of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and soil respiration. The annual NEE showed that the forest was a moderate C sink during the period analyzed (−287 ± 38 g C m−2 year −1). We found that the capacity to capture C of the Fitzroya rainforests in the Coastal Range of southern Chile is optimal under cool and rainy conditions in the early austral spring (October–November) and decreases rapidly toward the summer dry season (January–February) and autumn. Although the studied forest type has a narrow geographical coverage, the gross primary productivity measured at the tower was highly representative of Fitzroya and other rainforests in the region. Our results suggest that C fluxes in paleoendemic cool F. cupressoides forests may be negatively affected by the warming and drying predicted by climate change models, reinforcing the importance of maintaining this and other long-term ecological research sites in the Southern Hemisphere. © 2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences | 21698953 | https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007258 | arte2022JG007258 | 128 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon cycle; eddy covariance; environmental thresholds; fitzroya; fluorescence; gross primary productivity, chile; coastal cordillera; carbon sink; climate change; coniferous tree; drought; dry season; eddy covariance; endangered species; endemic species; fluorescence; global warming; net ecosystem exchange; rainforest; temperate forest; threshold | Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile; Cape Horn International Institute, Punta Arenas, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Instrumentacion Científica, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile |
| How much carbon is stored in the terrestrial ecosystems of the Chilean Patagonia? | Perez-Quezada J.F.; Moncada M.; Barrales P.; Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Pfeiffer M.; Herrera A.F.; Sagardía R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1111/aec.13331 | We estimated the amount of carbon (C) stored in terrestrial ecosystems of the Chilean Patagonia and the proportion within protected areas. We used existing public databases that provide information on C stocks in biomass and soils. Data were analysed by ecosystem and forest type in the case of native forests. Our results show that some ecosystems have been more extensively studied both for their stocks in biomass and soils (e.g. forests) compared with others (e.g. shrublands). Forests and peatlands store the largest amount of C because of their large stocks per hectare and the large area they cover. The total amount of C stored per unit area varies from 261.7 to 432.8 Mg C ha−1, depending on the published value used for soil organic C stocks in peatlands, highlighting the need to have more precise estimates of the C stored in this and other ecosystems. The mean stock in national parks (508 Mg C ha−1) is almost twice the amount stored in undisturbed forests in the Amazon. State and private protected areas contain 58.9% and 2.1% of the C stock, respectively, playing a key role in protecting ecosystems in this once pristine area. © 2023 Ecological Society of Australia. | Austral Ecology | 14429985 | https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13331 | | | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, carbon density; carbon sequestration; south america; storage; temperate rainforests | Department of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile; Cape Horn International Center, Punta Arenas, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa Austral Patagonia, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto Forestal, INFOR, Valdivia, Chile |
| Land-use change and windstorms legacies drove the recolonization dynamics of laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary islands | Rozas V.; García-López M.A.; Olano J.M.; Sangüesa-Barreda G.; García-Hidalgo M.; Gómez-González S.; López-Rubio R.; Fernández-Palacios J.M.; García-González I.; Lozano-López L.; García-González P.; García-Cervigón A.I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100098 | Laurel forests are quite relevant for biodiversity conservation and are among the island ecosystems most severely damaged by human activities. In the past, Canary laurel forests have been greatly altered by logging, livestock and agriculture. The remains of laurel forests are currently protected in the Canary Islands (Spain). However, we miss basic information needed for their restoration and adaptive management, such as tree longevity, growth potential and responsiveness to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Using dendrochronological methods, we studied how forest dynamic is related to land-use change and windstorms in two well-preserved laurel forests on Tenerife Island. Wood cores were collected from over 80 trees per stand at three stands per forest. We used ring-width series to estimate tree ages and calculate annual basal area increments (BAI), cumulative diameter increases, and changes indicative of released and suppressed growth. Twelve tree species were found in all stands, with Laurus novocanariensis, Ilex canariensis and Morella faya being the most common species. Although some individuals were over 100 years old, 61.8%–88.9% of the trees per stand established between 1940 and 1970, coinciding with a post-war period of land abandonment, rural exodus and the onset of a tourism economy. Some trees have shown growth rates larger than 1 cm diameter per year and most species have had increasing BAI trends over the past decades. Strong growth releases occurred after windstorms at both sites, but the effects of windstorms were site-dependent, with the 1958 storm affecting mainly the eastern tip of the island (Anaga massif) and the 1991 storm the western tip (Teno massif). Given the great ability of laurel forest trees to establish after land use cessation and to increase growth after local disturbances such as windstorms, passive restoration may be sufficient to regenerate this habitat in currently degraded areas. © 2023 The Authors | Forest Ecosystems | 20956355 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100098 | art100098 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | canary islands; dendroecology; disturbance; forest structure; macaronesia; management cessation; tree rings, nan | EiFAB-iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, Soria, 42004, Spain; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain; Grupo de Ecología y Biogeografía Insular, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, La Laguna, 38206, Spain; BIOAPLIC, Departamento de Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain |
| Información científica clave para la gestión y conservación del ecosistema biocultural del Pewén en Chile y Argentina | Sanguinetti,Javier;Ditgen,Rebecca S;Donoso-Calderón,Sergio R;Hadad,Martín A;Gallo,Leonardo;González,Mauro E;Ibarra,J Tomás;Ladio,Ana;Lambertucci,Sergio A;Marchelli,Paula;Mundo,Ignacio A;Nuñez,Martín A.;Pauchard,Aníbal;Puchi,Paulina;Relva,María A.;Skewes,Oscar;Shepherd,John D;Speziale,Karina;Vélez,María L;Salgado-Salomón,María E;Zamorano-Elgueta,Carlos; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.4067/s0717-92002023000100179 | | Bosque (Valdivia) | 0717-9200 | http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002023000100179&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | 179-190 | 44 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | |
| Ecosystem services of Chilean sclerophyllous forests and shrublands on the verge of collapse: A review | Smith-Ramírez C.; Grez A.; Galleguillos M.; Cerda C.; Ocampo-Melgar A.; Miranda M.D.; Muñoz A.A.; Rendón-Funes A.; Díaz I.; Cifuentes C.; Alaniz A.; Seguel O.; Ovalle J.; Montenegro G.; Saldes-Cortés A.; Martínez-Harms M.J.; Armesto J.J.; Vita A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2023 | 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2022.104927 | Dryland forests are the areas most threatened by climate change, urbanization and land-use change simultaneously. Ecosystem services provided by Mediterranean dryland forests are have been in steep decline, and are extensively studied in the Mediterranean basin, however considerably less in other areas with Mediterranean climates. Knowledge of these services is necessary for the promotion of their conservation and restoration. Here, we synthesize current knowledge regarding the main ecosystem services provided by Chilean Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and shrublands (SFSh). This knowledge allows for the valuation of SFSh in order to conserve, restore and study them. We found 158 studies, including technical reports, theses, and scientific literature regarding the social and environmental benefits derived from Chilean SFSh, though many did not use the term “ecosystem services” (ES). We found data on 19 ecosystem services with four or more studies per service. ES studies in Chile increased in number a couple years after Millennium Ecosystem Assessment published its synthesis in 2005. The most frequently reported services were provisioning services, especially medicinal plants and extracts. Despite the advances in knowledge, ecosystem services of SFSh appear to be rarely quantified, most frequently using oversimplified variable indicators. Services related to animal biodiversity, such as pollination and plague control, are poorly known. In recent years social studies of perception and valuation have increased, showing people's high valuation of SFSh. Additional studies are needed especially regarding water regulation and provision, as global warming will significantly reduce water supply in Mediterranean climates. Finally, we reflect on the advances necessary to enhance conservation, restoration and adaptation of ecosystems and their benefits to people, especially considering political, social and scientific factors. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd | Journal of Arid Environments | 01401963 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196322002221 | art104927 | 211 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; biodiversity; climate change; deciduous forest; ecosystem service; environmental assessment; global warming; land use change; literature review; medicinal plant; perception; pollination; shrubland; urbanization; water supply, cultural services; dryland forests; mediterranean forests; provision services; regulation services | Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Chile; Departamento de Gestión Forestal y su Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Ciencia el Clima y la Resiliencia CR2, Santiago, Chile; Fundación San Ignacio del Huinay, Chile; Área de Ecología, Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Fores... |
| Chile's road plans threaten ancient forests | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Barichivich J.; Gutiérrez ÁG.; Miranda A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1126/science.adi0228 | [No abstract available] | Science (New York, N.Y.) | 10959203 | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi0228 | 903 | 380 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, Santiago, Chile; Valdivia, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay ,Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Cató lica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile |
| Ecophysiological Responses of Nothofagus obliqua Forests to Recent Climate Drying Across the Mediterranean-Temperate Biome Transition in South-Central Chile | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Barichivich J.; Szejner P.; Rozas V.; Lara A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2023 | 10.1029/2022JG007293 | The forests of south-central Chile are facing a drying climate and a megadrought that started in 2010. This study addressed the physiological responses of five Nothofagus obliqua stands across the Mediterranean-Temperate gradient (35.9°−40.3°S) using carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13 C) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in tree rings during 1967–2017. Moreover, tree ring δ18O was evaluated in the northernmost site to better understand the effects of the megadrought in this drier location. These forests have become more efficient in their use of water. However, trees from the densest stand are discriminating more against 13C, probably due to reduced photosynthetic rates associated with increasing light competition. The strongest associations between climate and Δ13C were found in the northernmost stand, suggesting that warmer and drier conditions could have reduced 13C discrimination. Tree growth in this site has not decreased, and δ18O was negatively related to annual rainfall. However, a shift in this relationship was found since 2007, when both precipitation and δ18O decreased, while correlations between δ18O and growth increased. This implies that tree growth and δ18O are coupled in recent years, but precipitation is not the cause, suggesting that trees probably changed their water source to deeper and more depleted pools. Our research demonstrates that forests are not reducing their growth in central Chile, mainly due to a shift toward the use of deeper water sources. Despite a common climate trend across the gradient, there is a non-uniform response of N. obliqua forests to climate drying, being their response site-specific. © 2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences | 21698953 | https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007293 | arte2022JG007293 | 128 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; biome; climate change; deciduous forest; mediterranean environment; physiological response; physiology; stable isotope; temperate environment; tree ring; water use efficiency, climate change; climate gradient; megadrought; stable isotopes; tree physiology; tree rings | Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA/UVSQ, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland; iuFOR-EiFAB, Área de Botánica, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile |
| Surface Ammonia-Oxidizer Abundance During the Late Summer in the West Antarctic Coastal System | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Díez B.; Testa G.; Troncoso M.; Bello E.; Farías L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821902 | Marine ammonia oxidizers that oxidize ammonium to nitrite are abundant in polar waters, especially during the winter in the deeper mixed-layer of West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) waters. However, the activity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizers during the summer in surface coastal Antarctic waters remain unclear. In this study, the ammonia-oxidation rates, abundance and identity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) were evaluated in the marine surface layer (to 30 m depth) in Chile Bay (Greenwich Island, WAP) over three consecutive late-summer periods (2017, 2018, and 2019). Ammonia-oxidation rates of 68.31 nmol N L−1 day−1 (2018) and 37.28 nmol N L−1 day−1 (2019) were detected from illuminated 2 m seawater incubations. However, high ammonia-oxidation rates between 267.75 and 109.38 nmol N L−1 day−1 were obtained under the dark condition at 30 m in 2018 and 2019, respectively. During the late-summer sampling periods both stratifying and mixing events occurring in the water column over short timescales (February–March). Metagenomic analysis of seven nitrogen cycle modules revealed the presence of ammonia-oxidizers, such as the Archaea Nitrosopumilus and the Bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, with AOA often being more abundant than AOB. However, quantification of specific amoA gene transcripts showed number of AOB being two orders of magnitude higher than AOA, with Nitrosomonas representing the most transcriptionally active AOB in the surface waters. Additionally, Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus and Nitrosopumilus, phylogenetically related to surface members of the NP-ε and NP-γ clades respectively, were the predominant AOA. Our findings expand the known distribution of ammonium-oxidizers to the marine surface layer, exposing their potential ecological role in supporting the marine Antarctic system during the productive summer periods. Copyright © 2022 Alcamán-Arias, Cifuentes-Anticevic, Díez, Testa, Troncoso, Bello and Farías. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.821902/full | art821902 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ammonia-oxidizers; archaea; bacteria; nitrification; photic layer; western antarctic peninsula, acetone; ammonia; ammonium chloride; chloroform; chlorophyll a; complementary dna; deoxyribonuclease; deoxyribonuclease i; dodecyl sulfate sodium; isopentyl alcohol; nitrite; nitrogen; phenol; ribonuclease; rna 16s; sea water; surface water; tracer; agar gel electrophoresis; ammonia oxidizer; ammonia oxidizing archaeon; ammonia oxidizing bacterium; article; bacterioplankton; centrifugation; colorimetry; dna extraction; dna synthesis; fluorescence; fluorometry; genetic transcription; high throughput sequencing; incubation time; metagenome; metagenomics; microbial biomass; nitrification; nitrogen cycle; nitrosomonas; nitrosopumilus; nitrosospira; nonhuman; oxidation; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; phytoplankton; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; rna extraction; spectrophotometry | Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Postgrado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Research Center Dynamics of High Latitude Marine Ecosystems (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile |
| A combined microbial and biogeochemical dataset from high-latitude ecosystems with respect to methane cycle | Barret M.; Gandois L.; Thalasso F.; Martinez Cruz K.; Sepulveda Jauregui A.; Lavergne C.; Teisserenc R.; Aguilar P.; Gerardo Nieto O.; Etchebehere C.; Martins Dellagnezze B.; Bovio Winkler P.; Fochesatto G.J.; Tananaev N.; Svenning M.M.; Seppey C.; Tveit A.; Chamy R.; Astorga España M.S.; Mansilla A.; Van de Putte A.; Sweetlove M.; Murray A.E.; Cabrol L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1038/s41597-022-01759-8 | High latitudes are experiencing intense ecosystem changes with climate warming. The underlying methane (CH4) cycling dynamics remain unresolved, despite its crucial climatic feedback. Atmospheric CH4 emissions are heterogeneous, resulting from local geochemical drivers, global climatic factors, and microbial production/consumption balance. Holistic studies are mandatory to capture CH4 cycling complexity. Here, we report a large set of integrated microbial and biogeochemical data from 387 samples, using a concerted sampling strategy and experimental protocols. The study followed international standards to ensure inter-comparisons of data amongst three high-latitude regions: Alaska, Siberia, and Patagonia. The dataset encompasses different representative environmental features (e.g. lake, wetland, tundra, forest soil) of these high-latitude sites and their respective heterogeneity (e.g. characteristic microtopographic patterns). The data included physicochemical parameters, greenhouse gas concentrations and emissions, organic matter characterization, trace elements and nutrients, isotopes, microbial quantification and composition. This dataset addresses the need for a robust physicochemical framework to conduct and contextualize future research on the interactions between climate change, biogeochemical cycles and microbial communities at high-latitudes. © 2022, The Author(s). | Scientific Data | 20524463 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01759-8 | art674 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, carbon dioxide; greenhouse gases; methane; microbiota; soil; wetlands; carbon dioxide; methane; greenhouse gas; microflora; soil; wetland | Laboratoire d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico; University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Environmental Physics Group, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Universidad Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile; Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico; Microbial Ecology Laboratory, BioGem Department, Biological Research Institute Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States; Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russian Federation; North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway; Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile; BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Earth and Ecosystem sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States; Aix-Marseille University, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD, M.I.O. UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marse... |
| Comment on: “The impact of a lack of government strategies for sustainable water management and land use planning on the hydrology of water bodies: lessons learned from the disappearance of the Aculeo Lagoon in central Chile” by Valdés-Pineda et al. 2022 in Sustainability, 14(1), 413 | Barría P.; Ocampo-Melgar A.; Chadwick C.; Galleguillos M.; Garreaud R.; Díaz-Vasconcellos R.; Poblete D.; Rubio-Álvarez E. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.1007/s10113-022-01991-3 | Valdés-Pineda et al. (Sustainability 14:413, 2022) present data for changes in climate, socio-economic, and land use and land cover (LULC) from diverse sources, concluding that the main causes for the desiccation of the Aculeo Lake were the river deviations and aquifer pumping, along with the impact of reduced precipitation. Based on that, they infer that the previous study of Barría et al. (Reg Environ Change 21:1–5, 2021a), which concluded that the impact of the decade-long drought was ten times larger than the increase of human extractions on the lake desiccation lacks scientific validity. We disagree with the conclusions from Valdés-Pineda et al. (Sustainability 14:413, 2022) and document that their article uses fragmentary information of a complex system, misinterprets of our results, and fails to present a reliable attribution methodology. We show that the hypothesis that the disappearance of Aculeo Lake was largely due to local anthropogenic uses is unsupported. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Regional Environmental Change | 14363798 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-022-01991-3 | art131 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | nan, anthropogenic; attribution; decision-making; drought; land use/land cover; water budget | Faculty of Forest Sciences and Conservation of Nature, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres, Peñalolén, Santiago, 26407941169, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Eridanus Ingeniería en Recursos Hídricos, Santiago, Chile |
| Testing the Model Efficiency of HYDRUS 2D/3D Under Desert Conditions for Water Content and Pore Electrical Conductivity: a Case Study in an Olive Orchard | Carlos F.U.; Cristian K.F.; Marco G.S.; Mauricio G.; Humberto A.; de Miranda Jarbas H.; Oscar S.S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1007/s42729-022-00777-0 | The water crisis is a concern for Chilean agriculture. Testing new methods based on computer simulations is urgent to optimize irrigation. This study aimed to assess the model efficiency of HYDRUS 2D/3D simulations of volumetric water content (θ) and pore electrical conductivity (ECp) in an olive tree variety Kalamata under desert conditions. The model efficiency was assessed by comparing model simulations against observations of θ and ECp in five frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors installed in the soil profile. Model simulations were improved by calibration using PEST software. Global sensitivity analysis was performed before calibration, analyzing both θ and ECp model outputs. Outcomes of sensitivity analysis indicate that the surface area associated with transpiration (ST) and the slope of the stress response function (s) are relevant parameters for θ and ECp. Both parameters were calibrated along with the saturated water content (θs) and pore size distribution (n) parameters of the second material. Calibration improved HYDRUS 2D/3D simulations for θ but not substantially for ECp. However, the Nash–Sutcliffe and the root mean square error (RMSE) are comparable with previous research for both variables. Furthermore, the s parameter decreases after calibration, indicating that Kalamata variety is tolerant to salt, which is in line with previous research. HYDRUS 2D/3D represents the θ variation in time and space with acceptable precision for olive trees under desert conditions. Additionally, subsequent studies should focus on the value of s, which is variety dependent, and ST, which requires the actual root volume. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. | Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 07189508 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42729-022-00777-0 | 1859-1872 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | arid conditions; eco-hydrology; salinity; stress response parameters; surface area associated with transpiration, nan | Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O´Higgins, Ruta 90 Kilómetro 3, San Fernando, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Estudios de Zonas Áridas, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Las Cardas s/n, Coquimbo, Chile; Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ, USP), Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (LEB), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, SP, Piracicaba, Brazil |
| The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset | Díaz S.; Kattge J.; Cornelissen J.H.C.; Wright I.J.; Lavorel S.; Dray S.; Reu B.; Kleyer M.; Wirth C.; Prentice I.C.; Garnier E.; Bönisch G.; Westoby M.; Poorter H.; Reich P.B.; Moles A.T.; Dickie J.; Zanne A.E.; Chave J.; Wright S.J.; Sheremetiev S.N.; Jactel H.; Baraloto C.; Cerabolini B.E.L.; Pierce S.; Shipley B.; Casanoves F.; Joswig J.S.; Günther A.; Falczuk V.; Rüger N.; Mahecha M.D.; Gorné L.D.; Amiaud B.; Atkin O.K.; Bahn M.; Baldocchi D.; Beckmann M.; Blonder B.; Bond W.; Bond-Lamberty... | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1038/s41597-022-01774-9 | Here we provide the ‘Global Spectrum of Plant Form and Function Dataset’, containing species mean values for six vascular plant traits. Together, these traits –plant height, stem specific density, leaf area, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen content per dry mass, and diaspore (seed or spore) mass – define the primary axes of variation in plant form and function. The dataset is based on ca. 1 million trait records received via the TRY database (representing ca. 2,500 original publications) and additional unpublished data. It provides 92,159 species mean values for the six traits, covering 46,047 species. The data are complemented by higher-level taxonomic classification and six categorical traits (woodiness, growth form, succulence, adaptation to terrestrial or aquatic habitats, nutrition type and leaf type). Data quality management is based on a probabilistic approach combined with comprehensive validation against expert knowledge and external information. Intense data acquisition and thorough quality control produced the largest and, to our knowledge, most accurate compilation of empirically observed vascular plant species mean traits to date. © 2022, The Author(s). | Scientific Data | 20524463 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01774-9 | art755 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, article; bacterial spore; controlled study; data quality; dry mass; habitat; leaf area; leaf nitrogen content; nonhuman; nutrition; plant height; plant leaf; plant seed; plant stem; quality control; vascular plant | Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; A-LIFE, section Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Grenoble, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France; Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra. 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga, 680002, Colombia; Landscape Ecology Group, Inst. of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 26111, Germany; University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ... |
| Forest plantation subsidies: Impact evaluation of the Chilean case | España F.; Arriagada R.; Melo O.; Foster W. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102696 | Over the past half century there has been a rapid expansion of the forestry sector in Chile. One hypothesis is that this growth was stimulated in major part by government-supported financial incentives to forestry plantations dating from the mid-1970s. Evaluating the effects of subsidies on plantations is of current policy interest due to the potential importance of forests as carbon sinks. This study evaluates the impact of subsidies on the establishment of forest plantations (under the specific law DL701) for the period between the years 1998 and 2013 using matching techniques in combination with Difference-in-Differences. Results show that government subsidies have had a statistically and economically significant positive impact on plantations, increasing the forested area of subsidy program participants by approximately 13% compared with the counterfactual scenario without such subsidies. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Policy and Economics | 13899341 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389934122000089 | art102696 | 137 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | computer programs; evaluation; forestry; impact; incentives; interest; land use; plantations; land use; timber; 'current; financial incentives; forest additionality; forest plantation; forestry plantation; forestry sector; forestry subsidy; impact evaluation; landuse change; rapid expansion; forestry, forest additionality; forestry subsidies; impact evaluation; land use change | Department of Agricultural Economics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeoconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Department of Ecosystems and Environment, Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Chile |
| Tree-ring distinctness, dating potential and climatic sensitivity of laurel forest tree species in Tenerife Island | García-López M.A.; Rozas V.; Olano J.M.; Sangüesa-Barreda G.; García-Hidalgo M.; Gómez-González S.; López-Rubio R.; Fernández-Palacios J.M.; García-González I.; García-Cervigón A.I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.dendro.2022.126011 | Macaronesian laurel forests are the only remnants of a subtropical palaeoecosystem dominant during the Tertiary in Europe and northern Africa. These biodiverse ecosystems are restricted to cloudy and temperate insular environments in the North Atlantic Ocean. Due to their reduced distribution area, these forests are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances and changes in climatic conditions. The assessment of laurel forest trees’ response to climate variation by dendrochronological methods is limited because it was assumed that the lack of marked seasonality would prevent the formation of distinct annual tree rings. The aims of this study were to identify the presence of annual growth rings and to assess the dendrochronological potential of the most representative tree species from laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands. We sampled increment cores from 498 trees of 12 species in two well-preserved forests in Tenerife Island. We evaluated tree-ring boundary distinctness, dating potential, and sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate and, particularly, to drought occurrence. Eight species showed clear tree-ring boundaries, but synchronic annual tree rings and robust tree-ring chronologies were only obtained for Laurus novocanariensis, Ilex perado subsp. platyphylla, Persea indica and Picconia excelsa, a third of the studied species. Tree-ring width depended on water balance and drought occurrence, showing sharp reductions in growth in the face of decreased water availability, a response that was consistent among species and sites. Inter-annual tree-ring width variation was directly dependent on rainfall input in the humid period, from previous October to current April. The four negative pointer years 1995, 1999, 2008 and 2012 corresponded to severe drought events in the study area. This study gives the first assessment of dendrochronological potential and tree-ring climate sensitivity of tree species from the Tenerife laurel forest, which opens new research avenues for dendroecological studies in Macaronesian laurel forests. © 2022 The Authors | Dendrochronologia | 11257865 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1125786522000911 | art126011 | 76 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | canary islands; canary islands; santa cruz de tenerife [(prv) canary islands]; spain; tenerife; climate change; dendrochronology; drought; evergreen tree; tree ring; water budget, climate extremes; cloud forest; drought; macaronesia; pointer years | EiFAB-iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, Soria, E-42004, Spain; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, E-11510, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan C arlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933, Spain; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Tenerife, La Laguna, E-38206, Spain; Departamento de Botánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Campus Terra, Lugo, E-27002, Spain |
| A coupled modeling approach to assess the effect of forest policies in water provision: A biophysical evaluation of a drought-prone rural catchment in south-central Chile | Gimeno F.; Galleguillos M.; Manuschevich D.; Zambrano-Bigiarini M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154608 | The effect of different forest conservation policies on water provision has been poorly investigated due to a lack of an integrative methodological framework that enables its quantification. We developed a method for assessing the effects of forest conservation policies on water provision for rural inhabitants, based on a land-use model coupled with an eco-hydrological model. We used as a case study the Lumaco catchment, Chile, a territory dominated by native forests (NF) and non-native tree farms, with an extended dry period where nearly 12,600 people of rural communities get drinking water through water trucks. We analyzed three land-use policy scenarios: i) a baseline scenario based on historical land-cover maps; ii) a NF Recovery and Protection (NFRP) scenario, based on an earlier implementation of the first NF Recovery and Forestry Development bill; and iii) a Pristine (PR) scenario, based on potential vegetation belts; the latter two based on Dyna CLUE, and simulated between 1990 and 2015. Impacts on water provision from each scenario were computed with SWAT. The NFRP scenario resulted in an increase of 6974 ha of NF regarding the baseline situation, and the PR scenario showed an increase of 26,939 ha of NF. Despite large differences in NF areas, slight increases in inflows (Q) were found between the NFRP and the PR scenarios, with relative differences with respect to the baseline of 0.3% and 2.5% for NFRP and PR, respectively. Notwithstanding, these small differences in the NFRP scenario, they become larger if we analyze the cumulative values during the dry season only (December, January, and February), where they reach 1.1% in a normal year and 3.1% in a dry year. Flows increases were transformed into water truck costs resulting in up to 441,876 USD (monthly) of fiscal spending that could be avoided during a dry period. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722017016 | art154608 | 830 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; conservation of natural resources; drinking water; droughts; forests; humans; policy; rural population; chile; catchments; climate models; forestry; land use; potable water; rain; remote sensing; runoff; rural areas; trucks; drinking water; water; drinking water; conservation policy; environmental assessment; forest conservation; hydrological models; land use modelling; native forests; policy environmental assessment; remote-sensing; scenario-based; water provision; biophysics; catchment; drought; environmental assessment; forest management; forestry policy; hydrological modeling; land use; modeling; remote sensing; water management; agricultural land; article; biophysics; catchment area (hydrology); chile; drought; dry season; environmental policy; environmental protection; forest; hydrological model; implementation science; land use; nonhuman; remote sensing; rural area; simulation; tree; vegetation; water flow; forest; human; policy; rural population; drought, hydrological model; land-use model; policy environmental assessment; remote sensing | Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile |
| Carbon stocks across different environments, disturbance regimes, and stand age in Fitzroya cupressoides forests, the longest-lived species of the southern hemisphere | González M.E.; Lara A.; Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Bustos-Salazar A.; Ruiz-Gómez C.; Aravena J.C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.3389/ffgc.2022.960429 | Forest disturbances influence Fitzroya cupressoides forest structure and carbon stocks at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Natural disturbances such as landslides and volcanism affect and give rise to the mostly pristine Fitzroya stands present in the Andean cordillera. On the other hand, mostly human-caused fires and logging have been the main processes shaping the structure of Fitzroya stands in the Coastal range and of Fitzroya small remnants in the Central depression. The main goal of this study was to assess the carbon stocks and accumulation rates of Fitzroya forest stands according to their development stage under different disturbance regimes and environmental conditions given by the three physiographic units where the species grows (Coastal range, Central depression, and Andean range). The site selection included an age sequence of stands, known as a chronosequence approach. We identified Fitzroya post-disturbance stands in three different stages of development: young forest stage (mean stand age of the main cohort ≤ 200 years old), mature forest stage (200–800 years old), and old growth forest stage (800–1,500 years old). The following biomass components were considered: living standing trees, dead standing trees (snags), and logs from dead trees laying on the ground (coarse woody debris). Old-growth Fitzroya forests reached a mean total carbon stock (standing live trees, snags, and coarse woody debris) of 507, 279, and 331 Mg C ha−1 in the Andean and Coastal ranges, and Central depression, respectively. Fitzroya cupressoides contributes, in average, more than 80% to the total carbon stock in the Andean and Coastal ranges, and 63% in the Central depression. The remainder corresponds mainly to Nothofagus spp. The high carbon stocks in old-growth stands in the Andean range are explained by Fitzroya longevity, larger size, wood decay resistance, and the low recurrence of volcanic events. Carbon accumulation rates differ between the forests in the three physiographic units (Central depression>Andean range>Coastal range), mainly due to the different growth rates and environmental conditions present in each unit. In the context of climate change, conserving old-growth stands with large biomass and carbon stocks and restoring Fitzroya forests should be recognized as a key contribution toward national and global goals to mitigate global warming. Copyright © 2022 González, Lara, Urrutia-Jalabert, Bustos-Salazar, Ruiz-Gómez and Aravena. | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | 2624893X | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.960429/full | art960429 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, carbon stocks; disturbances; endangered species; fitzroya cupressoides; old-growth forests; southern south america | Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques and Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Center for Fire and Socioecosystem Resilience (FireSES), Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica and Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile |
| Moving towards the ecological intensification of tree plantations | Gómez-González S.; Paniw M.; Blanco-Pastor J.L.; García-Cervigón A.I.; Godoy O.; Herrera J.M.; Lara A.; Miranda A.; Ojeda F.; Ochoa-Hueso R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.009 | The growing demand for timber and the boom in massive tree-planting programs could mean the spreading of mismanaged tree plantations worldwide. Here, we apply the concept of ecological intensification to forestry systems as a viable biodiversity-focused strategy that could be critical to develop productive, yet sustainable, tree plantations. Tree plantations can be highly productive if tree species are properly combined to complement their ecological functions. Simultaneously considering soil biodiversity and animal-mediated biocontrol will be critical to minimize the reliance on external inputs. Integrating genetic, functional, and demographic diversity across heterogeneous landscapes should improve resilience under climate change. Designing ecologically intensified plantations will mean breaking the timber productivity versus conservation dichotomy and assuring the maintenance of key ecosystem services at safe levels. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd | Trends in Plant Science | 13601385 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1360138521003526 | 637-645 | 27 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biodiversity conservation; ecological intensification; ecosystem services; resilience; sustainable forest management; timber yield, animals; biodiversity; conservation of natural resources; ecosystem; forestry; forests; trees; animal; biodiversity; ecosystem; environmental protection; forest; forestry; tree | Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Center for Fire and Socioecological Systems (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avenida Americo Vespucio 26, Sevilla, 41092, Spain; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Seville, 41012, Spain; Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and University of Évora, Casa Cordovil, 2nd Floor, R. Dom Augusto Eduardo Nunes 7, Évora, 7000 – 651, Portugal; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos Forecos, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700, AB, Net... |
| Effect of tree demography and flexible root water uptake for modeling the carbon and water cycles of Amazonia | Joetzjer E.; Maignan F.; Chave J.; Goll D.; Poulter B.; Barichivich J.; Maréchaux I.; Luyssaert S.; Guimberteau M.; Naudts K.; Bonal D.; Ciais P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109969 | Amazonian forest plays a crucial role in regulating the carbon and water cycles in the global climate system. However, the representation of biogeochemical fluxes and forest structure in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) remains challenging. This situation has considerable implications to simulate the state and dynamics of Amazonian forest. This study aims at simulating the dynamic of the evapotranspiration (ET), productivity (GPP), biomass (AGB) and forest structure of wet tropical forests in the Amazon basin using the updated ORCHIDEE land surface model. The latter is improved for two processes: stand structure and demography, and plant water uptake by roots. Stand structure is simulated by adapting the CAN version of ORCHIDEE, originally developed for temperate forests. Here, we account for the permanent recruitment of young individual trees, the distribution of stand level growth into 20 different cohorts of variable diameter classes, and mortality due to asymmetric competition for light. Plant water uptake is simulated by including soil-to-root hydraulic resistance (RS). To evaluate the effect of the soil resistance alone, we performed factorial simulations with demography only (CAN) and both demography and resistance (CAN-RS). AGB, ET and GPP outputs of CAN-RS are also compared with the standard version of ORCHIDEE (TRUNK) for which eco-hydrological parameters were tuned globally to fit GPP and evapotranspiration at flux tower sites. All the model versions are benchmarked against in situ and regional datasets. We show that CAN-RS correctly reproduce stand level structural variables (as CAN) like diameter classes and tree densities when validated using in-situ data. Besides offering the key advantage to simulate forest's structure, it also correctly simulates ET and GPP and improves fluxes spatial patterns when compared to TRUNK. With the new formulation of soil water uptake, which is driven by soil water availability rather than root-biomass, the simulated trees preferentially use water in the deepest soil layers during the dry seasons. This improves the seasonality of ET and GPP compared to CAN, especially on clay soils for which the soil moisture potential drops rapidly in the dry season. Nevertheless, since demography parameters in CAN-RS are constant for all evergreen tropical forests, spatial variability of AGB and basal area across the Amazon remains too uniform compared to observations, and are very comparable to the TRUNK. Additional processes such as climate driven mortality and phosphorus limitation on growth leading to the prevalence of species with different functional traits across the Amazon need to be included in the future development of this model. © 2022 | Ecological Modelling | 03043800 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109969 | art109969 | 469 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | amazonia; carbon; climate models; demography; drought; ecology; evapotranspiration; forestry; population dynamics; population statistics; soil moisture; surface measurement; tropics; amazonian forests; biogeochemical cycle; carbon cycles; forest structure; land surface models; root-water uptake; stand structures; tropical forest; water cycle; water uptake; asymmetric competition; basal area; biomass; carbon cycle; demography; evapotranspiration; global climate; land surface; phosphorus; seasonality; soil moisture; stand structure; vegetation index; water availability; water uptake; biogeochemistry, biogeochemical cycles; demography; land surface model; root water uptake; tropical forest | Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France; Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, 31400, France; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, and Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; AMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRA, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, Montpellier, 34000, France; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, 1081, HV, Netherlands; UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, EPHE, 4 place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraβe. 53, Hamburg, 20146, Germany; Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France |
| Forest restoration and hydrology | Jones J.; Ellison D.; Ferraz S.; Lara A.; Wei X.; Zhang Z. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120342 | Forest restoration aims to increase forest cover, structure, function, and/or species composition, and it influences hydrology through the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and streamflow. This paper provides a conceptual framework for forest restoration and hydrology, reviews the literature on forest hydrology that is relevant to forest restoration, and assesses practical forest restoration approaches, their hydrologic effects, and tradeoffs. The hydrologic effects of three types of forest are assessed: mature and old-growth forests, which often are the reference model for restoration; managed forest plantations, which dominated early efforts for forest restoration; and the early stages of native forest succession, an increasingly popular, ecologically-oriented or nature-based approach to forest restoration. This review indicates that mature and old-growth forests have high evapotranspiration and consistent water yield, provided by moderated peak discharges and sustained low flows, while water yield is low from managed forest plantations, especially during dry periods. The early stages of native forest succession may provide greater water yield and increased low flows compared with managed plantations. Inclusion of native species and natural processes in forest restoration can increase some hydrological benefits relative to other forest restoration approaches. Although forest restoration affects hydrology, few studies examine the hydrologic effects of specific forest restoration practices such as choice of species, silvicultural practices, legacies of past land use, and geographic setting. Forest managers and ecologists can play valuable roles by designing studies that explore the hydrologic effects of forest restoration approaches on time scales relevant to ecological succession and forest management under a changing climate. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037811272200336X | art120342 | 520 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | managed forest plantations; mature and old-growth forests; native forest restoration; practical forest restoration approaches; tradeoffs among multiple objectives, commerce; conservation; ecology; forestry; hydrology; restoration; commerce; conservation; ecology; evapotranspiration; forestry; hydrology; restoration; forest plantation; forest restoration; managed forest; managed forest plantation; mature and old-growth forest; multiple-objectives; native forest restoration; native forests; old-growth forest; practical forest restoration approach; tradeoff among multiple objective; conceptual framework; evapotranspiration; forest management; land use | Geography, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, 97331, OR, United States; Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden; Land Systems and Sustainable Land Management Unit (LS-SLM), Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Ellison Consulting, Baar, Switzerland; Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, BC, Canada; Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China |
| Disturbance alters relationships between soil carbon pools and aboveground vegetation attributes in an anthropogenic peatland in Patagonia | Lopatin J.; Araya-López R.; Galleguillos M.; Perez-Quezada J.F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1002/ece3.8694 | Anthropogenic-based disturbances may alter peatland soil–plant causal associations and their ability to sequester carbon. Likewise, it is unclear how the vegetation attributes are linked with different soil C decomposition-based pools (i.e., live moss, debris, and poorly- to highly-decomposed peat) under grassing and harvesting conditions. Therefore, we aimed to assess the relationships between aboveground vegetation attributes and belowground C pools in a Northern Patagonian peatland of Sphagnum magellanicum with disturbed and undisturbed areas. We used ordination to depict the main C pool and floristic gradients and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the direct and indirect relationships among these variables. In addition, we evaluated whether attributes derived from plant functional types (PFTs) are better suited to predict soil C pools than attributes derived from species gradients. We found that the floristic composition of the peatland can be classified into three categories that follow the C pool gradient. These categories correspond to (1) woody species, such as Baccharis patagonica, (2) water-logged species like Juncus procerus, and (3) grasslands. We depicted that these classes are reliable indicators of soil C decomposition stages. However, the relationships change between management. We found a clear statistical trend showing a decrease of live moss, debris, and poorly-decomposed C pools in the disturbed area. We also depicted that plant diversity, plant height, and PFT composition were reliable indicators of C decomposition only under undisturbed conditions, while the species-based attributes consistently yielded better overall results predicting soil C pools than PFT-based attributes. Our results imply that managed peatlands of Northern Patagonia with active grassing and harvesting activities, even if small-scaled, will significantly alter their future C sequestration capacities by decreasing their live and poorly-decomposed components. Finally, aboveground vegetation attributes cannot be used as proxies of soil C decomposition in disturbed peatlands as they no longer relate to decomposition stages. © 2022 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | Ecology and Evolution | 20457758 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.8694 | arte8694 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, growth forms; management; plant functional types; pls path modeling; structural equation modeling | Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Data Observatory Foundation, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago, Chile |
| The Landscape Fire Scars Database: Mapping historical burned area and fire severity in Chile | Miranda A.; Mentler R.; Moletto-Lobos Í.; Alfaro G.; Aliaga L.; Balbontín D.; Barraza M.; Baumbach S.; Calderón P.; Cárdenas F.; Castillo I.; Contreras G.; De La Barra F.; Galleguillos M.; González M.E.; Hormazábal C.; Lara A.; Mancilla I.; Muñoz F.; Oyarce C.; Pantoja F.; Ramírez R.; Urrutia V. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.5194/essd-14-3599-2022 | Achieving a local understanding of fire regimes requires high-resolution, systematic and dynamic databases. High-quality information can help to transform evidence into decision-making in the context of rapidly changing landscapes, particularly considering that geographical and temporal patterns of fire regimes and their trends vary locally over time. Global fire scar products at low spatial resolutions are available, but high-resolution wildfire data, especially for developing countries, are still lacking. Taking advantage of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) big-data analysis platform, we developed a flexible workflow to reconstruct individual burned areas and derive fire severity estimates for all reported fires. We tested our approach for historical wildfires in Chile. The result is the Landscape Fire Scars Database, a detailed and dynamic database that reconstructs 8153 fires scars, representing 66.6 % of the country's officially recorded fires between 1985 and 2018. For each fire event, the database contains the following information: (i) the Landsat mosaic of pre- and post-fire images; (ii) the fire scar in binary format; (iii) the remotely sensed estimated fire indexes (the normalized burned ratio, NBR, and the relative delta normalized burn ratio, RdNBR); and two vector files indicating (iv) the fire scar perimeter and (v) the fire scar severity reclassification, respectively. The Landscape Fire Scars Database for Chile and GEE script (JavaScript) are publicly available. The framework developed for the database can be applied anywhere in the world, with the only requirement being its adaptation to local factors such as data availability, fire regimes, land cover or land cover dynamics, vegetation recovery, and cloud cover. The Landscape Fire Scars Database for Chile is publicly available in 10.1594/PANGAEA.941127 (Miranda et al., 2022). © 2022 Authors | Earth System Science Data | 18663508 | https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/3599/2022/ | 3599-3613 | 14 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, database; fire management; historic building; landscape; mapping | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología Del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Image Processing Laboratory, Global Change Unit, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Industrial Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Fire and Socioecosystem Resilience (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Fundación Centro de Los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile |
| Direct effects of tephra fallout from the Puyehue–Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex on Nothofagus pumilio ring widths in northern Patagonia | Montiel M.; González M.E.; Christie D.A.; Muñoz A.A.; Crisafulli C.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.1016/j.dendro.2022.125998 | We evaluated the radial growth response of adult Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl) Krasser trees affected by tephra deposition following historical volcanic eruptions of the Puyehue–Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC) in northern Patagonia. Standard tree–ring width chronologies were developed for trees from two sites that were affected by up to 55 cm of tephra during the 2011 eruption, which allowed us to detect the general tree–growth response to eruptions VEI ≥ 3 and VEI ≤ 2. The tree growth trend satisfactorily followed the mean temperature record (r = 0.42); however, the analysis of studentized residuals identified outliers (≥ ± 2 SD) directly related to the volcanic eruptions of the years 1921–1922 and 2011 and the respective post–eruption years, while for the 1960 eruption and following year, they largely exceeded the mean value of the residuals. The large amount of tephra deposited during the 1921–22 and 2011 eruptions caused physical damage to the tree canopy leading to the appearance of white rings and to locally absent rings. The rate of change in radial growth of trees during these eruptions presented significant declines in relation to the growth of five years before the eruption and to the following year. The low amount of tephra deposited during the 1960 eruption did not cause damage to the stands and trees increased their radial growth. In general, trees that had reduced radial growth experienced a remarkable recovery starting in the second or third post–eruption year. The amount of tephra deposited and the time of year of the volcanic eruptions had an important influence on tree rings. Some ecophysiological causes that could explain the growth responses of N. pumilio to tephra fall are discussed herein. Our study may provide useful insights to clarify the uncertain characteristics of some eruptions in the past or to detect the occurrence of large, undocumented volcanic eruptions throughout the Andes. © 2022 Elsevier GmbH | Dendrochronologia | 11257865 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1125786522000789 | art125998 | 75 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, disturbances; tephra–fall; tree rings; volcanism; white rings | Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Chile; Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Amboy, Washington, United States |
| Generalised seed mortality driven by heat shock in woody plants from Mediterranean Chile | Ocampo-Zuleta K.; Gómez-González S.; Paula S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1071/WF22027 | Background: Wildfires have shaped plant traits and ecosystems worldwide. Most research on the relevance of fire on plant evolution comes from Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs), where a great proportion of the studied species have fire-stimulated germination. However, seed fire ecology is widely unknown for the woody flora of the Chilean matorral, the only MTE where natural fires are infrequent owing to the scarcity of non-anthropogenic ignition sources. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate whether seed sensitivity to heat is generalised among the woody species of the matorral. Methods: We performed heat shock experiments on the seeds of 21 woody plant species not previously assessed. These species and those from previous studies were classified according to their response as stimulated, tolerant and inhibited. The preponderance of any of these categories was statistically evaluated. Key results: Exposure to 100°C for 5 min significantly decreased seed survival in all studied species. Conclusions: Seed persistence to fire is less common than previously reported among woody plants from the Chilean MTE. Implications: Increased wildfire events in the future may erode the genetic diversity of the Chilean flora. Germplasm banks may become crucial in post-fire restoration programs in this ecoregion, where the landscape has become increasingly flammable. © 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. | International Journal of Wildland Fire | 10498001 | https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF22027 | 1080-1088 | 31 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | central chile; germination; heat shock; matorral ; mediterranean-type ecosystems; seed viability; wildfires; woody plants, nan | Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mencion Ecologia y Evolucion, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Center for Fire and Socioecological Systems (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile, Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile |
| Water dynamics over a Western Patagonian watershed: Land surface changes and human factors | Olivera-Guerra L.; Quintanilla M.; Moletto-Lobos I.; Pichuante E.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Mattar C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150221 | Warming trends in Patagonia and severe droughts in recent decades are still poorly understood in terms of their hydrological effects. The effects of climate change on water dynamics in addition to human water management could generate a future water scarcity scenario in one of the regions with the most abundant water resources of Chile. The aim of this work is to focus on assessing the impacts of warming trends on water dynamics in the Patagonian Simpson River watershed during the last two decades. We estimated anomalies in the main components of water balance such as precipitation (P), snow cover (SC), evapotranspiration (ET) and streamflows (Q) as well as surface variables and meteorological forcing (i.e. air temperature - Ta, solar radiation - RS, land surface temperature - LST). The processed data were obtained from remote sensing, reanalysis and in-situ data. We implemented a trend analysis for each variable in the period 2000-2019 at monthly, seasonal and annual scale. Results showed a warming trend in Ta and LST of about 1.2 °C and 2.1 °C, respectively, concentrated mainly in the autumn and winter seasons. Although P showed non-significant trends, Q diminished significantly at rates of more than 9.1 m3/s/decade, representing 36% of its historical mean. However, the decreases in Q are seen only in the maximum (spring) and minimum (summer) seasonal flows. These decreases are explained by significant increases in ET, led by a positive feedback of its drivers (LST, Ta and RS), which is directly linked to the impact of warming and an associated vegetation greenness in the watershed, as well as a decrease in SC during winter that feeds the Simpson River during spring and summer. The decrease in Q is reinforced by the intensification of water withdrawals in recent decades, as shown by an accelerated increase in water rights for agricultural and drinking uses. In a context of water scarcity and increasing and extreme droughts, this work contributes to further understanding water dynamics in western Patagonia, providing support for policy and decision-making when defining sustainable productive practices at watershed scale. © 2021 | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721052980 | art150221 | 804 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | reanalysis data; remote sensing; trend analysis; vegetation greenness; warming effect; water dynamic, climate change; environmental monitoring; humans; rivers; seasons; water; chile; patagonia; atmospheric temperature; climate change; drought; dynamics; potable water; remote sensing; snow; surface measurement; vegetation; water management; water supply; watersheds; water; water; patagonia; reanalysis; reanalysis data; remote-sensing; simpson; trend analysis; vegetation greenness; warming effect; water dynamics; water scarcity; anthropogenic effect; climate effect; decision making; evapotranspiration; hydrodynamics; hydrological response; land surface; policy approach; remote sensing; resource scarcity; snow cover; streamflow; sustainability; trend analysis; vegetation cover; water availability; water planning; watershed; algal bloom; article; autumn; climate change; decision making; drought; evapotranspiration; greenhouse effect; humidity; isotherm; leaf area; marine environment; nonhuman; particulate matter; photosynthesis; phytoplankton; precipitation; remote sensing; room temperature; snow cover; soil moisture; solar radiation; spring; taxonomy; vapor pressure; vegetation; warming; water availability; water insecurity; water supply; watershed; winter; environmental monitoring; human; river; season; decision making | Laboratory for Analysis of the Biosphere (LAB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/UPS/IRD/CNES/INRAE, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Geosciences, University of Aysén, Chile; Department of Natural Science and Technology, University of Aysén, Chile |
| Irrigation management or climate change ? Which is more important to cope with water shortage in the production of table grape in a Mediterranean context | Pizarro E.; Galleguillos M.; Barría P.; Callejas R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107467 | Table grape production requires large amount of water, which can be problematic in semi-arid Mediterranean regions, where climate change projections anticipated reductions in water availability associated to decreases in precipitation and increases in temperature. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the effect of contrasting irrigation strategies and climate change scenarios on key water balance variables using a Chilean Table grape crop as case study. A standard and an improved irrigation management treatments were implemented in situ during the 2015/2016 and the 2016/2017–2017/2018 observed growing seasons, respectively. Then, the HYDRUS-1D water transfer model was run to simulate the three observed growing seasons and 27 near future growing seasons (2019/2020–2044/2015) under climate change conditions. Satisfactory calibration and validation results against soil moisture and water storage measurements were obtained within the first and the second observed growing seasons respectively (RRMSE values below 5%). Results during the observed seasons showed that by changing the standard irrigation by the improved irrigation management, the water use efficiency (WUEi) increases from 49.5% to 55.7%. For the near future, the calibrated model shows that under all the tested climate change scenarios, irrigation strategies based on supplying 80% and 50% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (deficit irrigation scenarios) have larger efficiencies compared to the standard irrigation management (presenting a higher actual basal crop coefficient and lower percolation). Similar results were obtained under future extreme climate change years, defined as the ratio between model-based projections of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and precipitation, with the deficit irrigation scenarios having larger efficiencies than the standard irrigation management. Based on these results, it is concluded that by mid- century, the irrigation management has more relevance than climate change impacts for tables grapes growing under a Mediterranean climate in central Chile. © 2022 | Agricultural Water Management | 03783774 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377422000142 | art107467 | 263 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; climate models; crops; efficiency; evapotranspiration; irrigation; soil moisture; solvents; water supply; climate change scenarios; deficit irrigation; global change; growing season; hydrus; irrigation management; irrigation strategy; table grapes; water balance; water shortages; agricultural management; climate change; crop production; hydrological modeling; irrigation; mediterranean environment; vine; water availability; climate change, global change; hydrus; irrigation strategies; table grapes; water balance | Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Assessing the socio-economic and land-cover drivers of wildfire activity and its spatiotemporal distribution in south-central Chile | Pozo R.A.; Galleguillos M.; González M.E.; Vásquez F.; Arriagada R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152002 | Sustained human pressures on the environment have significantly increased the frequency, extent, and severity of wildfires, globally. This is particularly the case in Mediterranean regions, in which human-caused wildfires represent up to 90% of all recorded wildfire ignitions. In Chile, it has been estimated that nearly 90% of wildfires are related to human activities, and that their frequency and distribution have steadily increased over the last decade. Despite this, the role of socio-economic factors in driving wildfire activity and its spatiotemporal distribution remains unclear. In this study, we assess the association between socio-economic drivers and spatiotemporal patterns of wildfires in the Mediterranean region of south-central Chile over the period 2010–2018. Our results show that 98.5% of wildfires are related to human activities, either accidentally (58.2%) or intentionally (36.6%). Wildfires occurred primarily during the summer months and their density at the commune-level was associated with increased road access, as well as with the percentage of land covered by agriculture, exotic tree plantations, and native forest. Wildfire activity at the commune-level was also related to socio-economic variables such as population density, proportion of indigenous population, and unemployment rate, although such associations varied considerably depending on the region and on whether the wildfire was started accidentally or intentionally. Our study provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary assessment of the complex ways in which land-cover and socio-economic factors drive the distribution of wildfire activity in south-central Chile. It represents an important guide for policy-making, as well a baseline for research into strategies aimed at predicting and mitigating wildfire activity at both local and national levels. © 2021 | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721070789 | art152002 | 810 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | interdisciplinary; land-use; mediterranean ecosystem; socio-economic drivers; wildfire, chile; human activities; humans; mediterranean region; socioeconomic factors; wildfires; chile; economic analysis; fires; forestry; population statistics; spatial distribution; central chile; human activities; interdisciplinary; land cover; mediterranean ecosystem; mediterranean region; socio-economic driver; socio-economic factor; socio-economics; spatiotemporal distributions; environmental assessment; human activity; land cover; land use; policy making; socioeconomic impact; spatiotemporal analysis; wildfire; article; chile; forest; human; land use; management; plantation; population density; socioeconomics; southern europe; summer; unemployment; wildfire; chile; human activities; land use | Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Agronomía, Quillota, Chile; ), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Fire and Socioecosystem Resilience (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socio-economic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Chile |
| Isotopic Characterization of Water Masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: Paleoceanographic Implications | Reyes-Macaya D.; Hoogakker B.; Martínez-Méndez G.; Llanillo P.J.; Grasse P.; Mohtadi M.; Mix A.; Leng M.J.; Struck U.; McCorkle D.C.; Troncoso M.; Gayo E.M.; Lange C.B.; Farias L.; Carhuapoma W.; Graco M.; Cornejo-D’Ottone M.; De Pol Holz R.; Fernandez C.; Narvaez D.; Vargas C.A.; García-Araya F.; Hebbeln D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2022 | 10.1029/2021JC017525 | In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71°–78°W) and an oceanic (82°–98°W) water masses (SAAW—Subantarctic Surface Water; STW—Subtropical Water; ESSW—Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW—Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW—Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW-STW, SAAW-ESSW, and ESSW-AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW-ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW-ESSW, ESSW-AAIW, and AAIW-PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1,000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present-day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples. © 2021. The Authors. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans | 21699275 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017525 | arte2021JC017525 | 127 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); continental margin; dissolved inorganic carbon; isotopic analysis; paleoceanography; stable isotope; water mass, carbon stable isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon; oxygen and deuterium stable isotopes in seawater; paleoceanography proxies; southeast pacific; water mass distribution | MARUM-Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, La Serena, Chile; AWI-Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Integrative Biodiversitätsforschung (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; GEOMAR-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany; COAS-College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States; ANID—FONDAP—Centro de Ciencia del Clima y Resiliencia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; ANID—FONDAP—Centro IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; ANID-Millennium Science Initi... |
| Soil research, management, and policy priorities in Chile | Salazar O.; Casanova M.; Fuentes J.P.; Galleguillos M.; Nájera F.; Perez-Quezada J.F.; Pfeiffer M.; Renwick L.L.R.; Seguel O.; Tapia Y. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00502 | [No abstract available] | Geoderma Regional | 23520094 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352009422000220 | arte00502 | 29 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andisols; andosols; land use change; soil education; soil information system; soil management; soil policy, nan | Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research CR2, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Concepción, Chile |
| Short-Interval, Severe Wildfires Alter Saproxylic Beetle Diversity in Andean Araucaria Forests in Northwest Chilean Patagonia | Tello F.; González M.E.; Micó E.; Valdivia N.; Torres F.; Lara A.; García-López A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.3390/f13030441 | The occurrence of short-interval, severe wildfires are increasing drastically at a global scale, and appear as a novel phenomenon in areas where fire historically returns in large time lapses. In forest ecosystems, these events induce drastic changes in population dynamics, which could dramatically impact species diversity. Here, we studied the effect on diversity of recent short-interval, severe wildfires (SISF), which occurred in rapid succession in the summers of 2002 and 2015 in Chilean Northern Patagonian Araucaria–Nothofagus forests. We analyzed the diversity of deadwood-dependent (i.e., saproxylic) and fire-sensitive beetles as biological indicators across four conditions: 2002-burned areas, 2015-burned areas, SISF areas (i.e., burned in 2002 and again in 2015), and unburned areas. Saproxylic beetles were collected using window traps in 2017 to 2019 summer seasons. To investigate the mechanisms underpinning the fire-related disturbance of the assemblage, we evaluated the effects of post-fire habitat quality (e.g., dead wood decomposition) and quantity (e.g., burned dead wood volume and tree density) on the abundances and species richness of the entire assemblage and also multiple trophic groups. Compared with the unburned condition, SISF drastically reduced species richness, evenness, and Shannon’s diversity and altered the composition of the saproxylic beetle assemblages. The between-condition variation in composition was accounted for by a species replacement (turnover) between SISF and 2015-burned areas, but both species replacement and extinction (nestedness) between SISF and unburned areas. Dead wood decomposition and tree density were the variables with the strongest effects on the abundance and species richness of the entire saproxylic beetle assemblage and most trophic groups. These results suggest that SISF, through degraded habitat quality (dead wood decomposition) and quantity (arboreal density), have detrimental impacts on diversity and population dynamics of saproxylic beetle assemblages. Therefore, habitat loss is a central mechanism underpinning fire-related biodiversity loss in these forest ecosystems. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Forests | 19994907 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/3/441 | art441 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | beetle ecology; fire ecology; post-fire management; reburned forests; wildfires, biodiversity; dead wood; ecosystems; fires; forestry; araucaria; brazil; chile; parana [brazil]; patagonia; biodiversity; ecosystems; forestry; population dynamics; wood; beetle ecology; condition; dead wood; fire ecology; fire management; post-fire; post-fire management; reburned forest; saproxylic beetles; short-interval; beetle; fire management; forest ecosystem; habitat quality; saproxylic organism; species diversity; species evenness; species richness; wildfire; fires | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Laboratorio de Salud de Bosques, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Transdisciplinary Center for Quaternary Research (TAQUACH), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Fundación para los Estudios Patrimoniales Pleistocénicos de Osorno, Osorno, 5290000, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Centro del Fuego y Resiliencia de Socioecosistemas (FireSES), Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile |
| An operational method for mapping the composition of post-fire litter | Tolorza V.; Poblete-Caballero D.; Banda D.; Little C.; Leal C.; Galleguillos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1080/2150704X.2022.2040752 | Recent increase in the frequency and spatial extent of wildfires motivates the quick recognition of the affected soil properties over large areas. Digital Soil Mapping is a valuable approach to map soil attributes based on remote sensing and field observations. We predicted the spatial distribution of post-fire litter composition in a 40,600 ha basin burned on the 2017 wildfire of Chile. Remotely sensed data of topography, vegetation structure and spectral indices (SI) were used as predictors of random forest (RF) models. Litter sampled in 60 hillslopes after the fire provided training and validation data. Predictors selected by the Variable Selection Using Random Forests (VSURF) algorithm resulted in models for litter composition with acceptable accuracy (coefficient of determination, R 2 = 0.51–0.64, Normalized Root Mean Square Error, NRMSE = 16.9–22.1, percentage bias, pbias = −0.35%-0.5%). Modelled litter parameters decrease in concentration respect to the degree of burn severity, and the pre-fire biomass. Because pre-fire vegetation was conditioned by land cover and by a previous (2 years old) wildfire event, our results highlight the cumulative effect of severe wildfires in the depletion of litter composition. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. | Remote Sensing Letters | 2150704X | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2150704X.2022.2040752 | 511-521 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; decision trees; mapping; mean square error; remote sensing; soils; topography; vegetation; attribute-based; digital soil mappings; operational methods; post-fire; pre-fires; remote fields; remote-sensing; soil attributes; soil property; spatial extent; mapping; remote sensing; soil property; topography; vegetation structure; wildfire; fires | Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Agronomic Sciences, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (Cr2), Santiago, Chile; Instituto Forestal (Infor), Fundo Teja Norte S/n, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería Y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolen, Chile |
| Seed dispersal distance, seed morphology, and recruitment in the Chilean sclerophyllous tree Quillaja saponaria: implications for passive restoration in a semiarid ecosystem | Vásquez I.; Miranda A.; Delpiano C.A.; Becerra P.I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1007/s11258-021-01207-4 | Recolonization of wind-dispersed tree species in degraded areas may decline with distance from remnant forest fragments because seed rain frequently decreases with distance from the seed source. However, regeneration of these species may be even more limited to sites close to the seed source if dispersal distance is negatively affected by seed mass, and germination probability is positively affected by seed mass. We evaluated these hypotheses in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem of central Chile, using the wind-dispersed tree species Quillaja saponaria. We assessed the seed rain curve in a degraded open area adjacent to a remnant forest fragment of this species, and related seed mass with dispersal distance from the seed source. Then, we evaluated the relationship between seed mass, germination, and seedling growth, and if seeds that fall nearer the seed source have greater germination probability. We found a decreasing seed rain with the distance from the seed source. Seed mass was not related to dispersal distance, although seeds with higher wing area dispersed further. Germination probability was significantly and positively related to the seed mass. We observed no significant relationship between distance and germination probability. We conclude that germination probability of this species does not vary along the seed rain curve, and that the recruitment density would be greater near the seed source only due to decreasing seed rain with distance. Our results suggest that this species has the potential to be passively restored in degraded areas, especially within the first 70 m from the remnant forest fragments. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. | Plant Ecology | 13850237 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11258-021-01207-4 | 273-283 | 223 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | germination; morphology; recolonization; regeneration; seed dispersal, central chile; dispersal capability; mediterranean-type ecosystem; passive restoration; plant recolonization; seed rain | Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile |
| CLSoilMaps: A national soil gridded product for Chile | Galleguillos, Mauricio,;Dinamarca, Diego,;Seguel, Oscar,;Faundez, Carlos,; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.5281/zenodo.7464210 | CLSOILMAPS presents a newly gridded database of soil physical properties and soil hydraulic parameters based on digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques and a pedotransfer function (Rosetta V3) at close to 100m of spatial resolution covering the continental area of Chile and binational basins shared with Argentina for six standardized depths following GlobalSoilMap project standards. Maps were based on a newly compiled soil profile database covering different land use conditions (e.g. agricultural, forest, peatland, shrubland, and Andean grassland), and several environmental covariates based on the SCORPAN soil forming factors. DSM models showed moderate to good accuracies with R2 ranging from 0.76-0.88 for bulk density, 0.50-0.76 for clay, and 0.67-0.84 for sand. Silt maps were derived from clay and sand predictions taking advantage of the compositional nature of the particle size fraction. Field capacity, permanent wilting point, total available water capacity, and Van Genuchten´s soil hydraulic parameters were derived with Rosetta V3 algorithm. | | | https://zenodo.org/record/7464210 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Fire Scars: remotely sensed historical burned area and fire severity in Chile between 1984-2018 | Miranda,A.;Mentler,R.;Moletto,I.;Alfaro,G.;Aliaga,L.;Balbontín,D.;Barraza,M.;Baumbach, Susanne,;Calderón, Patricio,;Cardenas, Fernando,;Castillo, Ivan,;Gonzalo, Contreras,;de la Barra, Felipe,;Galleguillos, Mauricio,;Gonzalez, Mauro,;Hormazabal, Carlos,;Lara, Antonio,;Mancilla, Ian,;Muñoz, Francisca,;Oyarce, Cristian,;Pantoja, Francisca,;Ramirez, Rocío,;Urrutia, Vicente,; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.941127 | The Landscape Fire Scars Database for Chile makes publicly available for the first time a historical high-resolution (~30 m) burned area and fire severity product for the country. The georeferenced database is a multi-institutional effort containing information on more than 8,000 fires events between July 1984 and June 2018. Using Google Earth Engine (GEE), we reconstructed the fire scar area, perimeter, and severity for each fire. We also provide the Landsat mosaic image of pre- and post-fire events, including the NDVI and NBR indexes. In the related paper, we release the GEE code to reproduce our database or enable the international community to reconstruct another individual burned areas and fire severity data, with minimum input requirements. In the summary file is the list of reconstructed fire events. The identification number (ID) relates the initial information of the wildfires with fire scar and severity data. | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941127 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Land cover in the Purapel fluvial catchment | Sotomayor, Benjamín,;Tolorza, Violeta,;Poblete-Caballero, Dagoberto,;Leal, Claudia,;Galleguillos, Mauricio,; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2022 | 10.5281/ZENODO.6974312 | The dataset contains 6 Land Cover maps at a 30m/pixel spatial resolution for the Purapel river catchment located in South-Central Chile. They were generated for the summer periods of 1986, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017. Maps of 1986-2015 were generated using atmospherically corrected Landsat CDR Scenes (images courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey) including VNIR and SWIR bands from the TM5, ETM+ and OLI sensors and vegetation indices as auxiliary bands to highlight phenological differences among covers. Specifically the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (Rouse et al,. 1974), the Green NDVI (Gitelson et al., 1996) and NDVI winter-summer Difference Index (ΔNDVI). Training and validation points were defined from field trips to the area in 2014-2015, various mid resolution satellite imagery sources and high-resolution Google Earth imagery (Map data ©2015 Google) when available. A topographic correction was applied using the C-Correction method (Teillet et al 1982), as proposed by Hantson and Chuvieco (2011), and the SRTM v3 DEM to account for the effect of local relief in the scene’s lighting. Accuracy assessment resulted in Overall Accuracy (OA), ranging from 82% to 92% (table 1). Table 1. Overall Accuracies for Land Cover maps from 1986 to 2017 Year OA 1986 89.7 2000 92.2 2005 91.5 2010 89.8 2015 82.7 2017 0.98 The 2017 map was generated using Random Forest classifier using several SI from Sentinel 2, Sentinel 1 C-band radar data (imagery from European Space Agency courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey) and hydro-geomorphic indices obtained from 2009 LiDAR DTM data (Tolorza et al., 2022). Ninety polygons were used for training and thirty polygons and the classification of Zhao et al. (2016) were used for validation, obtaining an overall accuracy 0.98 (table 1). The 7 land cover classes defined following these codes and land use / covers: 0 = Unclassified 1 = Others (mainly crops and natural prairies in riverbeds) 2 = Native Forest (mainly secondary-growth deciduous Nothofagus sp. Stands) 3 = Shrubland (highly degraded formation of xerophytic and sclerophyllous shrubs such as Acacia caven, Quillaja saponaria and Lithraea caustica, among others). 4 =Tree Plantations (industrial monocultures of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. of various age and development) 5 = Seasonal grassland (annual pastures which wither in summer and urban areas) 6 = Clear cuts (bare lands within industrial forestry surface) Codes 7 to 9 are specific to 2015 y 2017 because of the occurrence of two large (>5,000 hectares) fire events, and represent different Fire Severity levels based on the dNBR index (López and Caselles, 1991) according to Key and Benson (2006). They represent the following cases: 7= Low Severity fire 8 = Moderate severity fire 9 = High severity fire Sources: Hantson, S. Chuvieco, E. 2011. Evaluation of different topographic correction methods for Landsat imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 13:691-700. Rouse, J., R. Haas, J. Schell, and D. Deering. 1974. Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with erts. Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium Volume I: Technical Presentations. NASA SP-351, compiled and edited by S.C. Freden, E.P. Mercanti, and M.A. Becker. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Gitelson, A., Y. Kaufman, and M. Merzlyak. 1996. Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment 58(3):289-298. Teillet, P., B. Guindon, and D. Goodenough. 1982. On the slope-aspect correction of multispectral scanner data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 8:84–106. Key, C. Benson, N. 2006. Landscape Assessment: Ground measure of severity, the Composite Burn Index; and Remote sensing of severity, the Normalized Burn Ratio. FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System. Pp: 1-51. López, MJ. Caselles, V. 1991. Mapping burns and natural reforestation using Thematic Mapper data. Geocarto International (1) 1991: 31- 37. Tolorza, V. Poblete-Caballero, D. Banda, D. Little, C. Galleguillos, M. 2022. An operational method for mapping the composition of post-fire litter. Remote Sensing letters (13) 2022: 511-521. 10.1080/2150704X.2022.2040752 Zhao, Y. D. Feng, L. Yu, X. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Bai, H. Hernández, et al. 2016. Detailed Dynamic Land Cover Mapping of Chile: Accuracy Improvement by Integrating Multi-temporal Data. Remote Sensing of Environment 183: 170–185. 10.1016/j.rse.2016.05.016. | | | https://zenodo.org/record/6974312 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las naciones: Marea roja» y cambio global: Elementos para la construcción de una gobernanza integrada de las Floraciones de Algas Nocivas (FAN) | Ugarte,A.;Romero,J.;Farías,L.;Sapiains,R.;Aparicio,P.;Ramajo,L.;Aguirre,C.;Masotti,I.;Jacques,M.;Aldunce,,P.;Alonso,C.;Azócar,G.;Bada,R.;Barrera,F.;Billi,M.;Boisier,J.;Carbonell,P.;de la Maza,L.;de la Torre,M.;Espinoza-González,O.;Faúndez,J.;Garreaud,R.;Guevara,G.;González,M.;Guzman,L.;Ibáñez,J.;Ibarra,C.;Marín,A.;Mitchell,R.;Moraga,P.;Narváez,D.;ORyan,R.;Pérez,C.;Pilgrin,A.;Pinilla,E.;Rondanelli,R.;Salinas,M.;Sánchez,R.;Sanzana,K.;Segura,C.;Valdebenito,P.;Valenzuela,D.;Vásquez,S.;Williams,C.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2022 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/fan/ | 88 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Radiocarbon bomb-peak signal in tree-rings from the tropical Andes register low latitude atmospheric dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere | Ancapichún S.; De Pol-Holz R.; Christie D.A.; Santos G.M.; Collado-Fabbri S.; Garreaud R.; Lambert F.; Orfanoz-Cheuquelaf A.; Rojas M.; Southon J.; Turnbull J.C.; Creasman P.P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145126 | South American tropical climate is strongly related to the tropical low-pressure belt associated with the South American monsoon system. Despite its central societal role as a modulating agent of rainfall in tropical South America, its long-term dynamical variability is still poorly understood. Here we combine a new (and world's highest) tree-ring 14C record from the Altiplano plateau in the central Andes with other 14C records from the Southern Hemisphere during the second half of the 20th century in order to elucidate the latitudinal gradients associated with the dissemination of the bomb 14C signal. Our tree-ring 14C record faithfully captured the bomb signal of the 1960's with an excellent match to atmospheric 14C measured in New Zealand but with significant differences with a recent record from Southeast Brazil located at almost equal latitude. These results imply that the spreading of the bomb signal throughout the Southern Hemisphere was a complex process that depended on atmospheric dynamics and surface topography generating reversals on the expected north-south gradient in certain years. We applied air-parcel modeling based on climate data to disentangle their different geographical provenances and their preformed (reservoir affected) radiocarbon content. We found that air parcel trajectories arriving at the Altiplano during the bomb period were sourced i) from the boundary layer in contact with the Pacific Ocean (41%), ii) from the upper troposphere (air above the boundary layer, with no contact with oceanic or continental carbon reservoirs) (38%) and iii) from the Amazon basin (21%). Based on these results we estimated the ∆14C endmember values for the different carbon reservoirs affecting our record which suggest that the Amazon basin biospheric 14C isoflux could have been reversed from negative to positive as early as the beginning of the 1970's. This would imply a much faster carbon turnover rate in the Amazon than previously modelled. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721001923 | art145126 | 774 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | bombs; brazil; oceans and seas; pacific ocean; trees; amazon basin; andes; brazil; new zealand; pacific ocean; boundary layers; carbon; forestry; topography; tropics; carbon 14; atmospheric dynamics; carbon reservoirs; continental carbons; geographical provenances; latitudinal gradients; southern hemisphere; tropical climates; upper troposphere; atmospheric circulation; atmospheric dynamics; atmospheric modeling; carbon isotope; latitudinal gradient; paleoclimate; radiocarbon dating; southern hemisphere; tree ring; amazonas (brazil); araucaria; araucaria angustifolia; article; atmosphere; atmospheric circulation; bomb; bomb signal; carbon reservoir effect; chile; controlled study; environmental impact; environmental parameters; geographic distribution; latitude; new zealand; nonhuman; pacific ocean; plant structures; polylepis tarapacana; priority journal; rosaceae; southern hemisphere; surface topography; topography; tree ring; troposphere; turnover rate; bomb; brazil; sea; tree; bombs (ordnance), atmospheric circulation; carbon reservoir effect; radiocarbon; southern hemisphere; tree-rings | Postgraduate School in Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica (CIGA) and Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, United States; Fundación Crono Austral, Concepción, Biobio, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physical Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; GNS Science, Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, United States; American Center for Oriental Research (ACOR), Amman, Jordan |
| Hidden welfare effects of tree plantations | Anríquez Nilson G.; Toledo Roman G.; Arriagada Cisternas R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1017/S1355770X20000303 | Subsidies to promote tree plantations have been questioned because of negative impacts of the forestry industry. Quantitative evidence on the socioeconomic impacts of afforestation subsidies or of tree plantations is elusive, mainly due to data scarcity. We assess the overall impact of a tree plantation subsidy in Chile, using our original 20-year panel dataset that includes small area estimates of poverty and the subsidy assignment at the census-district scale. We show that forestry subsidies-on average-in fact, do increase poverty. More specifically, using difference in difference with matching techniques, and instrumental variables approaches, we show that there is an increase of about 2 per cent in the poverty rate of treated localities. We identify employment as a causal mechanism explaining this finding, since we found a negative effect of tree plantations on employment, and therefore, on poverty. We suggest reassessment of the distributional effects of the forest subsidy and forestry industry. Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press. | Environment and Development Economics | 1355770X | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/article/abs/hidden-welfare-effects-of-tree-plantations/4DB425A678F2953DDD70811368899CE4#authors-details | 151-168 | 26 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | nan, afforestation subsidies; impact evaluation; poverty; tree plantations | Department of Agricultural Economics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Ecosystems and Environment, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), CR2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Fire-induced loss of the world’s most biodiverse forests in Latin America | Armenteras D.; Dávalos L.M.; Barreto J.S.; Miranda A.; Hernández-Moreno A.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; González-Delgado T.M.; Meza-Elizalde M.C.; Retana J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1126/sciadv.abd3357 | Fire plays a dominant role in deforestation, particularly in the tropics, but the relative extent of transformations and influence of fire frequency on eventual forest loss remain unclear. Here, we analyze the frequency of fire and its influence on postfire forest trajectories between 2001 and 2018. We account for ~1.1% of Latin American forests burnt in 2002–2003 (8,465,850 ha). Although 40.1% of forests (3,393,250 ha) burned only once, by 2018, ~48% of the evergreen forests converted to other, primarily grass-dominated uses. While greater fire frequency yielded more transformation, our results reveal the staggering impact of even a single fire. Increasing fire frequency imposes greater risks of irreversible forest loss, transforming forests into ecosystems increasingly vulnerable to degradation. Reversing this trend is indispensable to both mitigate and adapt to climate change globally. As climate change transforms fire regimes across the region, key actions are needed to conserve Latin American forests. Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved. | Science Advances | 23752548 | https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd3357 | arteabd3357 | 7 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, deforestation; fires; evergreen forests; fire frequencies; fire regimes; forest loss; induced loss; key actions; latin america; latin americans; article; climate change; evergreen; forest; grass; nonhuman; south and central america; climate change | Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 630 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, United States; Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 129 Dana Hall, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, United States; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temco, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales s/n Km 4, Coyhaique, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; CREAF-Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08193, Spain |
| Water management or megadrought: what caused the Chilean Aculeo Lake drying? | Barría P.; Chadwick C.; Ocampo-Melgar A.; Galleguillos M.; Garreaud R.; Díaz-Vasconcellos R.; Poblete D.; Rubio-Álvarez E.; Poblete-Caballero D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1007/s10113-021-01750-w | The Aculeo Lake is an important natural reservoir of Central Chile, which provides valuable ecosystem services. This lake has suffered a rapid shrinkage of the water levels from year 2010 to 2018, and since October 2018, it is completely dry. This natural disaster is concurrent with a number of severe and uninterrupted drought years, along with sustained increases in water consumption associated to land use/land cover (LULC) changes. Severe water shortages and socio-environmental impacts were triggered by these changes, emphasizing the need to understand the causes of the lake desiccation to contribute in the design of future adaptation strategies. Thereby, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) hydrological model was used as a tool to quantify the water balance in the catchment. The model was run under a combination of three land use/land cover and two different climate scenarios that sample the cases with and without megadrought and with or without changes in land use. According to the results, the main triggering factor of the lake shrinkage is the severe megadrought, with annual rainfall deficits of about 38%, which resulted in amplified reductions in river flows (44%) and aquifer recharges (24%). The results indicate that the relative impact of the climate factor is more than 10 times larger than the impact of the observed LULC changes in the lake balance, highlighting the urgent need for adaptation strategies to deal with the projected drier futures. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature. | Regional Environmental Change | 14363798 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-021-01750-w | art19 | 21 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | anthropogenic; attribution; decision making; drought; land use/land cover; water budget, nan | Department of Engineering Science, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; Faculty of Forestry Science and Nature Conservation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, La Pintana, Chile; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Eridanus Ingeniería en Recursos Hídricos, Santiago, Chile |
| Chemical signals in tree rings from northern patagonia as indicators of calbuco volcano eruptions since the 16th century | Bertin L.J.; Christie D.A.; Sheppard P.R.; Muñoz A.A.; Lara A.; Alvarez C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.3390/f12101305 | The Calbuco volcano ranks third in the specific risk classification of volcanoes in Chile and has a detailed eruption record since 1853. During 2015, Calbuco had a sub-Plinian eruption with negative impacts in Chile and Argentina, highlighting the need to determine the long-term history of its activity at a high-resolution time scale to obtain a better understanding of its eruptive frequency. We developed a continuous eruptive record of Calbuco for the 1514–2016 period by dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings at a biennium resolution using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. After comparing the chemical record of 20 elements contained in tree rings with historical eruptions, one group exhibited positive anomalies during (Pb/Sn) and immediately after (Mo/P/Zn/Cu) eruptions, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 3, and so were classified as chemical tracers of past eruptions (TPE). The tree-ring width chronology also exhibited significant decreases in tree growth associated with eruptions of VEI ≥ 3. According to these records, we identified 11 new eruptive events of Calbuco, extending its eruptive chronology back to the 16th century and determining a mean eruptive frequency of ~23 years. Our results show the potential to use dendrochemical analysis to infer past volcanic eruptions in Northern Patagonia. This information provides a long-term perspective for assessing eruptive history in Northern Patagonia, with implications for territorial planning. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Forests | 19994907 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/10/1305 | art1305 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chemicals; forestry; frequency; patagonia; records; resolution; rings; trees; argentina; chile; patagonia; fitzroya cupressoides; forestry; indicators (chemical); inductively coupled plasma; mass spectrometry; chemical signals; fitzroya cupressoides; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; northern patagonia; risk classification; sub-plinian eruption; tree rings; volcanic eruptions; volcanic explosivity indices; volcano eruptions; chemical analysis; dendrochronology; inductively coupled plasma method; pine; plinian eruption; sixteenth century; territorial planning; tree ring; volcanoes, dendrochronology; fitzroya cupressoides; inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry; volcanic eruptions | Chilean Geological and Mining Survey (SERNAGEOMIN), National Volcanic Network, Atacama Regiona Office, Copiapó, 1530000, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile; Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2362807, Chile |
| Embedding effect and the consequences of advanced disclosure: evidence from the valuation of cultural goods | Carrasco Garcés M.; Vasquez-Lavin F.; Ponce Oliva R.D.; Bustamante Oporto J.L.; Barrientos M.; Cerda A.A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1007/s00181-020-01897-1 | This study revisits the embedding effect, a long-standing problem in the nonmarket valuation literature. The embedding effect was a popular research topic during the 1990s, especially following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. It has resurfaced after a special issue of The Journal of Economic Perspectives in 2012 in which Jerry Hausmann asserts that among the three long-standing problems with contingent valuation, the embedding effect is the most challenging. In this study, we focus on how information disclosure regarding the nested structure of goods affects both the willingness to pay and the presence of the embedding effect. Our results suggest that the level of embedding can be reduced with a more complete description of the nested structure of the goods under valuation. Therefore, it is highly important for each valuation study to test whether sufficient information is provided on the goods’ nested structure to ensure that the relationships among the goods’ subsets are correctly understood by respondents. We show that by providing respondents with more high-quality information, it is possible to mitigate the embedding effect. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Empirical Economics | 03777332 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00181-020-01897-1 | 1039-1062 | 61 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | contingent valuation; cultural goods; embedding effect; nonmarket valuation, contingent valuation; information; willingness to pay | Departamento de Gestión Empresarial, Universidad de Concepción, Juan Antonio Coloma 0201, Los Ángeles, Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Ainavillo 456, Concepcion, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad Economía y Negocios, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile; Faculty of Economics and Business, Universidad de Talca, Casilla: 721, Campus Lircay, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining, Victoria 1295, Concepción, Chile |
| Exploring the multidimensional effects of human activity and land cover on fire occurrence for territorial planning | Carrasco J.; Acuna M.; Miranda A.; Alfaro G.; Pais C.; Weintraub A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113428 | The strong link between climate change and increased wildfire risk suggests a paradigm change on how humans must co-exist with fire and the environment. Different studies have demonstrated that human-induced fire ignitions can account for more than 90 % of forest fires, so human co-existence with wildfires requires informed decision making via preventive policies in order to minimize risk and adapt to new conditions. In this paper, we address the multidimensional effects of three groups of drivers (human activity, geographic and topographic, and land cover) that can be managed to assist in territorial planning under fire risk. We found critical factors of strong interactions with the potential to increase the likelihood of starting a fire. Our solution approach included the application of a Machine Learning method called Random Undersampling and Boosting (RUSBoost) to assess risk (fire occurrence probability), which was subsequently accompanied by a sensitivity analysis that revealed interactions of various levels of risk. The prediction performance of the proposed model was assessed using several statistical measures such as the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) and the Area Under the Curve (AUC). The results confirmed the high accuracy of our model, with an AUC of 0.967 and an overall accuracy over test data of 93.01 % after applying a Bayesian approach for hyper-parameter optimization. The study area to test our solution approach comprised the entire geographical territory of central Chile. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd | Journal of Environmental Management | 03014797 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479721014900 | art113428 | 297 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | fire occurrence probability fire risk; machine learning rusboost; territorial planning under fire risk wildland urban interface, bayes theorem; climate change; human activities; humans; probability; wildfires; chile; accuracy assessment; climate change; decision making; environmental effect; environmental management; exploration; fire; human activity; land cover; optimization; risk assessment; territorial planning; wildfire; area under the curve; article; chile; human; land use; machine learning; prediction; probability; receiver operating characteristic; risk assessment; sensitivity analysis; bayes theorem; climate change; human activities; probability; wildfire | University of Chile, Industrial Engineering Department, Santiago, Chile; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, 8 Maroochydore DC, 4558, QLD, Australia; University of Chile, ), Santiago, Chile; Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Temuco, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute - ISCI, Santiago, Chile; University of California Berkeley, IEOR Department, Berkeley, United States |
| Estimating the implicit discount rate for new technology adoption of wood-burning stoves | Carrasco-Garcés M.; Vásquez-Lavín F.; Ponce Oliva R.D.; Diaz Pincheira F.; Barrientos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112407 | In the last decade, there have been several initiatives to incentivize Efficient Energy Technologies (EET) to reduce air pollution caused by wood-burning in developing countries. More efficient woodstoves can improve health, reduce family expenditures, CO2 emissions, and forest degradation. Despite these benefits, there is low level of adoption of EETs. This paper contributed to the literature in three ways. First, it estimates the implicit discount rate (IDR) used by individuals to decide whether to adopt EET using exponential and hyperbolic specifications. Second, it includes sociodemographic characteristics in the definition of the IDR. Third, it evaluates how the adoption curve changes by different policy designs. Since the interest rate is part of the policy design, comparing the interest rate and the IDR is relevant to increasing adoption. Our monthly estimated IDR is between 1.7% and 5.4% with a significant overlap with market interest rate. The IDR is affected by the perception of the future economic situation, trust in environmental authorities, happiness, and gender. We found that using an interest rate lower than the IDR increases the probability of adoption significantly. An understanding of the effects of copayments, payment frequencies, and difference between interest rates and IDR is needed to maximize adoption. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd | Energy Policy | 03014215 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421521002779 | art112407 | 156 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | developing countries; energy policy; efficient energy technologies; energy regulation; implicit discount rate; interest rates; intertemporal choices; policy design; stated preferences; technology adoption; wood burning; biomass power; cooking appliance; developing world; energy efficiency; energy policy; environmental economics; estimation method; financial system; fuelwood; interest rate; technological development; technology adoption; energy efficiency, efficient energy technologies; energy regulation; implicit discount rate; intertemporal choice; stated preferences | Departamento de Gestión Empresarial, Universidad de Concepción, Los Ángeles, Chile; School of Economics and Business, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), ANID PIA/BASAL FB0002, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Change and Resilience (CR2), Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad de Concepción,Chile, Chile |
| Effect of urban tree diversity and condition on surface temperature at the city block scale | Chinchilla J.; Carbonnel A.; Galleguillos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127069 | Urban forests affect land surface temperature (LST) within a city due to the cooling effect of transpiration. The latter depends on tree health, but it can also be affected by the structure and composition of forest, as a mono-species environment may potentially worsen the health of urban forest. The following hypotheses are therefore proposed: a) greater tree diversity within urban forest results in lower LST at the city block scale; and b) the state of biotic disturbance of urban forest is negatively correlated with LST. The present research explores the relationship between urban forest tree diversity and health based on a survey of 38,950 individuals in the district of Providencia in the city of Santiago, Chile, and compares this information against LST data from the ASTER satellite instrument at the city block scale. The health of the urban forest was determined by expert knowledge means of a field survey that collected data concerning growth stage, phytosanitary state, and state of biotic disturbance. The first hypothesis could not be tested by the lack of urban tree diversity which showed strong domination of three species with more than 52 % of abundance (Robinia pseudoacacia, Platanus orientalis and Acer negundo). The second hypothesis was proved since the results revealed a positive and significant correlation between urban forest diversity and LST, with a Spearman's correlation coefficient of between 0.56 and 0.7. A positive and significant correlation of 0.55 was found between mean biotic disturbance (BDSm) and median LST (Med), indicating a direct relationship between higher LST and poorer urban forest health. A possible explanation is that, among the trees surveyed within the urban forest, the effect of biotic disturbance is greater than that of species diversity. As such, it may be concluded that planting of trees on city streets as a means of temperature moderation is made less effective if specimens are maintained in a poor general condition of health. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH | Urban Forestry and Urban Greening | 16188667 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1618866721000947 | art127069 | 60 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | chile; metropolitana; acer negundo; platanus orientalis; providencia; robinia pseudoacacia; aster; environmental disturbance; field survey; land surface; soil temperature; species diversity; urban ecosystem, biotic disturbance; city thermal patterns; exotic species; species diversity; urban forest | University of Chile, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, 8820000, Chile; University of Santiago, School of Architecture, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, 9160000, Chile; Centre for Climate Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Methane Over Extreme Oceanographic Gradients in the Subtropical Eastern South Pacific (17° to 37°S) | Farías L.; Troncoso M.; Sanzana K.; Verdugo J.; Masotti I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1029/2020JC016925 | Methane (CH4) is one of the most powerful greenhouse gases with the capacity to influence the Earth's radiative budget as well as contribute to atmospheric chemistry. Natural oceanic production makes up to ∼4% of the overall global CH4 emissions, however, there is uncertainty around the accuracy of this value due to a lack of accurate measurements. Such is the case in the Subtropical Eastern South Pacific Ocean (SESP), a region with pronounced chlorophyll-a and oxygen gradients, which in turn affect the microbial CH4 cycling. This study was conducted during spring-summer (2014–2016) in the SESP. The region (∼17°–37°S/71°–110°W) is separated into (i) eutrophic, (ii) mesotrophic, and (iii) oligotrophic areas, according to oceanographic and biogeochemical criteria. The SESP presents high CH4 zonal variability with levels ranging from 0.63 to 33.4 nmol L−1, corresponding to 29% and 1,423% saturation, respectively. High CH4 concentrations (>1,000% saturation) are observed in the narrow eutrophic area subjected to coastal upwelling. These conditions clearly differ to those observed in the extended oligotrophic subtropical gyre (∼100% saturation). Furthermore, CH4 also tends to accumulate in the mesotrophic area (with upto 1,423% saturation), where oceanographic conditions as stratification, mesoscale eddies and island mass effect could trigger the presence of a microbial biomass that may be able to induce CH4 regeneration. The CH4 efflux is estimated to be between 0.13 and 19.1 µmol m−2 d−1 (mean ± SD = 4.72 ± 4.67) and the SESP has an emission rate of ∼87.9 Gg CH4 yr−1. © 2021. The Authors. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans | 21699275 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JC016925 | arte2020JC016925 | 126 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ch4 exchange acros air-sea interface; dissolved methane; mesoscale processes; spatial ch4 distribution; subtropical eastern south pacific, pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); accuracy assessment; atmospheric chemistry; biogeochemistry; biomass; chlorophyll a; concentration (composition); greenhouse gas; gyre; mesoscale eddy; methane; nutrient cycling; radiative transfer; saturation; spatial distribution; upwelling | Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera, Santiago, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile |
| Using Sentinel-2 and canopy height models to derive a landscape-level biomass map covering multiple vegetation types | Fassnacht F.E.; Poblete-Olivares J.; Rivero L.; Lopatin J.; Ceballos-Comisso A.; Galleguillos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jag.2020.102236 | Vegetation biomass is a globally important climate-relevant terrestrial carbon pool and also drives local hydrological systems via evapotranspiration. Vegetation biomass of individual vegetation types has been successfully estimated from active and passive remote sensing data. However, for many tasks, landscape-level biomass maps across several vegetation types are more suitable than biomass maps of individual vegetation types. For example, the validation of ecohydrological models and carbon budgeting typically requires spatially continuous biomass estimates, independent from vegetation type. Studies that derive biomass estimates across multiple vegetation or land-cover types to merge them into a single landscape-level biomass map are still scarce, and corresponding workflows must be developed. Here, we present a workflow to derive biomass estimates on landscape-level for a large watershed in central Chile. Our workflow has three steps: First, we combine field plot-based biomass estimates with spectral and structural information collected from Sentinel-2, TanDEM-X and airborne LiDAR data to map grassland, shrubland, native forests and pine plantation biomass using random forest regressions with an automatic feature selection. Second, we predict all models to the entire landscape. Third, we derive a land-cover map including the four considered vegetation types. We then use this land-cover map to assign the correct vegetation type-specific biomass estimate to each pixel according to one of the four considered vegetation types. Using a single repeatable workflow, we obtained biomass predictions comparable to earlier studies focusing on only one of the four vegetation types (Spearman correlation between 0.80 and 0.84; normalized-RMSE below 16 % for all vegetation types). For all woody vegetation types, height metrics were amongst the selected predictors, while for grasslands, only Sentinel-2 bands were selected. The land-cover was also mapped with high accuracy (OA = 83.1 %). The final landscape-level biomass map spatially agrees well with the known biomass distribution patterns in the watershed. Progressing from vegetation-type specific maps towards landscape-level biomass maps is an essential step towards integrating remote-sensing based biomass estimates into models for water and carbon management. © 2020 The Authors | International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation | 15698432 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243420308795 | art102236 | 94 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biomass; canopy architecture; data set; evapotranspiration; landscape change; mapping method; remote sensing; sentinel; tandem-x; vegetation cover; vegetation dynamics, biomass; forest; grassland; lidar; plantation; sentinel-2; shrubland; tandem-x | KIT, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany; Universidad de Chile, Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Santa Rosa, Santiago, 11315, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8340589, Chile |
| Sensitivity of Water Price Elasticity Estimates to Different Data Aggregation Levels | Flores Arévalo Y.; Ponce Oliva R.D.; Fernández F.J.; Vásquez-Lavin F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1007/s11269-021-02833-3 | The empirical literature on residential water demand employs various data aggregation methods, which depend on whether the aggregation is over consumption, sociodemographic variables, or both. In this study, we distinguish three dataset types—aggregated data, disaggregated data, and semi-aggregated data—to compare the consequences of using a large sample of semi-aggregated data vis-à-vis a small sample of fully disaggregated data on the water price elasticity estimates. We also analyze whether different aggregation levels in the sociodemographic variables affect the water price elasticity estimates when the number of observations is fixed. We employ a discrete-continuous choice model that considers that consumers face an increasing block price structure. Our results demonstrate that the water price elasticities depend upon the level of aggregation of the data used and the sample size. We also find that the water price elasticities are statistically different when comparing a large semi-aggregated sample with a small disaggregated sample. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. | Water Resources Management | 09204741 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11269-021-02833-3 | 2039-2052 | 35 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | data aggregation; discrete‐continuous choice model; increasing block price structure; water price elasticity, elasticity; large dataset; aggregated datum; aggregation level; data aggregation; empirical literature; price structure; residential water demand; small samples; socio-demographic variables; data processing; demand elasticity; discrete choice analysis; estimation method; sensitivity analysis; water demand; water economics; cost estimating | Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Empresariales y Jurídicas, Departamento de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de la Serena Chile, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining. Chile (ANID/FONDAP/15130015), Victoria 1295, Concepción, Chile; School of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile |
| Disentangling the effect of future land use strategies and climate change on streamflow in a Mediterranean catchment dominated by tree plantations | Galleguillos M.; Gimeno F.; Puelma C.; Zambrano-Bigiarini M.; Lara A.; Rojas M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126047 | Climate change (CC) along with Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) have a strong influence in water availability in already fragile Mediterranean ecosystems. In this work the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was implemented for the 2006–2018 period in a rainfed catchment of central Chile (36°) to test the hypothesis that adaptive plantation strategies could mitigate the impacts of climate change and increase streamflow. We also hypothesize that afforestation with exotic tree plantations will reduce water availability in Mediterranean catchments, acting in synergy with climate change. Five LULCC scenarios are analyzed: i) current long-term national Forest Policy (FP), ii) extreme scenario (EX) with large afforestation surfaces, both including the replacement of native shrublands with Pinus radiata; iii) adaptive plantation management scenario (FM), with lower planting density, iv) forced land displacement scenario (FLD), where plantations at the headwaters are moved to lowland areas and replaced with native shrublands, and v) pristine scenario (PR), with only native vegetation. Each LULCC scenario was run with present climate and with projections of different CMIP5 climate models under the RCP 8.5 scenario for the period 2037–2050, and then compared against simulations based on the present land cover and climate. Simulations with the five LULCC scenarios (FP, EX, FM, FLD and PR) with present climate resulted in variations of −2.5, −17.3, 0, 2.3 and 10.9% on mean annual streamflow (Q), while simulations with the current land cover and CC projections produced a 32.1% decrease in mean annual Q. The joint impact of CC and LULCC leads to changes in mean annual Q ranging from −46.2% (EX) to –23.3% (PR). Afforestation with exotic pines will intensify the reduction in water yield, while conservative scenarios focused on native forests protection and restoration could partially mitigate the effect of CC. We make a strong call to rethink current and future land management strategies to cope with lower water availability in a drier future. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Journal of Hydrology | 00221694 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169421000949 | art126047 | 595 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | exotic plantations; hydrological response; lulcc; native shrubland; sdgs; swat, mediterranean region; pinus radiata; catchments; climate models; conservation; land use; reforestation; runoff; stream flow; land use and land cover change; land-use strategies; mediterranean catchment; mediterranean ecosystem; plantation managements; protection and restoration; soil and water assessment tool; water availability; afforestation; catchment; climate change; coniferous forest; coniferous tree; land cover; land use; land use change; shrubland; soil and water assessment tool; streamflow; tree planting; climate change | Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Diversifying Chile's climate action away from industrial plantations | Hoyos-Santillan J.; Miranda A.; Lara A.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Gómez-González S.; Vásquez-Lavín F.; Garreaud R.D.; Rojas M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.06.013 | As president of the Climate Change Conference of the Parties, Chile has advocated for developing ambitious commitments to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to achieve carbon-neutrality by 2050. However, Chile's motivations and ambitious push to reach carbon-neutrality are complicated by a backdrop of severe drought, climate change impacts (i.e., wildfires, tree mortality), and the use of industrial plantations as a mitigation strategy. This has become more evident as widespread and severe wildfires have impacted large areas of industrial plantations, transforming the land-use, land-use change, and forestry sector from a carbon sink to a net carbon source. Consequently, Chile must diversify its climate actions to achieve carbon-neutrality. Nature-based solutions, including wetlands-peatlands and oceans, represent alternative climate actions that can be implemented to tackle greenhouse gas emissions at a national level. Diversification, however, must guarantee Chile's long-term carbon sequestration capacity without compromising the ecological functionality of biodiverse tree-less habitats and native forest ecosystems. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd | Environmental Science and Policy | 14629011 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462901121001738 | 85-89 | 124 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon; biodiversity; building; carbon footprint; carbon sequestration; carbon sink; carbon source; chile; climate; climate change; drought; electric power plant; energy yield; forest; forestry; housing; land use; note; peatland; plantation; sea; tree; wetland; wildfire, carbon neutrality; climate action; native forest; nature-based solutions; net-zero; wildfires | School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile; Network for Extreme Environments Research, Universidad de La Frontera, La Araucanía, Temuco, Chile; Environmental Biogeochemistry in Extreme Ecosystems Laboratory, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, La Araucanía, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos-FORECOS, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Center for Fire and Socioecological Systems (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile; Geophysics Department, University of Chile, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile |
| Streamflow response to native forest restoration in former Eucalyptus plantations in south central Chile | Lara A.; Jones J.; Little C.; Vergara N. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1002/hyp.14270 | Global increases in intensive forestry have raised concerns about forest plantation effects on water, but few studies have tested the effects of plantation forest removal and native forest restoration on catchment hydrology. We describe results of a 14-year paired watershed experiment on ecological restoration in south central Chile which documents streamflow response to the early stages of native forest restoration, after clearcutting of plantations of exotic fast-growing Eucalyptus, planting of native trees, and fostering natural regeneration of native temperate rainforest species. Precipitation, streamflow, and vegetation were measured starting in 2006 in four small (3 to 5 ha) catchments with Eucalyptus globulus plantations and native riparian buffers in the Valdivian Coastal Reserve. Mean annual precipitation is 2500 mm, of which 11% occurs in summer. Streamflow increased, and increases persisted, throughout the first 9 years of vigorous native forest regeneration (2011 to 2019). Annual streamflow increased by 40% to >100% in most years and >150% in fall and summer of some years. Streamflow was 50% to 100% lower than before treatment in two dry summers. Base flow increased by 28% to 87% during the restoration period compared to pre-treatment, and remained elevated in later years despite low summer precipitation. Overall, these findings indicate that removal of Eucalyptus plantations immediately increased streamflow, and native forest restoration gradually restored deep soil moisture reservoirs that sustain base flow during dry periods, increasing water ecosystem services. To our knowledge this is the first study to assess catchment streamflow response to native forest restoration in former forest plantations. Therefore, the results of this study are relevant to global efforts to restore native forest ecosystems on land currently intensively managed with fast-growing forest plantations and may inform policy and decision-making in areas experiencing a drying trend associated with climate change. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd | Hydrological Processes | 08856087 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.14270 | arte14270 | 35 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; coastal cordillera; los rios [chile]; valdivian coastal range; eucalyptus; eucalyptus globulus; aerodynamics; climate change; decision making; ecosystems; hydrogeology; reforestation; reservoirs (water); restoration; runoff; soil moisture; stream flow; ecological restoration; eucalyptus globulus; eucalyptus plantations; fast growing forests; mean annual precipitation; natural regeneration; summer precipitation; temperate rainforest; baseflow; catchment; climate change; ecosystem service; evergreen tree; forest ecosystem; plantation forestry; rainforest; restoration ecology; conservation, base flow; climate change; ecological restoration; ecosystem services; paired-catchment experiment; valdivian rainforest | Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Geography, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Instituto Forestal de Chile, Fundo Teja Norte S/N, Valdivia, Chile |
| Economic value of biodiversity conservation: The case of the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park; [Valor económico de la conservación de la biodiversidad: el caso del Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén] | Lavado-Solis K.; Orihuela C.E.; Vásquez-Lavín F.; Dávila J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.7201/earn.2021.02.05 | The present study determined the willingness to pay for the conservation of the biodiversity (WTP) of the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park (YChNP), applying the contingent valuation method, in hypothetical scenarios of conserving 6, 9 or 12 species that guaranteed protection of 50 % of the functionality of the ecosystems of this place. It was found that the WTP was determined by the functional characteristics that key species play in the resilience of the PNYCh ecosystems. For this reason, similar studies should evaluate the option of preferring the use of functionality instead of indicators based, for example, on the number of species © 2021. Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales.All Rights Reserved | Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales | 15780732 | https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/EARN/article/view/earn.2021.02.05 | 101-120 | 21 | Thomson Reuters ESCI | | Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Economía y Planificación, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru; Circulo de Investigacion Economía de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente, CIERNA, Peru; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Capes, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Esan Graduate School Of Business, Lima, Peru |
| Temperature differently affected methanogenic pathways and microbial communities in sub-Antarctic freshwater ecosystems | Lavergne C.; Aguilar-Muñoz P.; Calle N.; Thalasso F.; Astorga-España M.S.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Martinez-Cruz K.; Gandois L.; Mansilla A.; Chamy R.; Barret M.; Cabrol L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106575 | Freshwater ecosystems are responsible for an important part of the methane (CH4) emissions which are likely to change with global warming. This study aims to evaluate temperature-induced (from 5 to 20 °C) changes on microbial community structure and methanogenic pathways in five sub-Antarctic lake sediments from Magallanes strait to Cape Horn, Chile. We combined in situ CH4 flux measurements, CH4 production rates (MPRs), gene abundance quantification and microbial community structure analysis (metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene). Under unamended conditions, a temperature increase of 5 °C doubled MPR while microbial community structure was not affected. Stimulation of methanogenesis by methanogenic precursors as acetate and H2/CO2, resulted in an increase of MPRs up to 127-fold and 19-fold, respectively, as well as an enrichment of mcrA-carriers strikingly stronger under acetate amendment. At low temperatures, H2/CO2-derived MPRs were considerably lower (down to 160-fold lower) than the acetate-derived MPRs, but the contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis increased with temperature. Temperature dependence of MPRs was significantly higher in incubations spiked with H2/CO2 (c. 1.9 eV) compared to incubations spiked with acetate or unamended (c. 0.8 eV). Temperature was not found to shape the total microbial community structure, that rather exhibited a site-specific variability among the studied lakes. However, the methanogenic archaeal community structure was driven by amended methanogenic precursors with a dominance of Methanobacterium in H2/CO2-based incubations and Methanosarcina in acetate-based incubations. We also suggested the importance of acetogenic H2-production outcompeting hydrogenotrohic methanogenesis especially at low temperatures, further supported by homoacetogen proportion in the microcosm communities. The combination of in situ-, and laboratory-based measurements and molecular approaches indicates that the hydrogenotrophic pathway may become more important with increasing temperatures than the acetoclastic pathway. In a continuously warming environment driven by climate change, such issues are crucial and may receive more attention. © 2021 The Authors | Environment International | 01604120 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412021002002 | art106575 | 154 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ribosomal, 16s; temperature; cape horn; chile; horn island [wollaston islands]; magallanes; magellan strait; tierra del fuego [(isg) south america]; wollaston islands; archaea; methanobacterium; methanosarcina; bacteria; ecosystems; genes; hydrogen production; lakes; methane; rna; temperature distribution; water; ammonia; dissolved oxygen; genomic dna; nitrate; nitrite; rna 16s; sulfate; fresh water; rna 16s; 16s rrna amplicon; archaeon; ch$-4$; freshwater ecosystem; lows-temperatures; methanogenesis; methanogenic pathways; microbial communities; microbial community structures; production rates; climate change; climate effect; community structure; environmental disturbance; freshwater ecosystem; global warming; lacustrine deposit; limnology; methanogenesis; methanogenic bacterium; microbial community; rna; subantarctic region; temperature effect; altitude; amplicon; article; bacterial gene; bacteroidia; bioaccumulation; chile; chloroflexi; climate change; community structure; controlled study; deltaproteobacteria; dna extraction; freshwater environment; gammaproteobacteria; high throughput sequencing; limit of detection; limit of quantitation; mcra gene; methanobacterium; methanogenesis; methanosarcina; microbial biomass; microbial community; microbial diversity; nonhuman; physical chemistry; population abundance; rna sequencing; sediment; thermodynamics; water temperature; antarctica; genetics; microflora; temperature; global warming, antarctic regions; chile; fresh water; microbiota; rna, 16s rrna amplicons; archaea; bacteria; global warming; limnology; methane | HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, 2340950, Chile; Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, México, DF, Mexico; Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; ENBEELAB, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Aix-Marseille University, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD, M.I.O. UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille, France; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity IEB, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Climate and Land Cover Trends Affecting Freshwater Inputs to a Fjord in Northwestern Patagonia | León-Muñoz J.; Aguayo R.; Marcé R.; Catalán N.; Woelfl S.; Nimptsch J.; Arismendi I.; Contreras C.; Soto D.; Miranda A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.3389/fmars.2021.628454 | Freshwater inputs strongly influence oceanographic conditions in coastal systems of northwestern Patagonia (41–45°S). Nevertheless, the influence of freshwater on these systems has weakened in recent decades due to a marked decrease in precipitation. Here we evaluate potential influences of climate and land cover trends on the Puelo River (640 m3s–1), the main source of freshwater input of the Reloncaví Fjord (41.5°S). Water quality was analyzed along the Puelo River basin (six sampling points) and at the discharge site in the Reloncaví Fjord (1, 8, and 25 m depth), through six field campaigns carried out under contrasting streamflow scenarios. We also used several indicators of hydrological alteration, and cross-wavelet transform and coherence analyses to evaluate the association between the Puelo River streamflow and precipitation (1950–2019). Lastly, using the WEAP hydrological model, land cover maps (2001–2016) and burned area reconstructions (1985–2019), we simulated future land cover impacts (2030) on the hydrological processes of the Puelo River. Total Nitrogen and total phosphorus, dissolved carbon, and dissolved iron concentrations measured in the river were 3–15 times lower than those in the fjord. Multivariate analyses showed that streamflow drives the carbon composition in the river. High streamflow conditions contribute with humic and colored materials, while low streamflow conditions corresponded to higher arrival of protein-like materials from the basin. The Puelo River streamflow showed significant trends in magnitude (lower streamflow in summer and autumn), duration (minimum annual streamflow), timing (more floods in spring), and frequency (fewer prolonged floods). The land cover change (LCC) analysis indicated that more than 90% of the basin area maintained its land cover, and that the main changes were attributed to recent large wildfires. Considering these land cover trends, the hydrological simulations project a slight increase in the Puelo River streamflow mainly due to a decrease in evapotranspiration. According to previous simulations, these projections present a direction opposite to the trends forced by climate change. The combined effect of reduction in freshwater input to fiords and potential decline in water quality highlights the need for more robust data and robust analysis of the influence of climate and LCC on this river-fjord complex of northwestern Patagonia. © Copyright © 2021 León-Muñoz, Aguayo, Marcé, Catalán, Woelfl, Nimptsch, Arismendi, Contreras, Soto and Miranda. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.628454/full | art628454 | 8 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; hydrological modeling; land cover change; land-ocean interface; patagonia; water quality, nan | Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Giona, Spain; United States Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, United States; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Conservación, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile |
| How much can we see from a uav-mounted regular camera? Remote sensing-based estimation of forest attributes in south american native forests | Miranda A.; Catalán G.; Altamirano A.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Cavieres M.; Guerra J.; Mola-Yudego B. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.3390/rs13112151 | Data collection from large areas of native forests poses a challenge. The present study aims at assessing the use of UAV for forest inventory on native forests in Southern Chile, and seeks to retrieve both stand and tree level attributes from forest canopy data. Data were collected from 14 plots (45 × 45 m) established at four locations representing unmanaged Chilean temperate forests: seven plots on secondary forests and seven plots on old-growth forests, including a total of 17 different native species. The imagery was captured using a fixed-wing airframe equipped with a regular RGB camera. We used the structure from motion and digital aerial photogrammetry techniques for data processing and combined machine learning methods based on boosted regression trees and mixed models. In total, 2136 trees were measured on the ground, from which 858 trees were visualized from the UAV imagery of the canopy, ranging from 26% to 88% of the measured trees in the field (mean = 45.7%, SD = 17.3), which represented between 70.6% and 96% of the total basal area of the plots (mean = 80.28%, SD = 7.7). Individual-tree diameter models based on remote sensing data were constructed with R2 = 0.85 and R2 = 0.66 based on BRT and mixed models, respectively. We found a strong relationship between canopy and ground data; however, we suggest that the best alternative was combining the use of both field-based and remotely sensed methods to achieve high accuracy estimations, particularly in complex structure forests (e.g., old-growth forests). Field inventories and UAV surveys provide accurate information at local scales and allow validation of large-scale applications of satellite imagery. Finally, in the future, increasing the accuracy of aerial surveys and monitoring is necessary to advance the development of local and regional allometric crown and DBH equations at the species level. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Remote Sensing | 20724292 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2151 | art2151 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aerial survey; drone; forest inventory; structure from motion, antennas; cameras; data handling; fixed wings; learning systems; photogrammetry; remote sensing; satellite imagery; surveys; unmanned aerial vehicles (uav); aerial photogrammetry; boosted regression trees; field inventories; large-scale applications; machine learning methods; remote sensing data; secondary forests; structure from motion; forestry | Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservacion, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Doctorado en Ciencias Agroalimentarias y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysen, Obispo Vielmo 62, Coyhaique, 5950000, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Campo Digital GIS and Remote Sensing, Osorno, 5290000, Chile; School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu, 80101, Finland |
| Effective Targeting and Additionality: Evaluating the D.L. 701 Reforms for Afforesting Erodible Land in Southern Chile | Niklitschek M.; Labbé R.; Alzamora R.M.; Vásquez F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.3368/le.97.4.011520-0003R2 | We analyze the targeting and additionality of the Chilean afforestation program reforms implemented in the mid-1990s. Propensity score matching estimates are obtained by potential erosion categories using random area sample data. The additional afforestation percentage is estimated to be larger for none or low and very severe categories of potential erosion parcels. Even though the program helped maintain forest cover to highly erodible land, afforested parcels with high opportunity costs and possible negative amenity benefits are also attributed to the program. To improve the cost-effectiveness and to avoid misallocation of land and water resources, more effective targeting is required © 2021. by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System | Land Economics | 00237639 | http://le.uwpress.org/lookup/doi/10.3368/le.97.4.011520-0003R2 | 745-767 | 97 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | nan, chile; afforestation; erosion; forest cover; land reform | Institute of Forest and Society, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Forest Management and Environment, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; National Center of Excellence for the Timber Industry (CENAMAD), Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (UC), Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustaintability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Concepción, Chile |
| Nexus thinking at River Basin scale: Food, water and welfare | Oliva R.D.P.; Fernández F.J.; Vasquez-Lavín F.; Montevechio E.A.; Julio N.; Stehr A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.3390/w13071000 | Water resources face an unparalleled confluence of pressures, with agriculture and urban growth as the most relevant human-related stressors. In this context, methodologies using a Nexus framework seem to be suitable to address these challenges. However, the urban sector has been commonly ignored in the Nexus literature. We propose a Nexus framework approach, considering the economic dimensions of the interdependencies and interconnections among agriculture (food production) and the urban sector as water users within a common basin. Then, we assess the responses of both sectors to climatic and demographic stressors. In this setting, the urban sector is represented through an economic water demand at the household level, from which economic welfare is derived. Our results show that the Nexus components here considered (food, water, and welfare) will be negatively affected under the simulated scenarios. However, when these components are decomposed to their particular elements, we found that the less water-intensive sector—the urban sector—will be better off since food production will leave significant amounts of water available. Moreover, when addressing uncertainty related to climate-induced shocks, we could identify the basin resilience threshold. Our approach shows the compatibilities and divergences between food production and the urban sector under the Nexus framework. © 2021 by the authors, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Water (Switzerland) | 20734441 | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/7/1000 | art1000 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; hydro-economic model; nexus approach; trade-off effects; welfare, agricultural robots; agriculture; urban growth; economic welfare; food production; household level; river basins; water demand; water users; water resources | School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, 4070001, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Concepción, 4070411, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 7820244, Chile; School of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370415, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Católica de la Ssma, Concepción, 4060002, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile; Departamento Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Con-cepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile |
| Deep fire topology: Understanding the role of landscape spatial patterns in wildfire occurrence using artificial intelligence | Pais C.; Miranda A.; Carrasco J.; Shen Z.-J.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105122 | Increasing wildfire activity globally has become an urgent issue with enormous ecological and social impacts. In this work, we focus on analyzing and quantifying the influence of landscape topology, understood as the spatial structure and interaction of multiple land-covers in an area, on fire ignition. We propose a deep learning framework, Deep Fire Topology, to estimate and predict wildfire ignition risk. We focus on understanding the impact of these topological attributes and the rationale behind the results to provide interpretable knowledge for territorial planning considering wildfire ignition uncertainty. We demonstrate the high performance and interpretability of the framework in a case study, accurately detecting risky areas by exploiting spatial patterns. This work reveals the strong potential of landscape topology in wildfire occurrence prediction and its implications to develop robust landscape management plans. We discuss potential extensions and applications of the proposed method, available as an open-source software. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd | Environmental Modelling and Software | 13648152 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364815221001651 | art105122 | 143 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | deep learning; landscape topology; machine learning; territorial planning; wildfire ignition risk; wildfire management, application programs; deep learning; open source software; open systems; risk perception; deep learning; ecological impacts; landscape topology; machine-learning; social impact; spatial patterns; territorial planning; wildfire ignition; wildfire ignition risk; wildfire management; artificial intelligence; estimation method; land cover; performance assessment; risk assessment; territorial planning; topology; uncertainty analysis; wildfire; topology | University of California Berkeley, IEOR Department, Berkeley, United States; Universidad de Chile, ), Santiago, Chile; Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología Del Paisaje y Conservación, Temuco, Chile; University of Chile, Industrial Engineering Department, Santiago, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute - ISCI, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States |
| Biotic and abiotic drivers of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stocks in a temperate rainforest | Perez-Quezada J.F.; Pérez C.A.; Brito C.E.; Fuentes J.P.; Gaxiola A.; Aguilera-Riquelme D.; Lopatin J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119341 | Forest ecosystems are recognized for their large capacity to store carbon (C) in their aboveground and belowground biomass and soil pools. While the distribution of C among ecosystem pools has been extensively studied, less is known about nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pools and how these stocks relate to each other. There is also a need to understand how biotic and abiotic ecosystem properties drive the magnitude and distribution of C-N-P stocks. We studied a temperate rainforest in southern South America to answer the following questions: 1) how are C-N-P total stocks distributed among the different ecosystem pools?, 2) how do C:N, C:P and N:P ratios vary among ecosystem pools?, and 3) which are the main biotic and abiotic drivers of C-N-P stocks? We established 33 circular plots to estimate C, N, and P stocks in different pools (i.e. trees, epiphytes, understory, necromass, leaf litter, and soil) and a set of biotic (e.g., tree density and richness) and abiotic variables (e.g., air temperature, humidity and soil depth). We used structural equation modeling to identify the relative importance of environmental drivers on C-N-P stocks. We found that total ecosystem stocks (mean ± SE) were 1062 ± 58 Mg C ha−1, 28.8 ± 1.5 Mg N ha−1, and 347 ± 12.5 kg P ha−1. The soil was the largest ecosystem pool, containing 68%, 92%, and 73% of the total C, N, and P stocks, respectively. Compared to representative temperate forests, the soil of this forest contains the largest concentrations and stocks of C and N. The low P stock and wide soil C:P and N:P ratios suggest that P may be limiting forest productivity. The ecosystem C-N-P stocks were mainly driven by abiotic properties measured in the study area, however for N stocks, variables such as plant diversity and canopy openness were also relevant. Our results provide evidence about the importance not only of understanding the differences in C, N, and P stocks but also of the factors that drive such differences. This is key to inform conservation policies related to preserving old-growth forests in southern South America, which indeed are facing a rapid land-use change process. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112721004291 | art119341 | 494 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biomass; deadwood; evergreen broadleaf forest; nutrients; patagonia; vines, biomass; carbon; ecosystems; forestry; lakes; magnesium; south america; matthiola; biomass; carbon; ecosystems; forestry; lakes; magnesium; nitrogen; nutrients; phosphorus; biotics; deadwood; evergreen broadleaf forest; n:p ratio; nitrogen and phosphorus; patagonia; property; southern south america; temperate rainforest; vine; abiotic factor; belowground biomass; environmental factor; forest ecosystem; geodiversity; land use; land use change; old-growth forest; rainforest; soil nutrient; species diversity; soils | Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile; Department of Silviculture and Nature Conservation, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile; Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Water Use and Climate Stressors in a Multiuser River Basin Setting: Who Benefits from Adaptation? | Ponce Oliva R.D.; Montevechio E.A.; Jorquera F.F.; Vásquez-Lavin F.; Stehr A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1007/s11269-020-02753-8 | Adapting to new climate conditions will require an intricate mix of knowledge, planning, coordination, and foresight. There is increasing sectoral evidence on the implementation of successful adaptation actions. However, the success of these actions when we consider the interdependencies among sectors remains debatable. This paper aims to assess who benefits from implementing adaptation options in a multiuser river basin to both climate-induced and demographic stress on water use. Our analysis relies on a hydro-economic model that considers two sets of water users: agriculture and urban households. We innovate in our modelling approach by analyzing and explicitly integrating the household-level economic behavior through its water demand. We assess the cross-user consequences of autonomous and planned adaptation actions. We provide insights into the different trade-offs at the basin level, demonstrating the compatibilities and divergences between agriculture and household-level water demand. We found different consequences of implementing either autonomous or planned adaptation measures. For instance, a decentralized scheme would drive negative implications for the entire basin, although the less water-intensive sector will be better off. On the other hand, different policy interventions would drive positive consequences for the entire basin, with the most water-intensive sector benefiting the most. These results highlight the distributional consequences across users of different adaptation measures. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature. | Water Resources Management | 09204741 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11269-020-02753-8 | 897-915 | 35 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change adaptation policies; economic consequences; multiuser; trade-offs; water management, agricultural robots; agriculture; economic and social effects; watersheds; climate condition; climate stressors; distributional consequences; economic modeling; household level; policy intervention; river basins; urban-household; adaptive management; climate change; policy implementation; river basin; river management; trade-off; water demand; water management; water planning; water use; water resources | School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Ainavillo 456, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining, (ANID/FONDAP/15130015). Victoria 1295, Concepcion, Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 471, Concepcion, Chile; School of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales and Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Reconciling livestock production and wild herbivore conservation: challenges and opportunities | Pozo R.A.; Cusack J.J.; Acebes P.; Malo J.E.; Traba J.; Iranzo E.C.; Morris-Trainor Z.; Minderman J.; Bunnefeld N.; Radic-Schilling S.; Moraga C.A.; Arriagada R.; Corti P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.002 | Increasing food security and preventing further loss of biodiversity are two of humanity's most pressing challenges. Yet, efforts to address these challenges often lead to situations of conflict between the interests of agricultural production and those of biodiversity conservation. Here, we focus on conflicts between livestock production and the conservation of wild herbivores, which have received little attention in the scientific literature. We identify four key socio-ecological challenges underlying such conflicts, which we illustrate using a range of case studies. We argue that addressing these challenges will require the implementation of co-management approaches that promote the participation of relevant stakeholders in processes of ecological monitoring, impact assessment, decision-making, and active knowledge sharing. © 2021 The Authors | Trends in Ecology and Evolution | 01695347 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.002 | 750-761 | 36 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | agriculture; animals; biodiversity; conservation of natural resources; herbivory; livestock; agricultural production; biodiversity; conservation planning; conservation status; decision making; detection method; food security; herbivore; livestock farming; wild population; agriculture; animal; biodiversity; environmental protection; herbivory; livestock, co-management; coexistence; conflict; food security; livestock husbandry | Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, 2260000, Chile; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Terrestrial Ecology Research Group (TEG-UAM), Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencia Animal y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK, United Kingdom; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; School of Natural Resources and Environment, and Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, University of Florida, FL, United States; Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica (Fundación CEQUA), Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Ecosystems and Environment, Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chil... |
| A multispecies assessment of wildlife impacts on local community livelihoods | Pozo R.A.; LeFlore E.G.; Duthie A.B.; Bunnefeld N.; Jones I.L.; Minderman J.; Rakotonarivo O.S.; Cusack J.J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1111/cobi.13565 | Conflicts between the interests of agriculture and wildlife conservation are a major threat to biodiversity and human well-being globally. Addressing such conflicts requires a thorough understanding of the impacts associated with living alongside protected wildlife. Despite this, most studies reporting on human–wildlife impacts and the strategies used to mitigate them focus on a single species, thus oversimplifying often complex systems of human–wildlife interactions. We sought to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of impacts by multiple co-occurring species on agricultural livelihoods in the eastern Okavango Delta Panhandle in northern Botswana through the use of a database of 3264 wildlife-incident reports recorded from 2009 to 2015 by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Eight species (African elephants [Loxodonta africana], hippopotamuses [Hippopotamus amphibious], lions [Panthera leo], cheetah [Acinonyx jubatus], African wild dogs [Lycaon pictus], hyenas [Crocuta crocuta], leopards [Panthera pardus], and crocodiles [Crocodylus niloticus]) appeared on incident reports, of which 56.5% were attributed to elephants. Most species were associated with only 1 type of damage (i.e., either crop damage or livestock loss). Carnivores were primarily implicated in incident reports related to livestock loss, particularly toward the end of the dry season (May–October). In contrast, herbivores were associated with crop-loss incidents during the wet season (November–April). Our results illustrate how local communities can face distinct livelihood challenges from different species at different times of the year. Such a multispecies assessment has important implications for the design of conservation interventions aimed at addressing the costs of living with wildlife and thereby mitigation of the underlying conservation conflict. Our spatiotemporal, multispecies approach is widely applicable to other regions where sustainable and long-term solutions to conservation conflicts are needed for local communities and biodiversity. © 2020 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology | Conservation Biology | 08888892 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13565 | 297-306 | 35 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carnivore; conflict; conservation; herbivore; human–wildlife interactions; management, animals; animals, wild; carnivora; conservation of natural resources; lions; panthera; botswana; ngamiland; okavango delta; acinonyx jubatus; crocodylidae (all crocodiles); crocodylus niloticus; crocuta crocuta; elephantidae; hippopotamidae; loxodonta; loxodonta africana; lycaon pictus; panthera leo; panthera pardus; biodiversity; canid; carnivore; crop damage; database; dry season; elephant; livelihood; livestock; nature conservation; wet season; animal; carnivora; environmental protection; lion; panthera; wild animal | Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, 01003, MA, United States; Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, 2260000, Chile; Environmental Sciences and Studies Program, Stonehill College, Easton, 02357, MA, United States; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas (CEM), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, 8340589, Chile |
| Tree-Holes as Alternative Reproductive Sites of Batrachyla antartandica Barrio, 1967 (Anura: Batrachylidae) | Rabanal F.E.; Úbeda C.; Tejo C.F.; Lavilla E.O. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00064.1 | Abstract. Although the original description of Batrachyla antartandica categorically states that the species should not be considered as arboreal, our field observations show that it has excellent climbing abilities. Associated with this fact, B. antartandica shows an alternative mode of reproduction that involves the use of tree-trunk cavities filled with water as a site for calling, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis. As far as we know, B. antartandica is the only anuran species in the Valdivian temperate rainforests of Chile and Argentina with a completely arboreal life cycle. © | South American Journal of Herpetology | 18089798 | https://bioone.org/journals/south-american-journal-of-herpetology/volume-20/issue-1/SAJH-D-18-00064.1/Tree-Holes-as-Alternative-Reproductive-Sites-of-Batrachyla-antartandica-Barrio/10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00064.1.full | 24-32 | 20 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | amphibia; arboreality; microhabitats; phytotelmata; reproductive modes; temperate rainforests, nan | Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Regional Bariloche, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Quintral 1250. 8400. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Valdivia, Chile; Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251., San Miguel de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina |
| Centennial-scale eruptive diversity at Volcán Calbuco (41.3°S; Northwest Patagonia) deduced from historic tephra cover-bed and dendrochronologic archives | Romero J.E.; Alloway B.V.; Gutiérrez R.; Bertín D.; Castruccio A.; Villarosa G.; Schipper C.I.; Guevara A.; Bustillos J.; Pisello A.; Daga R.; Montiel M.; Gleeman E.; González M.; Morgavi D.; Ribeiro Guevara S.; Mella M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107281 | Since the late-18th Century, eye-witness accounts have documented a wide-spectrum of eruptive activity sourced from Volcán Calbuco located in northwest Patagonia. Despite these observations there is very little known about the eruptive products themselves that can account for this eruptive diversity. In this study, we examine the tephrostratigraphic record post-dating the interval 1578–1702 cal. yr BP, with emphasis on historical eruptions (i.e. <130 years, including the 2015 eruption) at proximal to medial distances (<16 km from source) to characterize the composition, distribution, volume and style of these units. At least 11 discrete tephra units are recognized which are in accord with documented eruptive activity between ~1760 CE and 2015. Juvenile pyroclasts from these units span a narrow compositional range from basaltic-andesite to andesite (55–60 wt% SiO2), and contain plagioclase (71–73%), pyroxene (~21%), cristobalite (3–5%) and scarce olivine and Ti-magnetite (1–2%). The largest documented historic eruption occurred in 1893–95, and produced a thick mantle of coarse-grained tephra fallout (0.32–0.50 km3 non-DRE) accompanied by intense ballistic bomb barrage closer to source. The 1893–95 eruption is comparable to the 1961 and 2015 eruptions both in terms of magnitude and explosivity, despite pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) not being documented in 1893–95. Both the 1929 and 1961 eruptions generated lava-flows, tephra fallout and PDCs, from which the 1961 volume totalled ~0.17 km3 non-DRE, affecting valleys northeast, up to a distance of 6 km from the crater. In contrast, the 2015 eruption only produced PDCs, tephra fallout and ballistics (0.26–0.36 km3 non-DRE). Results obtained from dendrochronological analysis of Nothofagus dombeyi trees within the study area reveals growth suppression indicated by structural damage during the 1893, 1929 and 1961 eruptions, probably related to thicker overall accumulations of tephra. Collectively, the componentry, architecture and volume of historic (AD 1893, 1961 and 2015) Calbuco tephra indicate sub-Plinian parental events derived from more mafic products with disequilibrium textures, than smaller eruptions characterized by c. 60% wt. SiO2 probably triggered by crystal fractionation, providing a centennial time scale eruptive heterogeneity. This data is meaningful in terms of better understanding eruptive diversity at basaltic-andesite centers elsewhere that have high eruption frequencies (e.g. centennial time-scales). © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | 03770273 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027321001104 | art107281 | 417 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | calbuco volcano; chile; los lagos; nothofagus dombeyi; ballistics; feldspar; magnetite; silica; volcanoes; andesite; eruptive history; northwest patagonium; patagonia; physical volcanology; pyroclastic density currents; southern andes; tephra deposits; tephra fallout; volcan calbuco; andesite; dendrochronology; frequency analysis; plinian eruption; tephra; volcanic eruption; volcanology; fallout, andesite; eruptive history; northwest patagonia; physical volcanology; southern andes; tephra deposits; volcán calbuco | School of the Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Núcleo Milenio Paleoclima, Centro de Estudios del Clima y la Resiliencia, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; IPATEC, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina; School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Departamento de Metalurgia Extractiva, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental, Carrera de Ingeniería en Geología, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, (CNEA), Bariloche, Argentina; Centro Científico Tecnológico (CONICET) Patagonia Norte, Bariloche, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Santiago, Chile |
| High competitive ability of Centaurea melitensis L. (Asteraceae) does not increase in the invaded range | Sotes G.J.; Cavieres L.A.; Gómez-González S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1007/s10530-020-02396-1 | Understanding why alien species become dominant in recipient communities requires a biogeographical perspective comparing the ecology of native and introduced populations. The genus Centaurea (Asteraceae) is well-known in invasion ecology because several aggressive invaders, including Centaurea melitensis L., belong to this genus. We compared the competitive ability of C. melitensis individuals from Spain (native range) and Chile (invaded range) when competing against Helenium aromaticum (Hook.) L.H. Bailey, a native relative from Chile. We performed germination bioassays and common garden competition experiments to compare: (1) the germination capacities of C. melitensis (Spain and Chile) and H. aromaticum (2) the potential allelopathic effect of leaf lixiviates of C. melitensis (Spain and Chile) on the seed germination of H. aromaticum, (3) the ability of C. melitensis from both origins to reduce the growth of H. aromaticum. No significant differences in the capacity of seed germination were found among C. melitensis from Chile and Spain and the native H. aromaticum. However, the seed germination of H. aromaticum was inhibited by the presence of C. melitensis leaves from Chile and Spain. Also, the biomass of H. aromaticum was reduced in the presence of C. melitensis, regardless of their origin. Our results demonstrate the competitive superiority of the invasive C. melitensis over H. aromaticum, but we found no evidence of an evolutionary increase in the competitive ability of the invader populations. Therefore, at least part of the invasive potential of C. melitensis seems to be acquired by selective processes in their original range. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. | Biological Invasions | 13873547 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10530-020-02396-1 | 693-703 | 23 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; spain; asteraceae; centaurea; centaurea melitensis; helenium aromaticum; angiosperm; bioassay; biogeography; biological invasion; biomass; community dynamics; competitive ability; garden; germination; introduced species; native species; range expansion, allelopathic advantage against resident; competitive index; eica hypothesis; invasion mechanisms; novel weapon hypothesis | Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Santiago, Chile |
| Precipitation declines influence the understory patterns in Nothofagus pumilio old-growth forests in northwestern Patagonia | Soto D.P.; Donoso P.J.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Ríos A.I.; Promis Á. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119169 | Forest understories are essential to plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. However, studies about changes in understory patterns as affected by varying precipitation are scarce. Pure Nothofagus pumilio (common name: lenga) forests dominate the eastern side of the Andes mountains in Patagonia across an ample range of precipitation (~1500–500 mm). By studying the same forest type, in the same developmental stage (old-growth), we aimed to isolate the effects of precipitation upon these N. pumilio ecosystems, particularly for the understory. Three sites were selected with annual average precipitations of ~1000 mm (humid), ~800 mm (mesic), and 600 mm (dry), with a distance of 30 km between the humid and the dry sites, and only 18 km between the mesic and the dry sites. In each site, we established three 40 × 40 m plots in 4 blocks, and 30 1 m2 regeneration subplots within each plot. In each subplot we measured vascular plant cover, richness and diversity (alpha and beta), litter cover and coarse woody debris, plus several abiotic variables. We analyzed the data with mixed analysis of variance, differences of understory plant communities through blocked distance-based multivariate analysis of variance, and visualized the groups (sites) with non-metric multidimensional scaling. Indicator species at each site were identified through blocked species indicator analysis. The dry site differed significantly compared to the humid and mesic sites, with the lowest understory cover (4 vs. 82–78%), plant richness (15 vs. 25–26 species), and Simpson diversity index (0.05 vs. 0.66–0.64). Beta turnover diversity was higher between the dry site with either the humid and the mesic sites (βt = 0.613 and 0.561, respectively), which in turn had more species in common (βt = 0.115). An increase in exposed mineral soil, soil water content, and leaf area index occurred from dry to humid sites, and vice versa for transmitted radiation and litter cover. All sites had different indicator species, but with indicator values increasing from dry to humid sites. The dramatic impoverishment of the plant community once precipitation drops within the range of 800 and 600 mm per year in Northern Patagonia sets a warning to the potential effects of climate change upon N. pumilio-dominated forest ecosystems and their plant diversity. Some forest management and potential adaptation strategies are proposed. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112721002577 | art119169 | 491 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biotic-abiotic interactions; climate change; plant community; site quality; transitional forests, coverings; ecosystems; nothofagus; patagonia; plants; reforestation; site index; sites; andes; patagonia; indicator indicator; nothofagus pumilio; tracheophyta; ecosystems; multivariant analysis; reforestation; soil moisture; 'dry' [; biotic/abiotic interactions; indicator species; litter cover; nothofagus; patagonia; plant communities; plant diversity; site quality; transitional forest; adaptation; climate change; developmental stage; diversity index; forest management; leaf area index; litter; multivariate analysis; climate change | Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Instituto de Bosques y Sociedad, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de, Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Climate response and drought resilience of Nothofagus obliqua secondary forests across a latitudinal gradient in south-central Chile | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Barichivich J.; Rozas V.; Lara A.; Rojas Y.; Bahamondez C.; Rojas-Badilla M.; Gipoulou-Zuñiga T.; Cuq E. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118962 | The climate response and resilience of tree growth to drought events have been widely reported for forests from the Northern Hemisphere. However, studies are much scarcer in the extra-tropical forests of southern South America. Mediterranean and Temperate forests of Chile are suffering from a moderate warming and a sustained precipitation decrease, occurring on top of an unprecedented megadrought since 2010. This study evaluated tree-growth patterns, the climate response and drought resilience of nine secondary Nothofagus obliqua forests across a latitudinal gradient from Mediterranean to Temperate climate in the Andes of Chile (35.7° to 40.3° S). Moreover, to improve the understanding of the spatial variation in productivity patterns, this research assessed trends in the maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (peak in the NDVI) across the gradient for 2001–2018. Tree-growth patterns were highly influenced by stand dynamics, with steep decreasing trends in most of the stands related to a gradual canopy closure. Productivity trends had a flat pattern north of 38oS, but positive trends south of this latitude, which were mostly attributed to stand development. Tree growth was positively related to precipitation in all the sites, with annual and summer rainfall being more important in the north (Mediterranean climate) and south (Temperate climate), respectively. Conversely, maximum temperature had a negative effect on growth in most of the studied forests. This implies that projected warmer and drier conditions may have a detrimental effect on N. obliqua growth during coming decades. The two northern stands, located at the species dry range edge, were among the most resilient to drought and have not been strongly affected by the current megadrought in the area. Overall climate conditions, however, do not define the tolerance of stands to droughts, likely because local environmental and forests conditions play a key role. Although droughts have not strongly impacted the growth of N. obliqua across its distribution so far, future studies should assess the effects of the current long-term megadrought on growth resilience, and physiological studies should address the impacts of droughts and heat waves on forest function beyond what growth can unveil. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112721000517 | art118962 | 485 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; climate gradient; drought; ndvi; resilience; tree-ring growth, drought; forestry; forests; growth; meteorology; productivity; rain; trees; andes; chile; nothofagus obliqua; climatology; drought; productivity; rain; climate condition; latitudinal gradients; maximum temperature; mediterranean climates; normalized difference vegetation index; northern hemispheres; southern south america; spatial variations; climate effect; drought resistance; heat wave; latitudinal gradient; ndvi; northern hemisphere; rainfall; secondary forest; spatial variation; forestry | Instituto Forestal, INFOR, Fundo Teja Norte S/N, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA/UVSQ, France; iuFOR-EiFAB, Área de Botánica, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, 42004, Spain; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Magíster en Ciencias Mención Recursos Hídricos, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| A source of isotopically light organic carbon in a low-pH anoxic marine zone | Vargas C.A.; Cantarero S.I.; Sepúlveda J.; Galán A.; De Pol-Holz R.; Walker B.; Schneider W.; Farías L.; D’Ottone M.C.; Walker J.; Xu X.; Salisbury J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1038/s41467-021-21871-4 | Geochemical and stable isotope measurements in the anoxic marine zone (AMZ) off northern Chile during periods of contrasting oceanographic conditions indicate that microbial processes mediating sulfur and nitrogen cycling exert a significant control on the carbonate chemistry (pH, AT, DIC and pCO2) of this region. Here we show that in 2015, a large isotopic fractionation between DIC and POC, a DIC and N deficit in AMZ waters indicate the predominance of in situ dark carbon fixation by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification in addition to anammox. In 2018, however, the fractionation between DIC and POC was significantly lower, while the total alkalinity increased in the low-pH AMZ core, suggesting a predominance of heterotrophic processes. An isotope mass-balance model demonstrates that variations in the rates of sulfur- and nitrogen-mediated carbon fixation in AMZ waters contribute ~7–35% of the POC exported to deeper waters. Thus, dark carbon fixation should be included in assessments of future changes in carbon cycling and carbonate chemistry due to AMZ expansion. © 2021, The Author(s). | Nature Communications | 20411723 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21871-4 | art1604 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; carbon; carbonic acid; nitrogen; organic carbon; oxygen; sulfur; water; anoxic conditions; carbon fixation; carbonate system; denitrification; isotopic fractionation; organic carbon; particulate organic carbon; stable isotope; alkalinity; anaerobic ammonium oxidation; article; carbon cycling; carbon dioxide tension; carbon fixation; denitrification; fractionation; heterotrophy; inorganic nutrient; light; microbial community; ph; salinity; temperature | Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences & Environmental Sciences Center EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Coastal Social-Ecological Millennium Institute (SECOS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Departamento de Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Centro Regional de Estudios Ambientales (CREA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación GAIA-Antártica (CIGA) and Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, P. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Ocean Process Analysis Lab, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NC, United States |
| Estimating discount rates for environmental goods: Are People's responses inadequate to frequency of payments? | Vásquez-Lavín F.; Carrasco M.; Barrientos M.; Gelcich S.; Ponce Oliva R.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102446 | Most stated preference studies estimate discount rates using a split-sample approach. Each sample faces a different payment frequency (for instance, 1, 5, 10) together with a randomly assigned bid vector; both the frequency of payments and the bid are fixed for a specific individual. This paper evaluates whether allowing respondents to choose their preferred payment frequency affects the estimated discount rate. We use data from a contingent valuation survey of a network of marine reserves and estimate discount rates using both an exogenous and endogenous approach. The former calculates the mean of the willingness to pay (WTP) for each sample and then finds the discount rate that makes the present value of each payment frequency equivalent. The latter estimates the WTP and the discount rate jointly. Results show that allowing people to choose the payment schedule significantly reduces the implicit discount rate. We observed the highest reductions in discount rates when we used all the information available from the valuation questions to bound the WTP distribution. Our analysis suggests that the exogenous approach would not be recommended for testing the adequacy of people's responses to the frequency of payments. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. | Journal of Environmental Economics and Management | 00950696 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069621000292 | art102446 | 107 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | economic analysis; contingent valuations; discount rates; endogenous approaches; environmental goods; marine reserve; present value; stated-preference studies; willingness to pay; contingent valuation; discount rate; environmental economics; estimation method; marine park; willingness to pay; behavioral research, contingent valuation; discount rate; exponential discounting; intertemporal preferences | School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile. Ainavillo 456, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecologia Costera (SECOS), Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Gestión Empresarial, Universidad de Concepción, Los Angeles, Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Report to the Nations Climate Governance of the Elements. Towards an Integrated, anticipatory, socio- ecosystemic and evidence- based climate governance of water, air, fire and land. | Billi,M;Moraga,P;Aliste, E,E.;Maillet,A.;O'Ryan,R.;Sapiains A.,R.;Bórquez,R.;Aldunce,P.;Azócar,G.;Blanco,G.;Carrasco,N.;Galleguillos,M.;Hervé,D.;Ibarra,C.;Gallardo,L.;Inostroza,V.;Lambert,F.;Manuschevic,D.;Martínez,F.;Osses,M.;Rivas,N.;Rojas,M.;Seguel,R.;Tolvett,S.;Ugarte,A.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Humanity has become one of the greatest transformative forces of the planet, generating significant (and
sometimes irreversible) changes in geophysical and
ecological balances with potentially catastrophic and
partly still unknown consequences (Foster et al., 2017;
Rockström et al., 2009; Steffen et al, 2007). Among all
these alterations, climate change possesses predominant importance due to the magnitude and scale of
its potential consequences, as well as the complexity
and the controversies that have characterized the attempts to address it (Coninck et al, 2018; IPCC, 2018).
Contemplating this scenario entails a double dilemma.
On one hand, it implies the need for urgent, coordinated and transformative actions on multiple scales and
domains that address the drivers that cause climate
change, as well as its significant and unequal effects
on different territories and populations. On the other,
it faces the insufficiency, biases and limitations shown
by traditional governance models in dealing with these
challenges. | | | https://bit.ly/3JdvVbd | 69 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las Naciones Gobernanza Climática de los Elementos. Hacia una gobernanza climática del agua, el aire, el fuego y la tierra en Chile, integrada, anticipatoria, socio-ecosistémica y fundada en evidencia. | Billi,M;Moraga,P;Aliste, E,E.;Maillet,A.;O'Ryan,R.;Sapiains A.,R.;Bórquez,R.;Aldunce,P.;Azócar,G.;Blanco,G.;Carrasco,N.;Galleguillos,M.;Hervé,D.;Ibarra,C.;Gallardo,L.;Inostroza,V.;Lambert,F.;Manuschevic,D.;Martínez,F.;Osses,M.;Rivas,N.;Rojas,M.;Seguel,R.;Tolvett,S.;Ugarte,A.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | La humanidad se ha vuelto una de las mayores fuerzas transformadoras del planeta, generando cambios significativos (y en ocasiones irreversibles) en los
equilibrios geofísicos y ecológicos, con consecuencias
potencialmente catastróficas y en parte aún desconocidas (Foster et al., 2017; Rockström et al., 2009; Steffen
et al., 2007). Entre todas estas alteraciones, el cambio
climático adquiere una importancia preponderante
debido a la magnitud y escala de sus posibles consecuencias, así como por la complejidad y las controversias que ha caracterizado los intentos de hacerle frente
(de Coninck et al., 2018; IPCC, 2018). Contemplar este escenario implica un doble dilema. Por un lado, supone la
necesidad de acciones urgentes, concertadas y transformativas, en múltiples escalas y dominios, que lleven
a hacerse cargo de los forzantes que causan el cambio
climático, sus efectos significativos y desiguales en distintos territorios y poblaciones. Por el otro, se enfrenta
a la insuficiencia, parcialidad y limitación demostrada
por los modelos tradicionales de gobernanza para enfrentar estos desafíos. | | | https://bit.ly/3JdvVbd | 69 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Explorador del Atlas de Sequías de Sudamérica, https://sada.cr2.cl | Ferrada,Andres;Christie,Duncan A.;Muñoz,Francisca;Reyes,Alvaro Gonzalez;Garreaud,Rene D;Bustos,Susana; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.13140/RG.2.2.14020.35209 | | | | http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.14020.35209 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| He Antropoceno i a Tire: he mata ꞌite he haka pūai | Gallardo,L.;Rudnick,A.;Barraza,J.;Fleming,Z.;Rojas,M.;Gayó,E.;Aguirre,C.;Farías,L.;Boisier,J. P.;Garreaud,R.;Barría,P.;Miranda,A.;Lara,A.;Gómez,S.;Arriagada,R.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia mew (CR)2, ta
iñ kvzawkan mew zujiyiñ fey ta nvxamkagelu Anxopozeno
zugu mew ta iñ inarumeael ka ta iñ gvnezuamael. Femgeci
ta cijkatuyiñ cumgeci cambio climático vñfitumapukey
kiñeke mapu mew Cile mew fanten mew, ta iñ kejuael
zugu mew cew ta cijkatugekey ka gvnezuamgekey weke
rvpv ta iñ kvme wimturpuael zugu mew mvlelu fanten
mew. Wvnelu ta inarumeyiñ ta pu registro geohistórico
pegeltulu cumgeci ta wizvmapukunurpukefuy kuyfi
mew ta cegen mapu mew Cile pigelu faciantv; fey mew
kvmeafuy wiñokintuliyiñ feyti mew kuyfi mew rupalu
ka kejuafulu sistemas socio-ecológicos zugu mew ta
kvpaialu. | | | https://bit.ly/3sAJOdv | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Anxopozeno Cile mew: Ta iñ inazuamfiel ka cumgeci amulerpuael | Gallardo,L.;Rudnick,A.;Barraza,J.;Fleming,Z.;Rojas,M.;Gayó,E.;Aguirre,C.;Farías,L.;Boisier,J. P.;Garreaud,R.;Barría,P.;Miranda,A.;Lara,A.;Gómez,S.;Arriagada,R.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia mew (CR)2, ta
iñ kvzawkan mew zujiyiñ fey ta nvxamkagelu Anxopozeno
zugu mew ta iñ inarumeael ka ta iñ gvnezuamael. Femgeci
ta cijkatuyiñ cumgeci cambio climático vñfitumapukey
kiñeke mapu mew Cile mew fanten mew, ta iñ kejuael
zugu mew cew ta cijkatugekey ka gvnezuamgekey weke
rvpv ta iñ kvme wimturpuael zugu mew mvlelu fanten
mew. Wvnelu ta inarumeyiñ ta pu registro geohistórico
pegeltulu cumgeci ta wizvmapukunurpukefuy kuyfi
mew ta cegen mapu mew Cile pigelu faciantv; fey mew
kvmeafuy wiñokintuliyiñ feyti mew kuyfi mew rupalu
ka kejuafulu sistemas socio-ecológicos zugu mew ta
kvpaialu. | | | https://bit.ly/3FyHHL0 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Summary for policymakers. The air we breathe: past, present and future - PM2.5 air pollution in Central and Southern Chile . | Gayo,E. M.;Osses,M.;Urquiza,A.;Arriagada,R.;Huneeus,N.;Valdés,M.;Barraza,J;Rudnick,A.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Air quality is a complex problem involving not only physical-chemical
factors, but also sociocultural, economic, and institutional variables.
The report “The air we breathe: past, present and future – PM2.5 air
pollution in Central and Southern Chile” focuses on the impacts and the role
played by the residential sector and its PM2.5 emissions, taking the above
factors and variables into account. This interdisciplinary research
integrates information from multiple databases, numerical simulations,
and interviews and workshops with diff erent stakeholders in order to
characterize not only current air quality but also the evolution of air
pollution since pre-Colombian times, and the factors influencing its future
evolution. | | | https://bit.ly/32xerpf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Resumen para tomadores de decisiones. El aire que respiramos: pasado, presente y futuro - Contaminación atmosférica por MP2,5 en el centro y sur de Chile. | Gayo,E. M.;Osses,M.;Urquiza,A.;Arriagada,R.;Huneeus,N.;Valdés,M.;Barraza,J;Rudnick,A.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | La calidad del aire es un problema complejo que no responde solo a factores
físico-químicos, sino que también a variables socioculturales, económicas e
institucionales. El informe “El aire que respiramos: pasado, presente y futuro
– Contaminación atmosférica por MP2,5 en el centro y sur de Chile” se centra en
los impactos y el rol que juega el sector residencial y sus emisiones de MP2,5
considerando estos diferentes factores. Esta investigación interdisciplinaria
integra múltiples bases de datos, simulaciones numéricas, resultados
de entrevistas y talleres con diversos actores para caracterizar no solo la
calidad del aire actual, sino que también la evolución de la contaminación
atmosférica desde épocas precolombinas y los factores que influyen en su
evolución futura. | | | https://bit.ly/3z0dxO4 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Simulación hidrológica del caudal del estero Batuco en la microcuenca agroforestal Batuco (Ránquil, Región del Ñuble, Chile) bajo condiciones climáticas presentes y futuras | Hormazábal,Víctor;Vargas Rojas,Victor;Abarca,Rodrigo;Little Cárdenas,Christian;Rivera,Diego;Carrasco,Noelia;Villalobos Volpi,Enrique; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.52904/0718-4646.2021.546 | Se estima el comportamiento del caudal del estero Batuco, principal afluente de la microcuenca agroforestal Batuco en la Comuna de Ránquil, entre enero de 1975 y diciembre de 2064, en el escenario del cambio climático RCP8.5. Para tal efecto se simuló hidrológicamente la microcuenca Batuco, usando el modelo y software en versión gratuita WEAP. La información de entrada del modelo para estimar el caudal simulado provino de distintas bases de datos, tanto in situ como de reanálisis cercano a la zona de estudio, así como de datos aproximados del consumo (habitantes y cultivos). Se crearon series temporales para la precipitación y temperatura con los datos in situ, para posteriormente usarse como base para aplicar una corrección de sesgo a los datos de reanálisis Arclim.
Los resultados son una primera aproximación que podrá ser mejorada cuando se pueda calibrar in situ con datos de caudal observado, los cuales actualmente no existen para la zona de estudio. No obstante, evidencian tendencias claras a la reducción sostenida de los caudales.
Se determinó que el caudal simulado del estero Batuco marca una pendiente negativa en el periodo de estudio (1975-2064) de ≈−6,3 L/s por década, que se manifiesta también para todas las temporadas del año. Las anomalías estandarizadas de los promedios por cada 10 años, muestran en el periodo de 1980 un valor ≈ 1,2 desviaciones estándar con respecto a la media de la serie, mientras que en el periodo del 2060 se alcanza un valor ≈ -1,5. Las anomalías estandarizadas de las pendientes por cada 10 años sugieren un comportamiento cíclico, donde su amplitud disminuye con el tiempo para toda la serie y las diferentes temporadas del año. | Ciencia & Investigación Forestal | 0718-4646, 0718-4530 | https://revista.infor.cl/index.php/infor/article/view/546 | 3-22 | 27 | Latindex | | |
| Integridad y multifuncionalidad: un modelo conceptual para hacer efectiva la restauración de los bosques nativos a gran escala | Little,Christian;Schlegel,Bastienne;Vergara,Gerardo;González,Mauro; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | 10.52904/0718-4646.2021.545 | Se propone un modelo conceptual con un nuevo enfoque para las iniciativas que apoyen procesos de restauración de los bosques nativos. A partir del establecimiento de un ensayo de restauración a escala operativa, el modelo propone integrar variables de estado de los bosques con sus funciones ecológicas, esto con el objetivo de determinar niveles de integridad que apoyen la definición de los objetivos de la restauración y los indicadores de multifuncionalidad. Asociado al modelo, distinguimos una serie de barreras y oportunidades en los ámbitos ambientales, socio-económicos y de aprendizaje, presentando para cada uno de ellos un conjunto de recomendaciones que puedan aportar a la materialización de nuevas iniciativas de restauración de bosques nativos a gran escala en Chile. Concluimos sobre la importancia de estos nuevos enfoques y la necesidad de incluirlos como acompañamiento a la política pública y las decisiones del sector privado | Ciencia & Investigación Forestal | 0718-4646, 0718-4530 | https://revista.infor.cl/index.php/infor/article/view/545 | 75-81 | 27 | Latindex | | |
| Informe de resultados Workshop "Oportunidades de investigación interdisciplinaria en el bosque esclerófilo frente al Cambio Global" | Vargas,S.;Pohl,N.;Delpiano,C.;Miranda,A.;Ovalle,J.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2021 | | El 26 de mayo del 2021, se realizó el Workshop “Oportunidades de investigación transdisciplinaria en el bosque esclerófilo frente
al cambio global”, organizado por la iniciativa intercentros Cambios socio-ecológicos en
ecosistemas en transición por cambio global.
Este workshop tuvo como objetivo “generar
oportunidades de investigación para mejorar
la comprensión de las forzantes, impactos y
adaptación del bosque esclerófilo afectado
por el cambio global desde una perspectiva
socioecológica”. | IEB, CAPES, (CR)2 | | https://bit.ly/3pk7iBN | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Landscape Disturbance Gradients: The Importance of the Type of Scene When Evaluating Landscape Preferences and Perceptions | Altamirano A.; Gonzalez-Suhr C.; Marien C.; Catalán G.; Miranda A.; Prado M.; Tits L.; Vieli L.; Meli P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.3390/land9090306 | Understanding of people’s landscape preferences is important for decision-making about land planning, particularly in the disturbance patterns that usually occur in rural-urban gradients. However, the use of different types of images concerning the same landscape may influence social preferences and thus perceptions of landscape management and planning decisions. We evaluated landscape preferences and perceptions in four landscapes of southern Chile. We specifically: (1) compared people’s perceptions related to living in, visiting, the scenic beauty, well-being, risks, and level of landscape disturbance; and (2) evaluated the influence of the type of scene (i.e., eye-level or aerial images) in these preferences and perceptions. Preferences and perceptions resulted to be better when using eye-level (4.0 ± 1.1) than aerial (3.7 ± 0.6) images. In general, we observed a negative association between preferences and perceptions and the landscape disturbance; however, it was consistent when using aerial images but was masked when valuing landscape through eye-level images. Implications of these results are relevant because by far, most landscape preference studies use traditional eye-level images. Different types of scenes should be considered in order to embrace the landscape preferences and perceptions of all those involved and help decision-making in landscape planning. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Land | 2073445X | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/9/9/306 | art306 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | nan, ecosystem services supply; gradient approach; land cover; land use; remote sensing; rural-urban gradients; social perceptions; social-ecological resilience; well-being | Landscape Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Departamento de Administración y Economía, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Empresariales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Division Forest, Nature & Landscape KU Leuven, Leuven, 30001, Belgium; Doctorado en Ciencias Agroalimentarias y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; VITO Remote Sensing, Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium; Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile |
| Policy Note: Policy Responses to Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation Services during COVID-19: Snapshots from the Environment for Development (EfD) Network | Amaechina E.; Amoah A.; Amuakwa-Mensah F.; Amuakwa-Mensah S.; Bbaale E.; Bonilla J.A.; Brühl J.; Cook J.; Chukwuone N.; Fuente D.; Madrigal-Ballestero R.; Marín R.; Nam P.K.; Otieno J.; Ponce R.; Saldarriaga C.A.; Lavin F.V.; Viguera B.; Visser M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1142/S2382624X20710022 | This policy note provides a snapshot of water and sanitation measures implemented by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 14 countries in the Global South: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Panama, South Africa, Uganda and Vietnam. We find that many countries have taken action to stop utility disconnections due to non-payment. With the exception of Ghana and Vietnam, few countries are instituting new water subsidy programs, and are instead choosing to defer customers' bills for future payment, presumably when the pandemic recedes and households will be able to pay their bills. It is easier for the utilities' COVID-relief policies to target customers with piped connections who regularly receive bills. However, the situation for unconnected households appears more dire. Some countries (e.g., Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda) are attempting to provide unconnected households temporary access to water, but these households remain the most vulnerable. This health crisis has accentuated the importance of strong governance structures and resilient water service providers for dealing with external health, environmental and economic shocks. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company. | Water Economics and Policy | 2382624X | https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X20710022 | art2071002 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | covid 19; customer assistance programs; subsidies; water supply and sanitation, nan | Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Environment for Development, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden; School of Economics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Economics, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia; Environmental Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Economics Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; School of Earth. Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Colombia, United States; EfD-Central America/CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica; University of Costa Rica (UCR), Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica; EfD-Vietnam, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Athi Water Works Development Agency, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Business and Economics, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Concepción, Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, Colombia; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile |
| Anaerobic oxidation of methane and associated microbiome in anoxic water of Northwestern Siberian lakes | Cabrol L.; Thalasso F.; Gandois L.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Martinez-Cruz K.; Teisserenc R.; Tananaev N.; Tveit A.; Svenning M.M.; Barret M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139588 | Arctic lakes emit methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. The magnitude of this flux could increase with permafrost thaw but might also be mitigated by microbial CH4 oxidation. Methane oxidation in oxic water has been extensively studied, while the contribution of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) to CH4 mitigation is not fully understood. We have investigated four Northern Siberian stratified lakes in an area of discontinuous permafrost nearby Igarka, Russia. Analyses of CH4 concentrations in the water column demonstrated that 60 to 100% of upward diffusing CH4 was oxidized in the anoxic layers of the four lakes. A combination of pmoA and mcrA gene qPCR and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding showed that the same taxa, all within Methylomonadaceae and including the predominant genus Methylobacter as well as Crenothrix, could be the major methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in the anoxic water of the four lakes. Correlation between Methylomonadaceae and OTUs within Methylotenera, Geothrix and Geobacter genera indicated that AOM might occur in an interaction between MOB, denitrifiers and iron-cycling partners. We conclude that MOB within Methylomonadaceae could have a crucial impact on CH4 cycling in these Siberian Arctic lakes by mitigating the majority of produced CH4 before it leaves the anoxic zone. This finding emphasizes the importance of AOM by Methylomonadaceae and extends our knowledge about CH4 cycle in lakes, a crucial component of the global CH4 cycle. © 2020 | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720331053 | art139588 | 736 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ribosomal, anaerobiosis; arctic regions; lakes; methane; microbiota; oxidation-reduction; rna, anaerobic oxidation of methane; arctic; methanotroph; methylobacter; methylomonadaceae; permafrost, 16s; russia; water; igarka; krasnoyarsk [russian federation]; russian federation; siberia; geobacter; geothrix; methylobacter; methylotenera; otus; genes; lakes; methane; oxidation; permafrost; polymerase chain reaction; rna; lake water; methane; methane; rna 16s; water; anaerobic oxidation of methanes; anoxic layers; ch4 oxidation; discontinuous permafrost; methane oxidation; methane oxidizing bacteria (mob); permafrost thaws; stratified lakes; anoxic conditions; arctic environment; lake water; methane; microbial activity; oxic conditions; oxidation; permafrost; water quality; 16s rrna gene; anaerobic metabolism; article; bacterial gene; bacterial microbiome; bacterial strain; chemical composition; concentration (parameter); dna barcoding; geobacter; geothrix; iron metabolism; lake ecosystem; mcra gene; methane oxidizing bacterium; methanotrophic bacterium; methylococcaceae; methylotenera; microbial interaction; nonhuman; permafrost; pmoa gene; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; russian federation; taxonomy; anaerobic growth; arctic; lake; microflora; oxidation reduction reaction; anoxic water | Aix-Marseille University, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD, M.I.O. UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille, France; Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; ENBEELAB, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russian Federation; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity IEB, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Integrating conflict, lobbying, and compliance to predict the sustainability of natural resource use | Cusack J.J.; Duthie A.B.; Minderman J.; Jones I.L.; Pozo R.A.; Rakotonarivo O.S.; Redpath S.; Bunnefeld N. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.5751/ES-11552-250213 | Predictive models are sorely needed to guide the management of harvested natural resources worldwide, yet existing frameworks fail to integrate the dynamic and interacting governance processes driving unsustainable use. We developed a new framework in which the conflicting interests of three key stakeholders are modeled: managers seeking sustainability, users seeking increases in harvest quota, and conservationists seeking harvest restrictions. Our model allows stakeholder groups to influence management decisions and illegal harvest through flexible functions that reflect widespread lobbying and noncompliance processes. Decision making is modeled through the use of a genetic algorithm, which allows stakeholders to respond to a dynamic social-ecological environment to satisfy their goals. To provide the critical link between conceptual and empirical approaches, we compare predictions from our model against data on 206 harvested terrestrial species from the IUCN Red List. We show that, although lobbying for a ban on resource use can offset low levels of noncompliance, such bias leads to an increased risk of extinction when noncompliance (and therefore illegal harvesting) is high. Management decisions unaffected by lobbying, combined with high rule compliance, resulted in more sustainable resource use. Model predictions were strongly reflected in our analysis of harvested IUCN species, with 81% of those classified under regulated harvest and high compliance showing stable or increasing population trends. Our results highlight the fine balance between maintaining compliance and biasing decisions in the face of lobbying. They also emphasize the urgent need to quantify lobbying and compliance processes across a range of natural resources. Overall, our work provides a holistic and versatile approach to addressing complex social processes underlying the mismanagement of natural resources. © 2020 by the author(s). | Ecology and Society | 17083087 | https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol25/iss2/art13/ | art13, 1-36 | 25 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | compliance; conceptual framework; conflict management; decision making; empirical analysis; genetic algorithm; natural resource; red list; social participation; stakeholder; sustainability, conservation; decision making; genetic algorithm; governance; harvest regulation; iucn; management strategy evaluation; population target; trend; user; wildlife | Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; Center for Ecosystem Modeling and Monitoring, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom |
| Surface indicators are correlated with soil multifunctionality in global drylands | Eldridge D.J.; Delgado-Baquerizo M.; Quero J.L.; Ochoa V.; Gozalo B.; García-Palacios P.; Escolar C.; García-Gómez M.; Prina A.; Bowker M.A.; Bran D.E.; Castro I.; Cea A.; Derak M.; Espinosa C.I.; Florentino A.; Gaitán J.J.; Gatica G.; Gómez-González S.; Ghiloufi W.; Gutierrez J.R.; Gusmán-Montalván E.; Hernández R.M.; Hughes F.M.; Muiño W.; Monerris J.; Ospina A.; Ramírez D.A.; Ribas-Fernández Y.A.; Romão R.L.; Torres-Díaz C.; Koen T.B.; Maestre F.T. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1111/1365-2664.13540 | Multiple ecosystem functions need to be considered simultaneously to manage and protect the several ecosystem services that are essential to people and their environments. Despite this, cost effective, tangible, relatively simple and globally relevant methodologies to monitor in situ soil multifunctionality, that is, the provision of multiple ecosystem functions by soils, have not been tested at the global scale. We combined correlation analysis and structural equation modelling to explore whether we could find easily measured, field-based indicators of soil multifunctionality (measured using functions linked to the cycling and storage of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus). To do this, we gathered soil data from 120 dryland ecosystems from five continents. Two soil surface attributes measured in situ (litter incorporation and surface aggregate stability) were the most strongly associated with soil multifunctionality, even after accounting for geographic location and other drivers such as climate, woody cover, soil pH and soil electric conductivity. The positive relationships between surface stability and litter incorporation on soil multifunctionality were greater beneath the canopy of perennial vegetation than in adjacent, open areas devoid of vascular plants. The positive associations between surface aggregate stability and soil functions increased with increasing mean annual temperature. Synthesis and applications. Our findings demonstrate that a reduced suite of easily measured in situ soil surface attributes can be used as potential indicators of soil multifunctionality in drylands world-wide. These attributes, which relate to plant litter (origin, incorporation, cover), and surface stability, are relatively cheap and easy to assess with minimal training, allowing operators to sample many sites across widely varying climatic areas and soil types. The correlations of these variables are comparable to the influence of climate or soil, and would allow cost-effective monitoring of soil multifunctionality under changing land-use and environmental conditions. This would provide important information for evaluating the ecological impacts of land degradation, desertification and climate change in drylands world-wide. © 2019 British Ecological Society | Journal of Applied Ecology | 00218901 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.13540 | 424-435 | 57 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | drylands; litter; nutrient function; soil attributes; soil condition; soil function; soil health; soil stability, tracheophyta; aggregate stability; climate change; desertification; dryland farming; ecosystem function; numerical model; soil surface; soil type; vascular plant | Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramon Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno, E.T.S.I. C.C.P., Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cátedra de Botánica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina; School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States; Estación Experimental Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Bariloche, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica 20, Centro de Agroecología Tropical, Universidad Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Direction Régionale des Eaux et Forêts et de la Lutte Contre la Désertification du Rif. Avenue Mohamed V, Tétouan, Morocco; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Ecuador; Instituto de Edafología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela; Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Instituto de Suelos, Instituto Na... |
| Initial response of understorey vegetation and tree regeneration to a mixed-severity fire in old-growth Araucaria–Nothofagus forests | Fuentes-Ramirez A.; Salas-Eljatib C.; González M.E.; Urrutia-Estrada J.; Arroyo-Vargas P.; Santibañez P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1111/avsc.12479 | Questions: Fire is a key factor influencing Araucaria araucana forests, but the impact of fire severity on the understorey vegetation is not well understood. In this study we seek to answer the following questions: (a) how do initial plant diversity, composition and spatial distribution of the understorey vegetation change in response to different levels of fire severity; and (b) does the abundance of dominant tree species exhibit different patterns across a fire severity gradient shortly after fire?. Location: Old-growth Araucaria araucana–Nothofagus pumilio forests in the Andes of south-central Chile (38° S, 71° W) burned in 2015. Methods: We evaluated the post-fire plant regeneration across a fire severity gradient ranging from unburned forests to areas of high fire severity. One year after fire (in February 2016), we measured woody and herbaceous species richness, abundance, height, origin (native vs exotic species), life forms and the spatial pattern of plant recovery. Results: Plant species richness and abundance were significantly higher within the unburned forest and low fire severity areas one year after fire, compared to areas of high and moderate fire severity. Overall, nearly 50% of the species present in the unburned forest were not found in areas of high severity, including the tree Nothofagus pumilio. Rapid vegetative resprouting of pioneer species such as Chusquea culeou resulted in an aggregated spatial distribution of plants after fire. Conclusions: Plant diversity and the abundance of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus pumilio were reduced in areas of high fire severity one year after fire. Exotic species were more abundant within areas of low severity, being likely mediated by cattle browsing. Our research makes clear the potential changes in forest composition and structure if dominant tree species are not capable of recovering after fire. We recommend the exclusion of cattle within fire-affected areas and planting Nothofagus pumilio in areas of high fire severity. © 2020 International Association for Vegetation Science | Applied Vegetation Science | 14022001 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/avsc.12479 | 210-222 | 23 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, abundance; araucaria araucana; nothofagus pumilio; plant diversity; post-fire vegetation recovery; severity gradient; spatial distribution; species richness | Laboratorio de Biometría, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Chile; Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile; Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Programa de Magíster en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile |
| Fire history in Andean Araucaria-Nothofagus forests: Coupled influences of past human land-use and climate on fire regimes in north-west Patagonia | González M.E.; Muñoz A.A.; González-Reyes Á.; Christie D.A.; Sibold J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.1071/WF19174 | Historical fire regimes are critical for understanding the potential effects of changing climate and human land-use on forest landscapes. Fire is a major disturbance process affecting the Andean Araucaria forest landscape in north-west Patagonia. The main goals of this study were to reconstruct the fire history of the Andean Araucaria-Nothofagus forests and to evaluate the coupled influences of climate and humans on fire regimes. Reconstructions of past fires indicated that the Araucaria forest landscape has been shaped by widespread, stand-replacing fires favoured by regional interannual climate variability related to major tropical and extratropical climate drivers in the southern hemisphere. Summer precipitation and streamflow reconstructions tended to be below average during fire years. Fire events were significantly related to positive phases of the Southern Annular Mode and to warm and dry summers following El Niño events. Although Euro-Chilean settlement (1883-1960) resulted in widespread burning, cattle ranching by Pehuenche Native Americans during the 18th and 19th centuries also appears to have changed the fire regime. In the context of climate change, two recent widespread wildfires (2002 and 2015) affecting Araucaria forests appear to be novel and an early indication of a climate change driven shift in fire regimes in north-west Patagonia. © 2020 Journal Compilation. | International Journal of Wildland Fire | 10498001 | http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF19174 | 649-660 | 29 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, climate variability; dendroecology; el niño southern oscillation; native americans; southern annular mode; tree-rings | Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, CO, United States |
| Afforestation falls short as a biodiversity strategy | Gómez-González S.; Ochoa-Hueso R.; Pausas J.G. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1126/science.abd3064 | [No abstract available] | Science | 00368075 | https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abd3064 | 1439 | 368 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, biodiversity; conservation of natural resources; european union; trees; afforestation; biodiversity; carbon footprint; climate change; environmental economics; environmental policy; european union; human; landscape; letter; planting time; priority journal; wellbeing; environmental protection; tree | Departamento de Biologiá-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), Valencia, Spain |
| Mediterranean heathland as a key habitat for fire adaptations: Evidence from an experimental approach | Gómez-González S.; Paniw M.; Durán M.; Picó S.; Martín-Rodríguez I.; Ojeda F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.3390/f11070748 | Some fire ecology studies that have focused on garrigue-like vegetation suggest a weak selective pressure of fire in the Mediterranean Basin compared to other Mediterranean-type regions. However, fire-prone Mediterranean heathland from the western end of the Mediterranean Basin has been frequently ignored in the fire ecology literature despite its high proportion of pyrogenic species. Here, we explore the evolutionary ecology of seed traits in the generalist rockrose Cistus salviifolius L. (Cistaceae) aiming to ascertain the role of the Mediterranean heathland for fire adaptations in the Mediterranean Region. We performed a germination experiment to compare the relationship of seed size to (i) heat-stimulated germination, (ii) dormancy strength, and (iii) heat survival in plants from 'high-fire' heathland vs. 'low-fire' coastal shrubland. Germination after heat-shock treatment was higher in large seeds of both 'high-fire' and 'low-fire' habitats. However, dormancy was weaker in small seeds from 'low-fire' habitats. Finally, seed survival to heat shock was positively related to seed size. Our results support that seed size is an adaptive trait to fire in C. salviifolius, since larger seeds had stronger dormancy, higher heat-stimulated germination and were more resistant to heat shock. This seed size-fire relationship was tighter in 'high-fire' Mediterranean heathland than 'low-fire' coastal shrubland, indicating the existence of differential fire pressures and evolutionary trends at the landscape scale. These findings highlight the Mediterranean heathland as a relevant habitat for fire-driven evolution, thus contributing to better understand the role of fire in plant evolution within the Mediterranean region. © 2020 by the authors. | Forests | 19994907 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/7/748 | art748 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cistus; dormancy; fire-driven evolution; germination; mediterranean-type ecosystems, cultivation; dormancy; ecosystems; fires; germination; heat; mediterranean; mediterranean region; cistaceae; cistus; cistus salviifolius; after-heat treatment; cultivation; ecosystems; plants (botany); seed; evolutionary ecology; evolutionary trend; experimental approaches; heat shock treatment; landscape scale; mediterranean basin; mediterranean region; selective pressure; adaptation; angiosperm; dormancy; evolution; evolutionary biology; experimental study; fire management; generalist; germination; habitat structure; heathland; mediterranean environment; temperature effect; wildfire; fires | Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Avenida República Árabe Saharawi, s/n, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Avenida Almirante Blanco Encalada, 2002, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain; Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain |
| +A 5680-year tree-ring temperature record for southern South America | Lara A.; Villalba R.; Urrutia-Jalabert R.; González-Reyes A.; Aravena J.C.; Luckman B.H.; Cuq E.; Rodríguez C.; Wolodarsky-Franke A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106087 | It is widely documented that the Earth's surface temperatures have increased in recent decades. However, temperature increment patterns are not uniform around the globe, showing different or even contrasting trends. Here we present a mean maximum summer temperature record, based on tree-ring widths, over the past 5682 years (3672BC – 2009AD) for southern South America (SSA), covering from mid-Holocene to the present. This is the longest such record for the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and expands available annual proxy climate records for this region in more than 2060 years. Our record explains 49% of the temperature variation, and documents two major warm periods between 3140–2800BC and 70BC – 150AD, which coincide with the lack of evidence of glacier advances in SSA. Recent decades in the reconstruction (1959–2009) show a warming trend that is not exceptional in the context of the last five millennia. The long-term relationship between our temperature reconstruction and a reconstructed total solar irradiance record, with coinciding cycles at 293, 372, 432–434, 512 and 746 years, indicate a persistent influence of solar forcing on centennial climate variability in SSA. At interannual to interdecadal scales, reconstructed temperature is mainly related to the internal climate variability of the Pacific Ocean, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and longer oscillations. Our study reveals the need to characterize regional-scale climate variability and its drivers, which in the context of global-scale processes such as anthropogenic warming, interact to modulate local climate affecting humans and ecosystems. © 2019 The Authors | Quaternary Science Reviews | 02773791 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379119306924 | art106087 | 228 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | holocene; paleoclimatology; south america; tree-rings, south america; atmospheric pressure; forestry; holocenes; internal climate variability; long-term relationships; paleoclimatology; south america; temperature reconstruction; total solar irradiance; tree rings; el nino-southern oscillation; paleoclimate; paleotemperature; proxy climate record; tree ring; trend analysis; climatology | Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Santiago, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto Forestal (INFOR), Fundo Teja Norte S/N, Valdivia, Chile; Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Cooperativa Calahuala, Valdivia, Chile |
| Predicting spatial variability of selected soil properties using digital soil mapping in a rainfed vineyard of central Chile | Mashalaba L.; Galleguillos M.; Seguel O.; Poblete-Olivares J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00289 | Soil physical properties influence vineyard behavior, therefore the knowledge of their spatial variability is essential for making vineyard management decisions. This study aimed to model and map selected soil properties by means of knowledge-based digital soil mapping approach. We used a Random Forest (RF) algorithm to link environmental covariates derived from a LiDAR flight and satellite spectral information, describing soil forming factors and ten selected soil properties (particle size distribution, bulk density, dispersion ratio, Ksat, field capacity, permanent wilting point, fast drainage pores and slow drainage pores) at three depth intervals, namely 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm at a systematic grid (60 × 60 m2). The descriptive statistics showed low to very high variability within the field. RF model of particle size distribution, and bulk density performed well, although the models could not reliably predict saturated hydraulic conductivity. There was a better prediction performance (based on 34% model validation) in the upper depth intervals than the lower depth intervals (e.g., R2 of 0.66; nRMSE of 27.5% for clay content at 0–20 cm and R2 of 0.51; nRMSE of 16% at 40–60 cm). There was a better prediction performance in the lower depth intervals than the upper depth intervals (e.g., R2 of 0.49; nRMSE of 23% for dispersion ratio at 0–20 cm and R2 of 0.81; nRMSE of 30% at 40–60 cm). RF model overestimated areas with low values and underestimated areas with high values. Further analysis suggested that Topographic position Index, Topographic Wetness Index, aspect, slope length factor, modified catchment area, catchment slope, and longitudinal curvature were the dominant environmental covariates influencing prediction of soil properties. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. | Geoderma Regional | 23520094 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352009420300389 | arte00289 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | alfisols; digital soil mapping; environmental covariates; random forest model; remote sensing; soil properties; vineyard, nan | Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Casilla 1004, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Chile; Chile |
| Evidence-based mapping of the wildland-urban interface to better identify human communities threatened by wildfires | Miranda A.; Carrasco J.; González M.; Pais C.; Lara A.; Altamirano A.; Weintraub A.; Syphard A.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1088/1748-9326/ab9be5 | The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is the spatial manifestation of human communities coupled with vegetated ecosystems. Spatial delineation of the WUI is important for wildfire policy and management, but is typically defined according to spatial relationships between housing development and wildland vegetation without explicit consideration of fire risk. A fire risk-based definition of WUI can enable a better distribution of management investment so as to maximize social return. We present a novel methodological approach to delineate the WUI based on a fire risk assessment. The approach establishes a geographical framework to model fire risk via machine learning and generate multi-scale, variable-specific spatial thresholds for translating fire probabilities into mapped output. To determine whether fire-based WUI mapping better captures the spatial congruence of houses and wildfires than conventional methods, we compared national and subnational fire-based WUI maps for Chile to WUI maps generated only with housing and vegetation thresholds. The two mapping approaches exhibited broadly similar spatial patterns, the WUI definitions covering almost the same area and containing similar proportions of the housing units in the area under study (17.1% vs. 17.9%), but the fire-based WUI accounted for 13.8% more spatial congruence of fires and people (47.1% vs. 33.2% of ignitions). Substantial regional variability was found in fire risk drivers and the corresponding spatial mapping thresholds, suggesting there are benefits to developing different WUI maps for different scales of application. We conclude that a dynamic, multi-scale, fire-based WUI mapping approach should provide more targeted and effective support for decision making than conventional approaches. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. | Environmental Research Letters | 17489318 | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9be5 | art094069 | 15 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; behavioral research; decision making; housing; mapping; risk assessment; vegetation; conventional approach; conventional methods; fire risk assessment; methodological approach; regional variability; spatial relationships; vegetated ecosystems; wildland urban interface; decision making; machine learning; mapping; spatial analysis; threshold; wildfire; wildlife management; fires, artificial intelligence; chile; fire ignitions; landscape planning; machine learning; rural-urban interface | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Landscape Ecology and Conservation Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Industrial Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute - ISCI, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States; Fundación Centro de Los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Sage Insurance Holdings, LLC, La Mesa, CA, United States |
| Forest browning trends in response to drought in a highly threatened mediterranean landscape of South America | Miranda A.; Lara A.; Altamirano A.; Di Bella C.; González M.E.; Julio Camarero J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106401 | Deforestation is widely studied throughout the world. However, a less evident issue is the effect of climate change and drought on remnants of native forests. The objective of this work was to understand the geographic variations in resistance to drought of the Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests of central Chile. These forests have been historically reduced and fragmented and in recent years were subjected to the most prolonged drought occurred between 2010 and 2017. Using data from the MODIS satellite sensor, temporal trends in the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were quantified. We related these trends with different environmental variables to understand the effects of geographical variation and forest type as indicators of resistance to drought. We observed a significant direct effect of drought, attributable to the reduced precipitation in central Chile, and a significantly reduced NDVI in near one-third of the region forests (browning). However, NDVI and therefore forest productivity were more stable in some mesic sites such as ravine bottoms, but not on south-facing slopes. This suggests that under a regime of reduced precipitations, a greater available soil humidity would be a more important factor than the fact of receiving less solar radiation. Finally, the highest degree of browning was observed in semi-arid sclerophyllous forest dominated by species tolerant to drought. Our findings emphasize the need to consider topographic site conditions to adequately assess forest productivity and vulnerability where local wet conditions could provide drought refuges. This recent drought may be analogous to forecasted warmer and drier climate conditions with more frequent and severe droughts, so our results may serve as a general framework for climate-smart decisions in highly threatened forest restoration and conservation. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd | Ecological Indicators | 1470160X | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X20303381 | art106401 | 115 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; climate change; ndvi; remote sensing; resilience; resistance, chile; climate change; deforestation; drought; productivity; environmental variables; forest productivity; forest restoration; geographic variation; geographical variations; mediterranean landscapes; modis satellite sensors; normalized difference vegetation index; climate change; conservation status; deforestation; drought stress; endangered species; geographical variation; mediterranean environment; modis; ndvi; relative humidity; satellite sensor; vulnerability; wilting; conservation | Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Graduados, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Valdivia, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CIRN-INTA Castelar), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain |
| Six hundred years of South American tree rings reveal an increase in severe hydroclimatic events since mid-20th century | Morales M.S.; Cook E.R.; Barichivich J.; Christie D.A.; Villalba R.; LeQuesne C.; Srur A.M.; Eugenia Ferrero M.; González-Reyes Á.; Couvreux F.; Matskovsky V.; Aravena J.C.; Lara A.; Mundo I.A.; Rojas F.; Prieto M.R.; Smerdon J.E.; Bianchi L.O.; Masiokas M.H.; Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Rodriguez-Catón M.; Muñoz A.A.; Rojas-Badilla M.; Alvarez C.; Lopez L.; Luckman B.H.; Lister D.; Harris I.; Jones P.D.; Park Williams A.; Velazquez G.; Aliste D.; Aguilera-Betti I.; Marcotti E.; Flores F.; Muñoz T.; Cu... | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.1073/pnas.2002411117 | South American (SA) societies are highly vulnerable to droughts and pluvials, but lack of long-term climate observations severely limits our understanding of the global processes driving climatic variability in the region. The number and quality of SA climate-sensitive tree ring chronologies have significantly increased in recent decades, now providing a robust network of 286 records for characterizing hydroclimate variability since 1400 CE. We combine this network with a self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) dataset to derive the South American Drought Atlas (SADA) over the continent south of 12°S. The gridded annual reconstruction of austral summer scPDSI is the most spatially complete estimate of SA hydroclimate to date, and well matches past historical dry/wet events. Relating the SADA to the Australia-New Zealand Drought Atlas, sea surface temperatures and atmospheric pressure fields, we determine that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) are strongly associated with spatially extended droughts and pluvials over the SADA domain during the past several centuries. SADA also exhibits more extended severe droughts and extreme pluvials since the mid-20th century. Extensive droughts are consistent with the observed 20th-century trend toward positive SAM anomalies concomitant with the weakening of midlatitude Westerlies, while low-level moisture transport intensified by global warming has favored extreme rainfall across the subtropics. The SADA thus provides a long-term context for observed hydroclimatic changes and for 21st-century Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections that suggest SA will experience more frequent/ severe droughts and rainfall events as a consequence of increasing greenhouse gas emissions. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 00278424 | http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002411117 | 16816-16823 | 117 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | drought atlas; extreme hydroclimate events; palaeoclimate reconstruction; south america hydroclimate; southern hemisphere climate modes, statistical; rain; south america; trees; rain; atmospheric pressure; carbon footprint; controlled study; drought; environmental impact; experience; greenhouse effect; hydroclimate; moisture; nonhuman; priority journal; review; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; soil moisture; south america; spatiotemporal analysis; tree; tree ring; climate; geographic mapping; greenhouse effect; growth, climate; droughts; geographic mapping; global warming; models, development and aging; statistical model; tree | Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Cs. Ambientales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, 5500, Argentina; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, 12003, Peru; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, 10964-1000, NY, United States; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370415, Chile; Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago, 8580745, Chile; Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse Météo-France CNRS, Toulouse, 31057, France; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017, Russian Federation; Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, 620-0000, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, M5502JMA, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones C... |
| Wildfire management in Mediterranean-type regions: Paradigm change needed | Moreira F.; Ascoli D.; Safford H.; Adams M.A.; Moreno J.M.; Pereira J.M.C.; Catry F.X.; Armesto J.; Bond W.; González M.E.; Curt T.; Koutsias N.; McCaw L.; Price O.; Pausas J.G.; Rigolot E.; Stephens S.; Tavsanoglu C.; Vallejo V.R.; Van Wilgen B.W.; Xanthopoulos G.; Fernandes P.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1088/1748-9326/ab541e | During the last decades, climate and land use changes led to an increased prevalence of megafires in Mediterranean-type climate regions (MCRs). Here, we argue that current wildfire management policies in MCRs are destined to fail. Focused on fire suppression, these policies largely ignore ongoing climate warming and landscape-scale buildup of fuels. The result is a 'firefighting trap' that contributes to ongoing fuel accumulation precluding suppression under extreme fire weather, and resulting in more severe and larger fires. We believe that a 'business as usual' approach to wildfire in MCRs will not solve the fire problem, and recommend that policy and expenditures be rebalanced between suppression and mitigation of the negative impacts of fire. This requires a paradigm shift: policy effectiveness should not be primarily measured as a function of area burned (as it usually is), but rather as a function of avoided socio-ecological damage and loss. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. | Environmental Research Letters | 17489318 | http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab541e | art011001 | 15 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | australia; california; south africa; united states; extreme weather; land use; australia; california; chile; management policy; mediterranean-type regions; south africa; wildfires; expenditure; fire management; management practice; mediterranean environment; wildfire; fires, australia; california; chile; management policy; mediterranean-type regions; south africa; wildfires | CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade Do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-601, Portugal; CIBIO, InBIO, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal; DISAFA, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, I-10095, Italy; 2931 Bellows Court, Davis, 95618, CA, United States; Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, Australia; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, Toledo, E-45071, Spain; Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal; CEABN, InBIO, Centre for Applied Ecology, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal; Departamento Ecologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Valdivia, Chile; IRSTEA-RECOVER, 3275 route Cézanne, CS4006, Aix-en-Provence cedex, F-13182, France; Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, G. Seferi 2, Agrinio, GR-30100, Greece; Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Manjimup, 6258, WA,... |
| Landscape restoration in a mixed agricultural-forest catchment: Planning a buffer strip and hedgerow network in a Chilean biodiversity hotspot | Rey Benayas J.M.; Altamirano A.; Miranda A.; Catalán G.; Prado M.; Lisón F.; Bullock J.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1007/s13280-019-01149-2 | Guidance for large-scale restoration of natural or semi-natural linear vegetation elements that takes into account the need to maintain human livelihoods such as farming is often lacking. Focusing on a Chilean biodiversity hotspot, we assessed the landscape in terms of existing woody vegetation elements and proposed a buffer strip and hedgerow network. We used spatial analysis based on Google Earth imagery and QGIS, field surveys, seven guidelines linked to prioritization criteria and seedling availability in the region’s nurseries, and estimated the budget for implementing the proposed network. The target landscapes require restoring 0.89 ha km−2 of woody buffer strips to meet Chilean law; 1.4 ha km−2 of new hedgerows is also proposed. The cost of restoration in this landscape is estimated in ca. USD 6900 per planted ha of buffer strips and hedgerows. Financial incentives, education, and professional training of farmers are identified as key issues to implement the suggested restoration actions. © 2019, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. | Ambio | 00447447 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13280-019-01149-2 | 310-323 | 49 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | agriculture; biodiversity; chile; conservation of natural resources; ecosystem; forests; humans; chile; agricultural land; agroforestry; buffer zone; catchment; connectivity; conservation; ecosystem service; environmental restoration; gis; hedgerow; prioritization; spatial analysis; vegetation structure; agriculture; biodiversity; chile; ecosystem; environmental protection; forest; human, connectivity; conservation; ecosystem services; farmland; land-sharing; living fences | Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Life Sciences Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain; International Foundation for Ecosystem Restoration, Madrid, Spain; Forest Landscape Ecology Lab, Forest Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; NERC Center for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Local perceptions of fires risk and policy implications in the hills of Valparaiso, Chile | Sapiains R.; Ugarte A.M.; Aldunce P.; Marchant G.; Romero J.A.; González M.E.; Inostroza-Lazo V. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.3390/su12104298 | Climate change is increasing the occurrence of natural disasters worldwide, and more frequent and intense fires represent one of the most destructive expressions of this trend. Chile is highly vulnerable to climate change, and fires are a recurrent phenomenon affecting many people each year. To reduce fire risk, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests reducing both exposure and vulnerability through multiple initiatives, which demand increased community engagement. In such a context, this study explores local perceptions of fire in a sample of inhabitants in a wildland-urban interface (WUI) in Valparaiso, a city that is affected by numerous fires each year. The ultimate goal was to identify psychological and community factors that should be taken into consideration to develop prevention plans and safer environments for people living in a context of poverty and social inequity. Using a qualitative approach, 28 interviews were conducted and analyzed following grounded theory principles. Results identified multiple causes, impacts, and characteristics of the problem perceived by people who permanently cohabit with fire risk, showing that for many of them, fire risk is not about the probability of occurrence of a disaster, but a question about when and how the next fire will happen. However, in such a complex scenario, psychological, community, and structural barriers deter people from implementing more effective actions. Conversely, in emergency situations, such barriers are irrelevant and cooperative actions prevail, suggesting the existence of resources and capacities within the community that could lessen exposure and vulnerability if activated on a day-to-day basis. Overall, reducing fire risk cannot be achieved by local communities alone nor without their support. To build, maintain, and consolidate fire prevention actions, it is critical to activate community strengths and cooperation and engage the resources and management capacity of local governments. © 2020 by the authors. | Sustainability (Switzerland) | 20711050 | https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4298 | art4298 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | chile; climate change; disasters risk reduction; fire risk perceptions; fires prevention, valparaiso; fire management; intergovernmental panel on climate change; local government; local planning; natural disaster; policy implementation; probability; qualitative analysis; risk assessment; vulnerability | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7800284, Chile; Department of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile; REDLAMA (Latinoamerican Educational Network for the Environment), Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7800284, Chile; Faculty of Forestry Sciences and Natural Resources, Conservation, Biodiversity and Territory Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile |
| New Record of Hilophyllus martinezi Paulsen and Mondaca, 2006 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae) in Southern Chile | Tello F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.424 | [No abstract available] | Coleopterists Bulletin | 0010065X | https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.424 | 424-426 | 74 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; coleoptera; lucanidae; beetle; geographical distribution; new record; range expansion | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002 piso 4, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, Chile; Transdisciplinary Center for Quaternary Research, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, Chile |
| First Record of the Family Histeridae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in a Late Pleistocene Sequence from Chile | Tello F.; Arriagada G.; Pino M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.5710/AMGH.06.12.2019.3260 | [No abstract available] | Ameghiniana | 00027014 | https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.06.12.2019.3260 | 63-67 | 57 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | elytron; fossil beetle; insects; pilauco; quaternary, argentina; cameroon; chihuahua [mexico]; chile; cordillera oriental; england; juarez; jujuy; mexico [north america]; north west region; quebrada de humahuaca; santa; united kingdom; victoria; coleoptera; hexapoda; histeridae; insecta; beetle; biostratigraphy; fossil record; new record; paleobiogeography; paleoecology; pleistocene; sequence stratigraphy | Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/n, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), FONDAP, CONICYT, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra and TAQUACH, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/n, Valdivia, Chile; Área de Entomología Del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Correo Central, Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile |
| Diversity loss and changes in saproxylic beetle assemblages following a high-severity fire in Araucaria–Nothofagus forests | Tello F.; González M.E.; Valdivia N.; Torres F.; Lara A.; García-López A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1007/s10841-020-00223-5 | Forest fires have increased in frequency worldwide due to global warming, drought, and land-use change. These fire-regime changes have altered the dynamics of deadwood accumulation in forests, which can affect biological communities dependent on this resource. We analyzed the effect of high-severity fire events on saproxylic beetle assemblages, which specialize in using deadwood that accumulates after disturbances. We compared assemblages in sites severely burned in 2002 to those in unburned sites in Chilean Araucaria–Nothofagus forests. Insects were collected using window-interception traps from spring 2017 to summer 2018. Rarefaction–interpolation curves revealed a significant decrease in diversity as a result of fire. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant effect of fire on insect community structure. In addition, we observed that species turnover contributing most, and nestedness to a lesser extent, to differences in ß-diversity between burned and unburned sites. Species replacement was associated with an increase in abundance of xylophagous (deadwood feeders) and a decrease in abundance of mycophagous (fungivorous) insects with fire. Therefore, our results suggest that fire causes a reduction in diversity while benefiting the abundance of xylophagous beetles in Araucaria–Nothofagus forests. We recommend the use of these insects as an evaluation tool in conservation planning, management practices, and ecological restoration efforts in burned forests in southern Chile. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. | Journal of Insect Conservation | 1366638X | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-020-00223-5 | 585-601 | 24 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; coleoptera; hexapoda; nothofagus; abundance; beetle; biodiversity; coniferous forest; dead wood; deciduous forest; saproxylic organism; specialist; species richness; wildfire, chile; community changes; fire-response; species richness; trophic guilds | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Transdisciplinary Center for Quaternary Research (TAQUACH), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Fire and Resilience Research of Socio-Ecological Systems, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain |
| Sub-oxycline methane oxidation can fully uptake CH4 produced in sediments: case study of a lake in Siberia | Thalasso F.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Gandois L.; Martinez-Cruz K.; Gerardo-Nieto O.; Astorga-España M.S.; Teisserenc R.; Lavergne C.; Tananaev N.; Barret M.; Cabrol L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1038/s41598-020-60394-8 | It is commonly assumed that methane (CH4) released by lakes into the atmosphere is mainly produced in anoxic sediment and transported by diffusion or ebullition through the water column to the surface of the lake. In contrast to that prevailing idea, it has been gradually established that the epilimnetic CH4 does not originate exclusively from sediments but is also locally produced or laterally transported from the littoral zone. Therefore, CH4 cycling in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion might not be as closely linked as previously thought. We utilized a high-resolution method used to determine dissolved CH4 concentration to analyze a Siberian lake in which epilimnetic and hypolimnetic CH4 cycles were fully segregated by a section of the water column where CH4 was not detected. This layer, with no detected CH4, was well below the oxycline and the photic zone and thus assumed to be anaerobic. However, on the basis of a diffusion-reaction model, molecular biology, and stable isotope analyses, we determined that this layer takes up all the CH4 produced in the sediments and the deepest section of the hypolimnion. We concluded that there was no CH4 exchange between the hypolimnion (dominated by methanotrophy and methanogenesis) and the epilimnion (dominated by methane lateral transport and/or oxic production), resulting in a vertically segregated lake internal CH4 cycle. | Scientific reports | 20452322 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60394-8 | 3423 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico; Environmental Biogeochemistry in Extreme Ecosystems Laboratory (EnBEELab), University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile; Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russian Federation; Aix-Marseille University, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille, France |
| Low Growth Sensitivity and Fast Replenishment of Non-structural Carbohydrates in a Long-Lived Endangered Conifer After Drought | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Lara A.; Barichivich J.; Vergara N.; Rodriguez C.G.; Piper F.I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.3389/fpls.2020.00905 | There is an ongoing debate on whether a drought induced carbohydrate limitation (source limitation) or a direct effect of water shortage (sink limitation) limit growth under drought. In this study, we investigated the effects of the two driest summers recorded in southern Chile in the last seven decades, on the growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentrations of the slow-growing conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Specifically, we studied the seasonal variation of NSC in saplings and adults one and two years after the occurrence of a 2 year-summer drought at two sites of contrasting precipitation and productivity (mesic-productive vs. rainy-less productive). We also evaluated radial growth before, during and after the drought, and predicted that drought could have reduced growth. If drought caused C source limitation, we expected that NSCs will be lower during the first than the second year after drought. Conversely, similar NSC concentrations between years or higher NSC concentrations in the first year would be supportive of sink limitation. Also, due to the lower biomass of saplings compared with adults, we expected that saplings should experience stronger seasonal NSC remobilization than adults. We confirmed this last expectation. Moreover, we found no significant growth reduction during drought in the rainy site and a slightly significant growth reduction at the mesic site for both saplings and adults. Across organs and in both sites and age classes, NSC, starch, and sugar concentrations were generally higher in the first than in the second year following drought, while NSC seasonal remobilization was generally lower. Higher NSC concentrations along with lower seasonal NSC remobilization during the first post-drought year are supportive of sink limitation. However, as these results were found at both sites while growth decreased slightly and just at the mesic site, limited growth only is unlikely to have caused NSC accumulation. Rather, these results suggest that the post-drought dynamics of carbohydrate storage are partly decoupled from the growth dynamics, and that the rebuild of C reserves after drought may be a priority in this species. © Copyright © 2020 Urrutia-Jalabert, Lara, Barichivich, Vergara, Rodriguez and Piper. | Frontiers in Plant Science | 1664462X | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2020.00905/full | art905 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon limitation; drought; fitzroya cupressoides; non-structural carbohydrates; remobilization; starch; sugars; tree-growth, nan | Instituto Forestal INFOR, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA, UVSQ, Paris, France; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile |
| Environmental costs of water transfers | Vargas C.A.; Garreaud R.; Barra R.; Vásquez-Lavin F.; Saldías G.S.; Parra O. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.1038/s41893-020-0526-5 | [No abstract available] | Nature Sustainability | 23989629 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0526-5 | 408-409 | 3 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | | Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences & Environmental Sciences Center EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; School of Economics and Business, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Department of Ecology, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile |
| Firewood certification programs: Key attributes and policy implications | Vásquez Lavin F.; Barrientos M.; Castillo Á.; Herrera I.; Ponce Oliva R.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111160 | Evidence from south-central Chile shows that the concentration limits for PM10 and PM2.5, defined by both the World Health Organization and national standards, are systematically exceeded, affecting approximately 10 million people. Among the sources of this pollution, firewood use accounts for the largest share. This study assesses whether consumers value environmental, social, and legal attributes associated with the firewood certification programs. We used a discrete choice model based on a sample of 500 households. According to our results, the price premium for certified firewood is about 10% in the most likely scenario, with those attributes closely related to private benefits having a higher value, compared to those of social benefits. We identify significant heterogeneity among respondents belonging to two different consumer classes: 1) those who are less price sensitive and are willing to pay for attributes related to certification; 2) those who are sensitive to prices and are not willing to pay for attributes related to certification. Since the second class includes about 46% of the sample, the implementation of certification programs could be jeopardized. Therefore, knowing this information helps us determine whether a certification system can foster the firewood industry transition to a more sustainable model. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd | Energy Policy | 03014215 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421519307463 | art111160 | 137 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | chile; behavioral research; energy utilization; environmental regulations; public policy; certification; certification programs; certification systems; consumers' preferences; discrete choice models; firewood use; household energy consumption; world health organization; air quality; certification; consumption behavior; discrete choice analysis; environmental policy; fuelwood; household energy; willingness to pay; air quality, air quality; certification; consumers' preferences; firewood use; household energy consumption | School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile, Ainavillo 456, Concepción, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 471, Concepción, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CONICYT/FONDAP/15130015), Victoria 1295, Concepción, Chile |
| Water demand in the Chilean manufacturing industry: Analysis of the economic value of water and demand elasticities | Vásquez-Lavín F.; Vargas O L.; Hernández J.I.; Ponce Oliva R.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1016/j.wre.2020.100159 | In this article, we estimate both the economic value of water and own-price and cross-price elasticities of water for the Chilean manufacturing industry using the production function approach. Estimating the production function allows us to estimate the marginal productivity of water which corresponds to its economic value. Our estimations are based on panel data obtained from the National Industrial Survey for the period 1995–2014, accounting for more than 10,000 industrial plants. We use a translog specification for the production function, considering water, capital, labor, energy, and intermediate material as explanatory variables. We find substitution patterns among most inputs, except for energy and water, which are found to be complements. Our results suggest that the manufacturing sector is characterized by an elastic water demand, with an average economic value of water of 8.071 [USD/m3]. Based on our findings, there is room to increase water prices in most sectors without affecting the competitiveness of firms. Knowing the economic value of water and its price elasticity could help policymakers to design water policies that promote more efficient use of this scarce resource. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. | Water Resources and Economics | 22124284 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212428420300049 | art100159 | 32 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | economic value of water; industrial water demand; water price elasticity; water productivity, capital; competitiveness; economic analysis; manufacturing; panel data; substitution; water demand; water industry; water resource | School of Business and Economics, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Chile. Ainavillo 456, Concepcion, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Department of Economics, Universidad de Concepción. Victoria 471, Concepcion, Chile; Sustainability Research Centre & Strategic Resource Management (CISGER), Universidad Del Desarrollo, Chile. Ainavillo 456, Concepcion, Chile; Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining. Chile (CRHIAM), Victoria 1295, Concepcion, Chile |
| Landscape evolution and the environmental context of human occupation of the southern pampa del tamarugal, Atacama Desert, Chile | Workman T.R.; Rech J.A.; Gayó E.M.; Santoro C.M.; Ugalde P.C.; De Pol-Holz R.; Capriles J.M.; Latorre C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2020 | 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106502 | As with most living organisms, human populations respond to climatic, environmental, and population pressures by transforming their range and subsistence strategies over space and time. An understanding of human ecology can be gained when the archaeological record is placed within the context of dynamic landscape changes and alterations in natural resource availability. We reconstructed the landscape evolution of the Quebrada Maní fan complex, situated along the west-facing slope of the Central Andes in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, an area that contains an archaeological record that spans almost 13,000 years. Surficial geologic mapping and dating of three 2–12 km2 study sites, in conjunction with archaeological records and analysis of remotely sensed data for the ∼400 km2 fan complex, was conducted to reconstruct the landscape evolution and the way of life of Paleoindian (ca. 12.8–11.5 ka) and early/late Formative (ca 2.5 to 0.7 ka) social groups. Just prior to any known human occupation, a large pluvial event in the high Andes, regionally referred to as CAPE I, impacted the Quebrada Maní fan complex from ca.18–16.5 ka. During CAPE I, the Maní fan complex was dominated by perennial stream systems that deposited well-sorted conglomerates in the upper reaches of the fan (Unit T2) and perennial wetlands (Unit B1). This pluvial period was followed by the onset of an extreme drought sometime after 15 ka, but before 13 ka, when wetlands desiccated and the distal reaches of the fan deflated. Sand sheets and sand dunes were deposited across broad reaches of the landscape and Quebrada Maní incised 3–5 m into its floodplain. This drought had profound implications for the distribution of natural resources during the subsequent pluvial event (CAPE II) that ensued from ca. 12.5–9.5 ka. Incision along the upper reaches of the fan caused a more restricted floodplain and allowed the deposition of extensive wetlands along the more distal central reaches of the fan where groundwater emerged. Paleoindian residential open-air camps were placed in these areas. Wetlands were replaced by a tree-covered floodplain during the latter portion of this pluvial event (ca. 10.5–9 ka). We found no archaeological evidence for human occupations between ∼8–2.5 ka, suggesting a lack of natural resources and/or very low hunter-gatherer population densities. During this time, Quebrada Maní incised up to 8 m into the floodplain. Mudflow deposition – typical of the present-day fan complex – initiated around 2.5 ka, likely responding to an increase in precipitation. This triggered a re-population of the fan surface by Formative agricultural groups that irrigated and extensively farmed these floodplains. By the end of the Formative, these socio-cultural groups became increasingly vulnerable to climatic changes as cut-and-fill cycles in the drainage necessitated major infrastructure adjustments, until the technologies and social-cultural convention of the epoch could not cope with environmental change and investments were abandoned by ∼0.8 ka. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd | Quaternary Science Reviews | 02773791 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379120304649 | art106502 | 243 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; cultural conventions; environmental change; environmental contexts; landscape evolutions; population densities; remotely sensed data; resource availability; archaeological evidence; climate change; drought; floodplain; hunter-gatherer; landscape change; landscape evolution; natural resource; occupation; population density; precipitation (climatology); reconstruction; satellite data; wetland; biology, andes; atacama desert; chile; agricultural robots; banks (bodies of water); deposition; drought; ecology; employment; environmental technology; floods; groundwater; investments; natural resources; population statistics; wetlands; atacama desert, archaeology; atacama; cape; chile; climate change; geoarchaeology; geomorphology; landscape evolution; paleowetland | Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, OH, United States; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Chile; Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Arica, 1001236, Chile; School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, United States; Centro UC del Desierto de Atacama & Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile |
| The role of climate variability in convergence of residential water consumption across Chilean localities | Acuña G.I.; Echeverría C.; Godoy A.; Vásquez F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | 10.1007/s10018-019-00249-3 | This paper analyses the existence of convergence in residential water consumption across geographical regions using econometric methods taken from the economic growth literature and a panel of water consumption of 348 Chilean localities from 2010 to 2015. Convergence was found, and the main causes were factors related to economic and climate variables. © 2019, Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. | Environmental Economics and Policy Studies | 1432847X | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10018-019-00249-3 | 89-108 | 22 | Thomson Reuters ESCI | nan, climate variability; economic development; latin america; water management | Centro de Estudios en Economía y Negocios, School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Sustentabilidad y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Millennium Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience (CR2), Santiago, Chile |
| Informe a las naciones: Incendios en Chile: causas, impactos y resiliencia. | González,M. E.;Sapiains A.,R.;Gómez-González,S.;Garreaud,R. D.;Miranda,A.;Galleguillos,M.;Jacques-Coper,M.;Pauchard,A.;Hoyos-Santillan,J.;Cordero,L.;Vasquez-Lavin,F.;Lara,A.;Aldunce,P.;Delgado,V.;Arriagada,R.;Ugarte,A. M.;Sepulveda-Jauregui,A.;Farías,L.;Garcia,R.;Rondanelli,R.;Ponce,R.;Vargas,F.;Rojas,M.;Boisier,J. P.;Carrasco,C.;Little,C.;Osses,M.;Zamorano,C.;Días-Hormazábal,I.;Ceballos,A.;Guerra,E.;Moncada,M.;Castillo,I.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2020 | | Los resultados presentados en este informe son parte del trabajo interdisciplinario que realiza el Centro de Ciencia
del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2.
El (CR)2 es un centro de excelencia financiado por el programa FONDAP de CONICYT (Proyecto 15110009) en el cual
participan cerca de 60 científicos asociados a la Universidad de Chile, la Universidad de Concepción y la Universidad
Austral de Chile.
La versión electrónica de este documento está disponible en el sitio web www.cr2.cl/incendios | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Informe-CR2-IncendiosforestalesenChile.pdf | 84 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las naciones: El aire que respiramos: pasado, presente y futuro – Contaminación atmosférica por MP2,5 en el centro y sur de Chile | Huneeus,N.;Urquiza,A.;Gayo,E. M.;Osses,M.;Arriagada,R.;Valdés,M.;Álamos,N.;Amigo,C.;Arrieta,D.;Basoa,K.;Billi,M.;Blanco,G.;Boisier,J. P.;Calvo,R.;Casielles,I.;Castro,M.;Chahúan,J.;Christie,D. A.;Cordero,L.;Correa,V.;Cortés,J.;Fleming,Z.;Gajardo,N.;Gallardo,L.;Gómez,L.;Insunza,X.;Iriarte,P.;Labraña,J.;Lambert,F.;Muñoz,A.;Opazo,M.;ORyan,R.;Osses,A.;Plass,M.;Rivas,M.;Salinas,S.;Santander,S.;Seguel,R.;Smith,P.;Tolvett,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes | 2020 | | Los resultados presentados en este informe son parte del trabajo interdisciplinario que realiza el Centro de Ciencia
del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2.
El (CR)2 es un centro de excelencia financiado por el programa FONDAP de CONICYT (Proyecto 15110009) en el cual
participan cerca de 60 científicos asociados a la Universidad de Chile, la Universidad de Concepción y la Universidad
Austral de Chile.
La versión electrónica de este documento está disponible en el sitio web www.cr2.cl/incendios | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Informe_Contaminacion_Espanol_2020.pdf | 102 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe Proyecto ARClim: Bosques Nativos y Plantaciones Forestales. | Miranda,A.;Carrasco,J.;Gonzalez,M.E.;Mentler,R.;Moletto,I.;Altamirano,A.;Lara,A.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | | | | | | | | Not Indexed | | |
| El cambio antropogénico del uso del suelo y el régimen de incendios forestales | Ortega,M.;Gómez-González,S.;Paula,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2020 | | La ecología del fuego permitirá enfrentar el desafío que presenta hoy el cambio climático, donde el incremento de las temperaturas y de la sequía favorece la frecuencia y severidad de los incendios forestales, y donde por lo mismo se hace necesario que el país rediseñe su paisaje forestal. | Chile forestal | 2452-5057 | https://www.conaf.cl/cms/editorweb/chifo/396/files/assets/common/downloads/Revista%20Chile%20Forestal%20N.pdf?uni=089ddeb702ff71a34a438b06922c503e | 11-13 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe Proyecto ARClim: Atlas de Riegos Climáticos para Chile | Pica-Téllez,A.;Garreaud,R.;Meza,F.;Bustos,S.;Falvey,M.;Ibarra,M.;Silva,M. I.;Duarte,K.;Ormazábal,R.;Dittborn,R.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | | Este documento, tiene por finalidad describir el proceso de desarrollo de la Plataforma ARClim, principal producto del proyecto “Atlas de Riesgo climático para Chile”, proyecto Apoyado por el Programa Mundial de Evaluación y Gestión de Riesgos para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Pérdidas y Daños)” por encargo del Ministerio Federal de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) a través de la Agencia para la Cooperación Técnica GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), con el objetivo de colaborar con el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Chile, aportando al fortalecimiento de las capacidades nacionales en el marco de los desafíos del Cambio Climático; generando Mapas de Riesgos de distintos sectores frente al Cambio Climático en el país. Para llevar a cabo este desafío, participaron 96 investigadores y 24 instituciones especializadas en distintas áreas del cambio climático, las que fueron liderados por el Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2 ) y el Centro de Cambio Global UC. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/informe-proyecto-arclim-atlas-de-riesgos-climaticos-para-chile/ | 193 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Operationalizing the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in public policy | Alaniz A.J.; Pérez-Quezada J.F.; Galleguillos M.; Vásquez A.E.; Keith D.A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1111/conl.12665 | Threats to ecosystems are closely linked to human development, whereas lack, insufficiency, and inefficiency of public policies are important drivers of environmental decline. Previous studies have discussed the contribution of IUCN's Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) in conservation issues; however, its applications in different policy fields and instruments for achieving biodiversity conservation have not been explored in detail. Here, we introduce a framework to operationalize the RLE in public policy, facilitating work of governments, practitioners, and decision makers. Our analysis identified 20 policy instruments that could reduce risks to ecosystems highlighted by different Red List criteria. We discuss how RLE could inform the policy process by analyzing different instruments that could be designed, implemented, and modified to achieve risk reduction. We also present practical examples from around the world showing how ecosystem conservation could be improved by operationalizing the RLE in policy instruments. The RLE criteria can inform the policy process by helping to shape objectives and identifying policy instruments that directly address the causes and severity of risks illuminated in Red List assessments. We conclude that RLE could be expanded into a broader holistic spectrum of policy instruments, which could be a key to achieving the ecosystem conservation. © 2019 The Authors. Conservation Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | Conservation Letters | 1755263X | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/conl.12665 | arte12665 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, assessment criteria; conservation planning; ecosystem conservation; land use planning; policy instruments; prioritization; threatened ecosystems | Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente—Ecogeografía, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Facultad Tecnológica, Universidad de Santiago Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, NSW, Australia; IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland; IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland |
| Natural forests loss and tree plantations: Large-scale tree cover loss differentiation in a threatened biodiversity hotspot | Altamirano A.; Miranda A.; Aplin P.; Carrasco J.; Catalán G.; Cayuela L.; Fuentes-Castillo T.; Hernández A.; Martínez-Harms M.J.; Peluso F.; Prado M.; Reyes-Riveros R.; Van Holt T.; Vergara C.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Di Bella C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1088/1748-9326/abca64 | Distinguishing between natural forests from exotic tree plantations is essential to get an accurate picture of the world's state of forests. Most exotic tree plantations support lower levels of biodiversity and have less potential for ecosystem services supply than natural forests, and differencing them is still a challenge using standard tools. We use a novel approach in south-central of Chile to differentiate tree cover dynamics among natural forests and exotic tree plantations. Chile has one of the world's most competitive forestry industry and the region is a global biodiversity hotspot. Our collaborative visual interpretation method combined a global database of tree cover change, remote sensing from high-resolution satellite images and expert knowledge. By distinguishing exotic tree plantation and natural forest loss, we fit spatially explicit models to estimate tree-cover loss across 40 millions of ha between 2000 and 2016. We were able to distinguish natural forests from exotic tree plantations with an overall accuracy of 99% and predicted forest loss. Total tree cover loss was continuous over time, and the disaggregation revealed that 1 549 909 ha of tree plantations were lost (mean = 96 869 ha year-1), while 206 142 ha corresponded to natural forest loss (mean = 12 884 ha year-1). Mostly of tree plantations lost returned to be plantation (51%). Natural forests were converted mainly (75%) to transitional land covers (e.g. shrubland, bare land, grassland), and an important proportion of these may finish as tree plantation. This replacement may undermine objectives of increasedcarbon storage and biodiversity. Tree planting as a solution has gained increased attention in recen years with ambitious commitments to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, negative outcomes for the environment could result if strategies incentivize the replacement of natural forests into other land covers. Initiatives to reduce carbon emissions should encourage differentiating natural forests from exotic tree plantations and pay more attention on protecting and managing sustainably the former. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. | Environmental Research Letters | 17489318 | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abca64 | art124055 | 15 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; climate change; ecosystems; reforestation; remote sensing; ecosystem services; expert knowledge; forestry industry; high resolution satellite images; loss differentiation; overall accuracies; spatially explicit models; visual interpretation; biodiversity; climate change; ecosystem service; forest cover; forest ecosystem; plantation forestry; remote sensing; satellite imagery; strategic approach; tree; biodiversity, augmented visual interpretation; forest plantation; land use and land cover change; remote sensing; tree cover | Landscape Ecology and Conservation Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geography and Geology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom; Industrial Engineering Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute - ISCI, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Ciencias Agroalimentarias y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CIRN-INTA Castelar), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Sustainable Business, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, United States; Laboratorio de Planificación Territorial, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facul... |
| Spatial congruence among indicators of recovery completeness in a Mediterranean forest landscape: Implications for planning large-scale restoration | Altamirano A.; Miranda A.; Meli P.; Dehennin J.; Muys B.; Prado M.; Catalán G.; Smith-Ramírez C.; Bustamante-Sánchez M.; Lisón F.; María Rey-Benayas J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.046 | Natural regeneration has been proposed as a cost-effective forest restoration approach for both small and large-scale initiatives. However, attributes for assessing the success of forest restoration through natural regeneration may vary among them in spatial patterns depending on the scale of analysis and on environmental gradients. Here we analysed the spatial patterns of recovery completeness (i.e. how similar attributes in restored forests are to the same attributes in reference forests) in response to environmental factors in a Mediterranean forest landscape of Central Chile. We evaluated (1) forest recovery completeness using basal area (BA), quadratic mean diameter (QMD), adult species density (ASD), adult species richness (ASR), and seedling species richness (SSR); (2) the spatial congruence of recovery completeness estimated by each of these indicators; and (3) the environmental factors potentially shaping these spatial patterns. We used field measurements and geospatial information sources to quantify and predict indicator responses by fitting boosted regression tree models. To assess the spatial congruence of predictions we overlaid high-level recovery completeness values for all indicators. Overall recovery completeness in the study area was 72.7%, suggesting positive prospects for attaining fully restored forests. Recovery completeness had a resulted higher for diversity (92.3%−99.6%) than structural forest attributes (33.5%−76.9%); however, spatial congruence among recovery indicators was low due to the uneven spatial responses of each indicator. The maximum potential spatial congruence was <10%, and was predicted only by two environmental variables (soil bulk density and slope). Our results suggest that low spatial congruence among forest recovery indicators may hinder the monitoring of restoration at large scales. The implications of such divergence in defining restoration success can be enormous given the current global challenge of forest restoration. Although our research was tested in a threatened region of global importance, our results may have wider significance for restoration planning providing cautionary notes and recommendations for the appropriate use of forest recovery indicators when monitoring large-scale restoration projects. © 2019 | Ecological Indicators | 1470160X | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X19302274 | 752-759 | 102 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; cost effectiveness; recovery; reforestation; restoration; boosted regression trees; environmental gradient; environmental variables; forest restoration; geo-spatial informations; natural regeneration; quadratic mean diameter; vegetation recovery; basal area; diameter; forest ecosystem; mediterranean environment; plantation; regeneration; restoration ecology; seedling emergence; spatial analysis; species richness; conservation, boosted regression tree; landscape forest restoration; natural regeneration; restoration indicator; vegetation recovery | Landscape Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Butamallin Research Center for Global Change, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Division Forest, Nature & Landscape KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Life Sciences Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Doctorado en Ciencias Agroalimentarias y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile |
| The impacts of native forests and forest plantations on water supply in Chile | Alvarez-Garreton C.; Lara A.; Boisier J.P.; Galleguillos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.3390/f10060473 | Over the past 40 years, south-central Chile has experienced important land-use-induced land cover changes, with massive conversion from native forests (NF) to Pinus radiata D.Don and Eucalyptus spp. exotic forest plantations (FP). Several case studies have related this conversion to a reduction in water supply within small catchments (< 100 ha). In this work, we explore the impacts of NF and FP on streamflow by using a large-sample catchment dataset recently developed for Chile. We select 25 large forested catchments (> 20,000 ha) in south-central Chile (35° S-41° S), analyze their land cover and precipitation spatial distributions, and fit a regression model to quantify the influence of NF, FP, grassland (GRA) and shrubland (SHR) partitions on annual runoff. To assess potential effects of land cover changes on water supply, we use the fitted model (R2 = 0.84) in synthetic experiments where NF, GRA and SHR covers within the catchments are replaced by patches of FP.We show that annual runoff consistently decreases with increments of FP, although the magnitude of the change (ranging from 2.2% to 7.2% mean annual runoff decrease for 10,000 ha increment in FP) depends on several factors, including the initial land cover partition within the basin, the replaced land cover class, the area of the catchment, and the type of catchment (drier or humid). Finally, in the context of the mitigation strategies pledged in the Chilean NDC (Nationally Determined Contributions defined after the Paris Agreement), which include the afforestation of 100,000 ha (mainly native forest) by 2030, we quantify the impacts on water supply due to the afforestation of 100,000 ha with different combinations of NF and FP. We show that annual runoff is highly sensitive to the relative area of FP to NF: ratios of FP to NF areas of 10%, 50% and 90% would lead to 3%, -18% and -40% changes in mean annual runoff, respectively. Our results can be used in the discussion of public policies and decision-making involving forests and land cover changes, as they provide scientifically-based tools to quantify expected impacts on water resources. In particular, this knowledge is relevant for decision making regarding mitigation strategies pledged in the Chilean NDC. © 2019 by the authors. | Forests | 19994907 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/6/473 | art473 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; forest plantation; grassland; land use and land cover change; native forest; ndc; shrubland; water provision; water supply, chile; decision making; land use; reforestation; regression analysis; runoff; chile; eucalyptus; pinus radiata; catchments; decision making; land use; large dataset; reforestation; regression analysis; runoff; chile; forest plantation; grassland; land use and land cover change; native forests; shrublands; water provision; grassland; land cover; land use change; plantation forestry; runoff; shrubland; streamflow; water supply; water supply | Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2, FONDAP 15110009), Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile |
| The role of streamside native forests on dissolved organic matter in forested and agricultural watersheds in northwestern Patagonia | Becerra-Rodas C.; Little C.; Lara A.; Sandoval J.; Osorio S.; Nimptsch J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.3390/f10070595 | Streamside native forests are known for their key role in water provision, commonly referred to as buffers that control the input or output of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems (i.e., nitrogen or carbon cycle). In order to assess the functional role of indigenous forests along streamside channels, we measured 10 parameters associated with DOM (Dissolved Organic Matter) at 42 points in 12 small catchments (15-200 ha) dominated by native forests (reference, WNF), forest plantations (WFP) and agricultural lands (WAL) in which the land cover portion was calculated in the entire watershed and along 30 and 60-m wide buffer strips. We found that watersheds WFP andWAL were statistically different than WNF, according to DIC concentrations (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and the intensity of the maximum fluorescence of DOM components. Using linear models, we related streamside native forest coverage in buffer strips with DOM parameters. The increase of streamside native forest coverage in 60 m wide buffer strips (0-100%) was related to lower DIC concentrations (0.89 to 0.28 mg C L-1). In watersheds WFP andWAL, the humic and fulvic-like components (0.42 to 1.42 R.U./mg C L-1) that predominated were related to an increase in streamside native forest coverage in the form of a 60 m wide buffer strip (0-75%). This is evidence that streamside native forests influence outputs of detritus and lowered in-stream processing with concomitant downstream transport, and functional integrity and water quality. We propose that DOM quantity and quality may be a potential tool for the identification of priority areas near streams for conservation and ecological restoration in terms of recovery of water quality as an important ecosystem service. The results of this study are useful to inform policy and regulations about the width of streamside native forests as well as their characteristics and restrictions. © 2019 by the author. | Forests | 19994907 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/7/595 | art595 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | agricultural lands; catchment management; dissolved organic matter; forest plantations; native forests; riparian vegetation; streamside native buffer, carbon; dissolving; forestry; organic compounds; runoff; water quality; patagonia; aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemistry; biological materials; carbon; dissolution; organic compounds; runoff; water quality; watersheds; agricultural land; catchment management; dissolved organic matters; forest plantation; native forests; riparian vegetation; streamside native buffer; agricultural land; buffer zone; catchment; conservation management; dissolved organic carbon; ecosystem service; plantation forestry; restoration ecology; riparian vegetation; water quality; watershed; forestry | Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Instituto Forestal (INFOR), Sede Los Ríos, Fundo Teja Norte s/n, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2, FONDAP 15110009, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Laboratorio de Bioensayos y Limnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile |
| Colored raschel mesh effect on growth of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus nitens and pinus radiata seedlings under nursery conditions; [Efecto de mallas raschel de colores en el crecimiento de plántulas de Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus nitens y pinus radiata en condiciones de vivero] | Bustos-Salazar A.; Zuñiga-Feest A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.4067/S0717-92002019000300287 | Forest plantations in Chile represent 2.5 million hectares, with Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus as the most commonly used species. Worldwide, raschel meshes have been used in fruit, horticultural and ornamental shrubs to improve the production of fruits, leaves and flowers. In Chile, it has been operationally used for nursery protocols; they include raschel color mesh to increase shade, which leads to shoot elongation and protection against freezing. However, the possible effect of these colored meshes on the physiological performance of these seedlings is unknown. The objective of this work was to describe the light environment produced by these colored meshes (black, white, blue, green) and to evaluate their effect on growth and physiological performance of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus seedlings. To evaluate differences among colored meshes, the quality and intensity of light was determined. Seedlings maintained under each mesh were evaluated through the measurement of growth (increasing height of shoots), biomass distribution and vitality (fluorescence of PSII, Fv/Fm). Results show that black and white mesh influences were not selective on their transmittance spectrum and only provided shade (70 % and 50 %, respectively). Vitality measurements did not show damage in seedlings. Seasonal variation on growth was observed, with the highest values during fall and spring for P. radiata and only in spring for both Eucalyptus spp. White mesh promotes higher growth only on both Eucalyptus species, thus it would be recommended for nursery practices. © 2019, Universidad Austral de Chile. All rights reserved. | Bosque | 03048799 | https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002019000300287 | 287-298 | 40 | Thomson Reuters ISI | nan, fluorescence of psii; forestry nurseries; fv/fm; growth rate; light quality; raschel colored mesh | Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencia del Clima y Resiliencia (CR), Escuela de Graduados, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Valdivia, Chile |
| GIMMS NDVI time series reveal the extent, duration, and intensity of “blooming desert” events in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, Northern Chile | Chávez R.O.; Moreira-Muñoz A.; Galleguillos M.; Olea M.; Aguayo J.; Latín A.; Aguilera-Betti I.; Muñoz A.A.; Manríquez H. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1016/j.jag.2018.11.013 | The “blooming desert”, or the explosive development and flowering of ephemeral herbaceous and some woody desert species during years with abnormally high accumulated rainfall, is a spectacular biological phenomenon of the hyper-arid Atacama Desert (northern Chile) attracting botanists, ecologists, geo-scientists, and the general public from all over the world. However, the number of “blooming deserts”, their geographical distribution and spatio-temporal patterns have not been quantitatively assessed to date. Here, we used NDVI data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) project to reconstruct the annual land surface phenology (LSP) of the Atacama Desert using a non-parametric statistical approach. From the reconstructed LSP, we detected the “blooming deserts” as positive NDVI anomalies and assessed three dimensions of the events: their temporal extent, intensity of “greening” and spatial extent. We identified 13 “blooming deserts” between 1981 and 2015, of which three (1997–98, 2002–03, and 2011) can be considered major events according to these metrics. The main event occurred in 2011, spanning 180 days between July and December 2011, and spread over 11,136 km2 of Atacama dry plains. “Blooming deserts” in Atacama have been triggered by the accumulation of precipitation during a period of 2 to 12 months before and during the events. The proposed three-dimensional approach allowed us to characterize different types of “blooming deserts”: with longer episodes or larger spatial distribution or with different “greening” intensities. Its flexibility to reconstruct different LSP and detect anomalies makes this method a useful tool to study these rare phenomena in other deserts in the world also. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation | 15698432 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243418306202 | 193-203 | 76 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atacama desert; chile; desert; extreme event; land surface; numerical model; phenology; precipitation intensity; remote sensing; time series; vegetation mapping, ephemeral vegetation; extreme events; land surface phenology; npphen; precipitation variability; remote sensing; time series | Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Instituto de Geografía, Valparaíso, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Centro Transdisciplinario de Estudios Ambientales y Desarrollo Humano Sostenible (CEAM), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Centennial-Scale SE Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variability Over the Past 2,300 Years | Collins J.A.; Lamy F.; Kaiser J.; Ruggieri N.; Henkel S.; De Pol-Holz R.; Garreaud R.; Arz H.W. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1029/2018PA003465 | Detailed temperature reconstructions over the past 2,000 years are important for contextualizing modern climate change. The midlatitude SE Pacific is a key region in this regard in terms of understanding the climatic linkages between the tropics and southern high latitudes. Multicentennial timescale temperature variability remains, however, poorly understood, due to a lack of long, high-temporal-resolution temperature records from this region and from the southern high latitudes in general. We present a unique alkenone sea surface temperature (SST) record from 44°S on the southern Chilean margin in the SE Pacific spanning the last 2,300 years at decadal resolution. The record displays relatively large changes including a cooling transition from 14 to 12.5 °C between 1,100 and 600 cal yr BP, in line with other Chile margin SST records and coeval with Antarctic cooling. This cooling is attributable to reduced Southern Ocean deep convection, driven by a late Holocene sea-ice increase in the Weddell Sea associated with increased El-Niño Southern Oscillation variability. Superimposed on the late Holocene cooling, we observe multicentennial timescale SST variability, including relatively cool SSTs (12.5 °C) from 950 to 500 cal yr BP, corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and warmer SSTs (13 °C) from 500 to 200 cal yr BP, corresponding to the Little Ice Age. These oscillations may reflect either multicentennial internal variability of the Southern Ocean deep convection and/or multicentennial variability in the phasing of El-Niño Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode events. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology | 25724517 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018PA003465 | 336-352 | 34 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); southern ocean; weddell sea; climate change; convection; cooling; el nino-southern oscillation; holocene; medieval warm period; reconstruction; sea ice; sea surface temperature, nan | Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, Bremerhaven, Germany; IOW - Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, Germany; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Managing Forests for Both Downstream and Downwind Water | Creed I.F.; Jones J.A.; Archer E.; Claassen M.; Ellison D.; McNulty S.G.; van Noordwijk M.; Vira B.; Wei X.; Bishop K.; Blanco J.A.; Gush M.; Gyawali D.; Jobbágy E.; Lara A.; Little C.; Martin-Ortega J.; Mukherji A.; Murdiyarso D.; Pol P.O.; Sullivan C.A.; Xu J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00064 | Forests and trees are key to solving water availability problems in the face of climate change and to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. A recent global assessment of forest and water science posed the question: How do forests matter for water? Here we synthesize science from that assessment, which shows that forests and water are an integrated system. We assert that forests, from the tops of their canopies to the base of the soils in which trees are rooted, must be considered a key component in the complex temporal and spatial dimensions of the hydrologic cycle. While it is clear that forests influence both downstream and downwind water availability, their actual impact depends on where they are located and their processes affected by natural and anthropogenic conditions. A holistic approach is needed to manage the connections between forests, water and people in the face of current governance systems that often ignore these connections. We need policy interventions that will lead to forestation strategies that decrease the dangerous rate of loss in forest cover and that—where appropriate—increase the gain in forest cover. We need collective interventions that will integrate transboundary forest and water management to ensure sustainability of water supplies at local, national and continental scales. The United Nations should continue to show leadership by providing forums in which interventions can be discussed, negotiated and monitored, and national governments must collaborate to sustainably manage forests to ensure secure water supplies and equitable and sustainable outcomes. © Copyright © 2019 Creed, Jones, Archer, Claassen, Ellison, McNulty, van Noordwijk, Vira, Wei, Bishop, Blanco, Gush, Gyawali, Jobbágy, Lara, Little, Martin-Ortega, Mukherji, Murdiyarso, Pol, Sullivan and Xu. | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | 2624893X | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00064/full | art64 | 2 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, adaptation; climate change; forest; hydrologic cycle; mitigation; policy; sustainability; water | School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Centre for Environmental Studies, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; External Expert Consultant, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Ellison Consulting, Baar, Switzerland; USDA Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Raleigh, NC, United States; World Agroforestry Centre, Bogor, Indonesia; Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Geography and University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, BC, Canada; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Royal Horticultural Society, Woking, United Kingdom; Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis y CONICET, San Luis, Argentina; F... |
| Temperature and agriculture are largely associated with fire activity in Central Chile across different temporal periods | Gómez-González S.; González M.E.; Paula S.; Díaz-Hormazábal I.; Lara A.; Delgado-Baquerizo M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.041 | Wildfires have important ecological and socio-economic implications worldwide. Identifying the major ecological drivers regulating fire activity across space and time is critical to formulating sustainable policies of landscape planning and management under global change scenarios. However, large scale studies quantifying the relative importance of relevant fire drivers across different time periods are largely lacking. We conducted a high-resolution spatial survey in Central Chile and used structural equation models (SEMs) to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of climate, human impact, land uses, and topography on the number of fires and burned area across two distinct periods of time (2000–2005 and 2011–2016). Mean temperature and agricultural use had the highest direct positive effect on the number of fires and burned area in the two studied periods, and thus were the major ecological predictors of fire activity. Human impact was also an important predictor of fire attributes. Topography had multiple indirect effects on fire activity by regulating land use, temperature, and human impact, but direct effects were negligible. Precipitation seasonality, drought and aridity indexes, native forests, and plantations, were less relevant predictors of fire activity. Even so, our SEMs suggested that areas dominated by native forests tended to have lower number of fires than those covered by croplands or plantations. Our results suggest that fire activity in Central Chile will be highly sensitive to increases in human pressure, land use change and warming by climate change. Because the relative importance of the predictors of fire activity was steady over time, the knowledge derived from this study provides critical insights for preventive fire management and landscape planning. The control of stubble burning, native forest restoration and sustainable forestry management could improve social adaptation to a fire-prone future. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112718315962 | 535-543 | 433 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | conservation; drought; ecology; economics; forestry; land use; chile; climate change; climate models; conservation; drought; ecology; economics; forestry; land use; topography; human impact; land-use change; large-scale studies; mediterranean-type climate; structural equation models; sustainable forestry; sustainable policies; wildfires; agriculture; anthropogenic effect; drought; fire; fire management; land use change; landscape planning; mediterranean environment; temperature; topography; wildfire; fires, drought; human impact; land use change; mediterranean-type climate; topography; wildfires | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Corporación Nacional Forestal, Departamento de Planificación y Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia |
| Protecting Patagonian peatlands in Chile | Hoyos-Santillan J.; Miranda A.; Lara A.; Rojas M.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | 10.1126/science.aaz9244 | [No abstract available] | Science (New York, N.Y.) | 10959203 | http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9244 | 1207-1208 | 366 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; ecosystem; forests; trees; chile; ecosystem; forest; tree | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK; Network for Extreme Environments Research, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos-FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Geophysics Department, University of Chile, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile |
| Using aboveground vegetation attributes as proxies for mapping peatland belowground carbon stocks | Lopatin J.; Kattenborn T.; Galleguillos M.; Perez-Quezada J.F.; Schmidtlein S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111217 | Peatlands are key reservoirs of belowground carbon (C) and their monitoring is important to assess the rapid changes in the C cycle caused by climate change and direct anthropogenic impacts. Frequently, information of peatland area and vegetation type estimated by remote sensing has been used along with soil measurements and allometric functions to estimate belowground C stocks. Despite the accuracy of such approaches, there is still the need to find mappable proxies that enhance predictions with remote sensing data while reducing field and laboratory efforts. Therefore, we assessed the use of aboveground vegetation attributes as proxies to predict peatland belowground C stocks. First, the ecological relations between remotely detectable vegetation attributes (i.e. vegetation height, aboveground biomass, species richness and floristic composition of vascular plants) and belowground C stocks were obtained using structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM was formulated using expert knowledge and trained and validated using in-situ information. Second, the SEM latent vectors were spatially mapped using random forests regressions with UAV-based hyperspectral and structural information. Finally, this enabled us to map belowground C stocks using the SEM functions parameterized with the random forests derived maps. This SEM approach resulted in higher accuracies than a direct application of a purely data-driven random forests approach with UAV data, with improvements of r2 from 0.39 to 0.54, normalized RMSE from 31.33% to 20.24% and bias from −0.73 to 0.05. Our case study showed that: (1) vegetation height, species richness and aboveground biomass are good proxies to map peatland belowground C stocks, as they can be estimated using remote sensing data and hold strong relationships with the belowground C gradient; and (2) SEM is facilitates to incorporate theoretical knowledge in empirical modeling approaches. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. | Remote Sensing of Environment | 00344257 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425719302305 | art111217 | 231 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | tracheophyta; carbon; climate change; decision trees; remote sensing; scanning electron microscopy; unmanned aerial vehicles (uav); wetlands; anthropogenic impacts; carbon stocks; floristic compositions; hyperspectral; path models; random forests; structural equation modeling; structural information; aboveground biomass; allometry; belowground biomass; carbon sequestration; climate change; mapping method; path analysis; peatland; remote sensing; scanning electron microscopy; spectral analysis; unmanned vehicle; vegetation cover; vegetation, belowground carbon stocks; hyperspectral; pls path modeling; random forests; sem; uav; vegetation attributes | Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany; Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, 8820808, Chile; , University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800003, Chile |
| Integrating socio-ecological dynamics into land use policy outcomes: A spatial scenario approach for native forest conservation in south-central Chile | Manuschevich D.; Sarricolea P.; Galleguillos M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.042 | Chile is one of the first documented nations to undergo a forest transition dominated by tree farm expansion. Scenario modelling can inform the possible outcomes of forest conservation policies, especially when the scenarios are rooted in the political dynamics that shaped the current legislation. In Chile, tree farms of non-native Radiata Pine and Eucalyptus provide a fast return on investment. Today, fast-growing plantations compete for land area with forest conservation, putting the unique bundle of ecosystem services provided by the latter at risk. Based on a previous political analysis, we propose scenarios projected to 2030 to compare a business-as-usual scenario with A) a conservation scenario based on strict land use restrictions B) an optimistic conservation scenario; C) an unrestricted industrial land use scenario; and D) a restricted industrial land use scenario. The scenarios differ in terms of the implemented policy instruments and the land area required for each land use. We compared these scenarios in terms of carbon stock, control of erosion and wood production, all of which are relevant in the current Chilean political debate. A conservation scenario (A), that combines incentives and restrictions, would imply the largest increase in native forest and regulation services, namely carbon stock and erosion control. In contrast, an unrestricted industrial land use scenario (C) leads to the worst outcomes in terms of erosion compared to a business-as-usual scenario. This study seeks to link political and economic processes underpinning land use change to environmental outcomes, while contributing to the larger discussion on forest policy, forest transitions and environmental outcomes. © 2019 | Land Use Policy | 02648377 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837718307518 | 31-42 | 84 | Thomson Reuters SSCI | chile; eucalyptus; radiata; conservation planning; ecosystem service; forest management; forestry policy; land use planning; nature conservation; policy implementation; policy making; spatial analysis, dyna-clue; forest transitions; invest; socio-ecological; tree farms | Escuela de Geografía, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Condell 343. Edificio A, quinto piso. Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geografía, University of Chile, Av. Portugal 84, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa N° 11315. La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Ventilation of the Deep Ocean Carbon Reservoir During the Last Deglaciation: Results From the Southeast Pacific | Martínez Fontaine C.; De Pol-Holz R.; Michel E.; Siani G.; Reyes-Macaya D.; Martínez-Méndez G.; DeVries T.; Stott L.; Southon J.; Mohtadi M.; Hebbeln D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1029/2019PA003613 | Coeval changes in atmospheric CO2 and 14C contents during the last deglaciation are often attributed to ocean circulation changes that released carbon stored in the deep ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Work is being done to generate records that allow for the identification of the exact mechanisms leading to the accumulation and release of carbon from the oceanic reservoir, but these mechanisms are still the subject of debate. Here we present foraminifera 14C data from five cores in a transect across the Chilean continental margin between ~540 and ~3,100 m depth spanning the last 20,000 years. Our data reveal that during the LGM, waters at ~2,000 m were 50% to 80% more depleted in Δ14C than waters at ~1,500 m when compared to modern values, consistent with the hypothesis of a glacial deep ocean carbon reservoir that was isolated from the atmosphere. During the deglaciation, our intermediate water records reveal homogenization in the Δ14C values between ~800 and ~1,500 m from ~16.5–14.5 ka cal BP to ~14–12 ka cal BP, which we interpret as deeper penetration of Antarctic Intermediate Water. While many questions still remain, this process could aid the ventilation of the deep ocean at the beginning of the deglaciation, contributing to the observed ~40 ppm rise in atmospheric pCO2. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology | 25724517 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019PA003613 | 2080-2097 | 34 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); foraminifera; antarctic intermediate water; carbon cycle; continental margin; historical record; last glacial maximum; last glaciation; organic carbon; reservoir; ventilation | Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación GAIA-Antárctica (CIGA) and Network for Extreme Environments Research (NEXER), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Geoscience Paris Sud (GEOPS) Universities of Paris Sud and Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay, France; MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States |
| Marine radiocarbon reservoir age along the chilean continental margin | Merino-Campos V.; De Pol-Holz R.; Southon J.; Latorre C.; Collado-Fabbri S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1017/RDC.2018.81 | We present 37 new radiocarbon ( 14 C) measurements from mollusk shells fragments sampled along the Chilean continental margin and stored in museum collections with known calendar age. These measurements were used to estimate the modern pre-bomb regional marine 14 C age deviations from the global ocean reservoir (δR). Together with previously published data, we calculated regional mean δR values for five oceanographic macro regions along the coast plus one for a mid-latitude open ocean setting. In general, upwelling regions north of 42°S show consistent although sometimes highly variable δR values with regional averages ranging from 141 to 196 14 C yr, whereas the mid-latitude open ocean location of the Juan Fernández archipelago and the southern Patagonian region show minor, δR of 40±38 14 C yr, and 52±47 14 C yr respectively. We attribute the alongshore decreasing pattern toward higher latitudes to the main oceanographic features along the Chilean coast such as perennial coastal upwelling in northern zone, seasonally variable upwelling at the central part and the large freshwater influence upon the southern Patagonian channels. © 2018 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. | Radiocarbon | 00338222 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822218000814/type/journal_article | 195-210 | 61 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; juan fernandez islands; patagonia; filicophyta; accelerator mass spectrometry; age; carbon isotope; continental margin; global ocean; mollusc; museum; radiocarbon dating; reservoir; shell; upwelling, chile; radiocarbon ams dating; reservoir correction; reservoir effect; upwelling | Postgraduate School in Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Dirección Programas Antárticos y Subantárticos, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR) 2, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, United States; Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Traits of perch trees promote seed dispersal of endemic fleshy-fruit species in degraded areas of endangered Mediterranean ecosystems | Miranda A.; Vásquez I.A.; Becerra P.; Smith-Ramírez C.; Delpiano C.A.; Hernández-Moreno A.; Altamirano A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.103995 | The presence and attributes of perch trees in degraded areas may promote seed dispersal. We evaluated the effect of the distance from remnant forest fragments on seed rain of different fleshy-fruit tree species and examined whether the seed rain is favoured by some traits of the perch trees (Acacia caven), such as canopy diameter and tree height. The study was carried out in two localities of central Chile with extensive “espinales” adjacent to remnant fragments of sclerophyllous forest. We installed 210 seed traps under the same number of A. caven trees along 10 transects in the two study areas. We set up the seed traps between 1 and 100 m away from forest fragments. We found a significant negative relationship between seed rain and distance. We also found a positive relationship between seed rain and the height and canopy diameter of the perch tree. Our results suggest that different woody species are able to disperse into the espinal, and that bigger A. caven trees are better perches than smaller individuals. We propose that at distances up to at least 100 m from forest fragments, seed availability does not limit natural regeneration into espinales. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd | Journal of Arid Environments | 01401963 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196319300862 | art103995 | 170 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; mediterranean region; acacia caven; aves; coniferous tree; endangered species; endemic species; forest ecosystem; fruit; restoration ecology; seed dispersal; seed rain, bird seed dispersal; chilean sclerophyllous forests; forest restoration; seed rain | Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Av. Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, 4860, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, CAPES, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad-Chile (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Chile |
| A late Pleistocene human footprint from the Pilauco archaeological site, northern Patagonia, Chile | Moreno K.; Bostelmann J.E.; Macías C.; Navarro-Harris X.; De Pol-Holz R.; Pino M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0213572 | The present study describes the discovery of a singular sedimentary structure corresponding to an ichnite that was excavated at the paleo-archaeological site Pilauco (Osorno, Chile). The trace fossil is associated with megafauna bones, plant material and unifacial lithic tools. Here we present a detailed analysis of the Pilauco ichnite and associated sedimentary structures, as well as new radiocarbon data. The ichnological analysis confidently assigns the trace to the ichnospecies Hominipes modernus—a hominoid footprint usually related to Homo sapiens. Some particular characteristics of the Pilauco trace include an elongated distal hallux, lateral digit impressions obliterated by the collapsed sediment, and sediment lumps inside and around the trace. In order to evaluate the origin of the ichnite, trackmaking experiments are performed on re-hydrated fossil bed sediments. The results demonstrate that a human agent could easily generate a footprint morphology equivalent to the sedimentary structure when walking on a saturated substrate. Based on the evidence, we conclude that the trackmaker might well have been a bare-footed adult human. This finding, along with the presence of lithic artifacts in the same sedimentary levels, might represent further evidence for a pre-Clovis South American colonization of northern Patagonia, as originally proposed for the nearby Monte Verde site. © 2019 Moreno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | PLoS ONE | 19326203 | http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213572 | arte0213572 | 14 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, animals; archaeology; chile; foot; fossils; geologic sediments; hominidae; humans; carbon 14; adult; ape; article; artifact; chile; demography; digit (body part); foot; fossil; hallux; human; morphology; radiometric dating; sedimentology; stratigraphy; walking speed; animal; archeology; fossil; hominid; sediment | Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Transdisciplinary Center for Quaternary research in the South of Chile, TAQUACh, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica (CIGA), Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile |
| Multidecadal environmental pollution in a mega-industrial area in central Chile registered by tree rings | Muñoz A.A.; Klock-Barría K.; Sheppard P.R.; Aguilera-Betti I.; Toledo-Guerrero I.; Christie D.A.; Gorena T.; Gallardo L.; González-Reyes Á.; Lara A.; Lambert F.; Gayo E.; Barraza F.; Chávez R.O. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133915 | One of the most polluted areas in Chile is the Ventanas Industrial Area (VIA; 32.74°S / 71.48°W), which started in 1958 and today comprises around 16 industries in an area of ca. 4 km2. A lack of consistent long-term instrumental records precludes assessing the history of contamination in the area and also limits the evaluation of mitigation actions taken since the late 1980s. Here, we use dendrochemistry as an environmental proxy to analyze environmental changes over several decades at the VIA. We present chemical measurements of tree rings from planted, exotic Cupressus macrocarpa growing near the VIA with 4-year resolution over a period of 52 years (1960–2011). These data provide unprecedented information on regional anthropogenic pollution and are compared with a tree-ring elemental record of 48 years (1964–2011) from the Isla Negra (INE) control site not exposed to VIA emissions. For the 48 years of overlap between both sites, higher concentrations of Zn, V, Co, Cd, Ag, Fe, Cr, and Al were especially registered after the year 2000 at VIA compared to INE for the periods under study. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, As, Fe, Mo, Cr, and Zn increased through time, particularly over the period 1980–1990. Decontamination plans activated in 1992 appear to have had a positive effect on the amount of some elements, but the chemical concentration in the tree rings suggest continued accumulation of pollutants in the environment. Only after several years of implementation of the mitigation measures have some elements tended to decrease in concentration, especially at the end of the evaluated period. Dendrochemistry is a useful tool to provide a long-term perspective of the dynamics of trace metal pollution and represents a powerful approach to monitor air quality variability to extend the instrumental records back in time. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969719338653 | art133915 | 696 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; environmental monitoring; environmental pollution; industry; trees; chile; cupressus macrocarpa; air quality; aluminum alloys; pollution control; trace elements; trees (mathematics); aluminum; arsenic; cadmium; chromium; cobalt; copper; iron; lead; molybdenum; silver; trace metal; vanadium; zinc; baseline; dendrochemistry; industrial pollution; macrocarpa; trace metal; anthropogenic source; concentration (composition); decadal variation; dendrochronology; environmental change; soil pollution; soil quality; trace metal; tree ring; air monitoring; air pollution; air quality; article; biochemistry; chemical composition; chile; comparative study; controlled study; cupressus; cupressus macrocarpa; dendrochemistry; environmental impact; geographic distribution; human activities; industrial area; plant structures; priority journal; temporal analysis; tree ring; chemistry; environmental monitoring; industry; pollution; procedures; tree; forestry, baseline; cupressus macrocarpa; dendrochemistry; industrial pollution; trace metals | Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2241, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States; Centro Transdisciplinario de Estudios Ambientales y Desarrollo Humano Sostenible (CEAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Geo-Información y Percepción Remota, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Chile |
| Wind energy: A human challenge | Sills J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | 10.1126/science.aaz9244 | [No abstract available] | Science | 00368075 | http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9244 | 1207-1208 | 366 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, electricity; energy transfer; human; land use; landscape; letter; priority journal; renewable energy; social participation; society; sociology; wind power | College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, United States |
| A perched, high-elevation wetland complex in the atacama desert (northern Chile) and its implications for past human settlement | Sitzia L.; Gayo E.M.; Sepulveda M.; González J.S.; Ibañez L.; Queffelec A.; De Pol-Holz R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | 10.1017/qua.2018.144 | A previously undocumented type of wetland is described from the Atacama Desert in northern Chile (3000 m above sea level), sustained exclusively by direct precipitation and perched above the regional water table. Geomorphological mapping, pedostratigraphy, geochemistry, and analysis of contemporary vegetation is used to understand wetland formation and dynamics during historical and present time periods. The paleowetland deposits overlie a Miocene tuff that acts as an impermeable barrier to water transfer and creates conditions for local shallow ground water. These deposits include several paleosols that were formed during periods when precipitation increased regionally at 7755-7300, 1270, 545, and 400-300 cal yr BP. The similarity in timing with other palaeohydrological records for the Atacama implies that paleosols from this wetland are proxies for reconstructing past changes in local and regional hydrological cycle. Archaeological investigations have revealed the presence of two small farms from the Late Intermediate period, i.e., during the earliest wetter phase represented by the paleosols. Both farms are located near the paleowetland deposits, which suggests that local inhabitants exploited these water sources during late pre-Hispanic times. Results of this study improve knowledge of settlement patterns during this and earlier cultural periods. © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019. | Quaternary Research (United States) | 00335894 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589418001448/type/journal_article | 33-52 | 92 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atacama desert; central andes; desert wetlands; holocene; late intermediate period; perched wetlands; tuff; volcanic ash, andes; atacama desert; chile; deposits; groundwater; sea level; volcanoes; atacama desert; central andes; holocenes; intermediate periods; tuff; volcanic ash; formation mechanism; holocene; paleohydrology; paleosol; prehistoric; settlement pattern; tuff; volcanic ash; wetland; wetlands | Universidad de Tarapacá, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, Arica, 1000000, Chile; Laboratorio de Análisis e Investigaciones Arqueométricas, Museo Universidad de Tarapacá San Miguel de Azapa XV, Región de Arica y Parinacota, Camino a Azapa Km 12, Arica, 1000000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research and Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile; Laboratorio de Análisis e Investigaciones Arqueométricas, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Casilla 6-D, Arica, 1000236, Chile; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8096 Archéologie des Amériques, France; Independent Researcher, United States; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, 4000, Argentina; PACEA (De la Préhistoire À l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Pessac Cedex, 33615, France; Center for Climate and Resilience Research and GAIA-Antarctica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, 6200000, Chile |
| Assessment of soil physical properties’ statuses under different land covers within a landscape dominated by exotic industrial tree plantations in south-central Chile | Soto L.; Galleguillos M.; Seguel O.; Sotomayor B.; Lara A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.2489/jswc.74.1.12 | Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) within a highly anthropized Mediterranean landscape dominated by industrial tree plantation leads to degradation of soil physical properties. This process has been more intense in the coastal range of south-central Chile due to its soils, which are highly susceptible to erosion, combined with a long history of intensive land use changes during the last century, transitioning from native forest (NF) to agriculture and the more recent establishment of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. exotic tree plantations. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the statuses of soil physical properties over different land cover situations. Historical land cover maps were determined via supervised classifications using the maximum likelihood classifier applied to satellite imagery. Five land use and land cover categories (LULC) were defined according to main land cover transitions associated with active and abandoned forestry operations that have been reported in the region: NF, pine plantation (P), eucalyptus plantation (Eu), early successional (E-S), and secondary successional (S-S). Successional stages were generated using change detection statistics considering changes between 2001 and 2014 maps. Soil samples were collected at three depths in 39 plots that describe the five LULC. High clay contents were found in all the LULC except Eu and P. These sites have shown more signs of degradation, with lower organic matter (SOM) and macropores and higher shear strength (ShS). Soil organic matter was consistent with litter contribution and quality, establishing lower bulk density (Db) for NF and S-S and higher values for Eu and E-S. ShS and dispersion rate (DR) exhibit a correlation with SOM with lower ShS and higher DR when SOM increased. Relevant differences were identified for structural stability index (SSI) between LULC depending on soil physical quality, besides a positive correlation with SOM. Those results show the need to generate appropriate conditions of vegetation cover in order to recover soils subjected to current forestry management of industrial plantations. © 2019 Soil Conservation Society of America. All rights reserved. | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation | 00224561 | http://www.jswconline.org/lookup/doi/10.2489/jswc.74.1.12 | 12-23 | 74 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; eucalyptus; pinus radiata; anthropogenic effect; bulk density; forestry practice; land cover; land degradation; land use change; mediterranean environment; plantation forestry; pore space; shear strength, degraded landscape; forestry industry; land use and land cover changes (lulcc); mediterranean ecosystem; soil properties | University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Conservation, Biodiversity and Territory, Austral University, Valdivia, Chile |
| A vertical forest within the forest: millenary trees from the Valdivian rainforest as biodiversity hubs | Tejo C.F.; Fontúrbel F.E. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1002/ecy.2584 | [No abstract available] | Ecology | 00129658 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecy.2584 | arte02584 | 100 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, biodiversity; forests; rainforest; trees; tropical climate; argentina; chile; los rios [chile]; valdivia; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; biota; coniferous tree; endangered species; forest canopy; forest ecosystem; rainforest; red list; temperate forest; tree; biodiversity; forest; rain forest; tree; tropic climate | Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile |
| Informe de Síntesis Simulaciones climáticas regionales para el continente Antártico | Bozkurt,D.;Rondanelli,R;Carrasco,J;Boisier,J.P.;Morales,B;Muñoz,F;Valdebenito,N;Del Hoyo,M.;Troncoso,M.;Bustos,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | | | | https://cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-sintesis-simulacionesantartica.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe de Síntesis Simulaciones climáticas regionales para el territorio insular Chileno | Bozkurt,D;Rondanelli,R;Carrasco,J.;Boisier,J;Morales,B;Muñoz,F;Valdebenito,N;Del Hoyo,M.;Troncoso,M.;Bustos,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | | | | https://cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-sintesis-simulaciones-territorio-insular.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las naciones: El Antropoceno en Chile: evidencias y formas de avanzar | Gallardo,Laura;Rudnick,Andrea;Barraza,José;Fleming,Zoë L.;Rojas,Maisa;Gayo,Eugenia M.;Aguirre,Catalina;Farías,Laura;Boisier,Juan Pablo;Garreaud,René;Barría,Pilar;Miranda,Alejandro;Lara,Antonio;Gómez-González,Susana;Arriagada,Rodrigo; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | | En el siglo XXI, el desarrollo de Chile está en juego debido a las amenazas planteadas por el Antropoceno. Esta época se caracteriza por la influencia humana sobre el sistema terrestre. Sin embargo, si se enfrenta con audacia, ofrece una oportunidad para un desarrollo sostenible. Independientemente de si hemos entrado en una nueva era geológica, el Antropoceno cuestiona nuestra forma de vivir en el planeta azul del sistema solar. O, dicho de otra manera, la forma de entender el progreso y el desarrollo. En un país con grandes desigualdades sociales, altamente vulnerable al cambio global, enfrentar este desafío es de crucial importancia y puede ofrecer nuevas oportunidades. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Informe-Antropoceno-castellano.pdf | 40 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Tras la huella del Cambio Climático | Troncoso,Macarena;Rudloff,Valeria; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | | El cambio climático es una realidad y Chile no está exento de su amenaza. En la última década se ha observado un aumento generalizado de las temperaturas a nivel global, además de otros eventos y alteraciones climáticas en distintas latitudes del planeta, las que han repercutido desfavorablemente en la población. Esto, sumado a la acelerada extinción de especies en el último siglo, nos muestra lo vulnerable que es la vida frente al cambio climático. Nuestro país también se ha visto afectado con las recientes olas de calor y un prolongado défcit de precipitaciones en gran parte de su territorio, lo cual corresponde a la antesala de las proyecciones climáticas para este fn de siglo. Entonces, ¿cómo será la vida en el futuro cercano? El cambio climático que estamos presenciando ha sido producto de la actividad humana, y afecta tanto a las personas y todas sus actividades, como a los ecosistemas que habitan el planeta. Es entonces fundamental hacernos cargo de este problema como sociedad, y para ello debemos entenderlo, estudiarlo y analizarlo desde distintos ángulos, como es desde las ciencias sociales y ciencias naturales. La presente guía de apoyo educacional busca abordar el cambio climático desde este último punto: las ciencias naturales. Presentación; ¿Por qué hacer esta guía de actividades? La comunidad científca ha sido clave en evidenciar el cambio climático, mostrando los motivos y sus posibles consecuencias. Pero esto no basta, ya que toda la sociedad debe ser partícipe a la hora de actuar en su contra. Luego, las personas deben entender la ciencia en torno al cambio climático, y esto comienza desde lo básico: el método científco. Esta guía es, pues, un viaje hacia la indagación científca dentro del marco del medio ambiente, y es importante que profesores y estudiantes trabajen juntos en este nuevo camino. ¿Por qué Chile es vulnerable al cambio climático? ¿Qué estamos haciendo y qué haremos en el futuro? Son preguntas que se están haciendo cada vez más frecuentes tanto en jóvenes como adultos. Es por tanto ahora el momento de que el aula de clases se vuelva un espacio de conversación sobre el cambio climático, y no solo como un tema de carácter global, sino también dentro la experiencia del entorno próximo. Solo mediante la observación de nuestro contexto, el medio ambiente y nuestra historia, es que como sociedad podremos hacer frente al cambio climático. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Tras-la-Huella-del-Cambio-Clima%CC%81tico.pdf | 59 | | Not Indexed | | |
| First evidence for cold-adapted anaerobic oxidation of methane in deep sediments of thermokarst lakes | Winkel M.; Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Martinez-Cruz K.; Heslop J.K.; Rijkers R.; Horn F.; Liebner S.; Walter Anthony K.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2019 | 10.1088/2515-7620/ab1042 | Microbial decomposition of thawed permafrost carbon in thermokarst lakes leads to the release of ancient carbon as the greenhouse gas methane (CH4), yet potential mitigating processes are not understood. Here, we report δ13C–CH4 signatures in the pore water of a thermokarst lake sediment core that points towards in situ occurrence of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Analysis of the microbial communities showed a natural enrichment in CH4-oxidizing archaeal communities that occur in sediment horizons at temperatures near 0 °C. These archaea also showed high rates of AOM in laboratory incubations. Calculation of the stable isotopes suggests that 41 to 83% of in situ dissolved CH4 is consumed anaerobically. Quantification of functional genes (mcrA) for anaerobic methano-trophic communities revealed up to 6.7 ± 0.7 × 105 copy numbers g−1 wet weight and showed similar abundances to bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in the sediment layers with the highest AOM rates. We conclude that these AOM communities are fueled by CH4 produced from permafrost organic matter degradation in the underlying sediments that represent the radially expanding permafrost thaw front beneath the lake. If these communities are widespread in thermokarst environments, they could have a major mitigating effect on the global CH4 emissions. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. | Environmental Research Communications | 25157620 | http://stacks.iop.org/2515-7620/1/i=2/a=021002?key=crossref.5751fe233c14408fa25c87ac82e90cf1 | art021002 | 1 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cold air; lacustrine deposit; methane; oxidation; permafrost; porewater; thermokarst, 13c-methane; anme-2d; methanoperedenaceae; permafrost; subsurface | Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, United States; GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, section 3.7 Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam, 14469, Germany |
| The CAMELS-CL dataset: Catchment attributes and meteorology for large sample studies-Chile dataset | Alvarez-Garreton C.; Mendoza P.A.; Pablo Boisier J.; Addor N.; Galleguillos M.; Zambrano-Bigiarini M.; Lara A.; Puelma C.; Cortes G.; Garreaud R.; McPhee J.; Ayala A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.5194/hess-22-5817-2018 | We introduce the first catchment dataset for large sample studies in Chile. This dataset includes 516 catchments; it covers particularly wide latitude (17.8 to 55.0° S) and elevation (0 to 6993 m a.s.l.) ranges, and it relies on multiple data sources (including ground data, remote-sensed products and reanalyses) to characterise the hydroclimatic conditions and landscape of a region where in situ measurements are scarce. For each catchment, the dataset provides boundaries, daily streamflow records and basin-averaged daily time series of precipitation (from one national and three global datasets), maximum, minimum and mean temperatures, potential evapotranspiration (PET; from two datasets), and snow water equivalent. We calculated hydro-climatological indices using these time series, and leveraged diverse data sources to extract topographic, geological and land cover features. Relying on publicly available reservoirs and water rights data for the country, we estimated the degree of anthropic intervention within the catchments. To facilitate the use of this dataset and promote common standards in large sample studies, we computed most catchment attributes introduced by Addor et al. (2017) in their Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) dataset, and added several others.We used the dataset presented here (named CAMELS-CL) to characterise regional variations in hydroclimatic conditions over Chile and to explore how basin behaviour is influenced by catchment attributes and water extractions. Further, CAMELS-CL enabled us to analyse biases and uncertainties in basin-wide precipitation and PET. The characterisation of catchment water balances revealed large discrepancies between precipitation products in arid regions and a systematic precipitation underestimation in headwater mountain catchments (high elevations and steep slopes) over humid regions. We evaluated PET products based on ground data and found a fairly good performance of both products in humid regions (r > 0.91) and lower correlation (r < 0.76) in hyper-arid regions. Further, the satellite-based PET showed a consistent overestimation of observation-based PET. Finally, we explored local anomalies in catchment response by analysing the relationship between hydrological signatures and an attribute characterising the level of anthropic interventions. We showed that larger anthropic interventions are correlated with lower than normal annual flows, runoff ratios, elasticity of runoff with respect to precipitation, and flashiness of runoff, especially in arid catchments. CAMELS-CL provides unprecedented information on catchments in a region largely underrepresented in large sample studies. This effort is part of an international initiative to create multi-national large sample datasets freely available for the community. CAMELS-CL can be visualised from http://camels.cr2.cl and downloaded from https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894885. © 2018 Author(s). | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | 10275606 | https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/22/5817/2018/ | 5817-5846 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; camelidae; arid regions; catchments; remote sensing; reservoirs (water); snow; time series; uncertainty analysis; catchment water balance; hydroclimatic conditions; in-situ measurement; multiple data sources; potential evapotranspiration; precipitation products; regional variation; snow water equivalent; catchment; climate conditions; data set; headwater; hydrometeorology; land cover; meteorological hazard; potential evapotranspiration; precipitation (climatology); remote sensing; runoff; streamflow; water budget; runoff | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Mining Technology Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Laboratory of Hydraulics Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland |
| Climate change governance in the anthropocene: Emergence of polycentrism in Chile | Arriagada R.; Aldunce P.; Blanco G.; Ibarra C.; Moraga P.; Nahuelhual L.; O'Ryan R.; Urquiza A.; Gallardo L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1525/elementa.329 | Multilateral efforts are essential to an effective response to climate change, but individual nations define climate action policy by translating local and global objectives into adaptation and mitigation actions. We propose a conceptual framework to explore opportunities for polycentric climate governance, understanding polycentricity as a property that encompasses the potential for coordinating multiple centers of semiautonomous decision-making. We assert that polycentrism engages a diverse array of public and private actors for a more effective approach to reducing the threat of climate change. In this way, polycentrism may provide an appropriate strategy for addressing the many challenges of climate governance in the Anthropocene. We review two Chilean case studies: Chile's Nationally Determined Contribution on Climate Change and the Chilean National Climate Change Action Plan. Our examination demonstrates that Chile has included a diversity of actors and directed significant financial resources to both processes. The central government coordinated both of these processes, showing the key role of interventions at higher jurisdictional levels in orienting institutional change to improve strategic planning and better address climate change. Both processes also provide some evidence of knowledge co-production, while at the same time remaining primarily driven by state agencies and directed by technical experts. Efforts to overcome governance weaknesses should focus on further strengthening existing practices for climate change responses, establishing new institutions, and promoting decision-making that incorporates diverse social actors and multiple levels of governance. In particular, stronger inclusion of local level actors provides an opportunity to enhance polycentric modes of governance and improve climate change responses. Fully capitalizing on this opportunity requires establishing durable communication channels between different levels of governance. © 2018 The Author(s). | Elementa | 23251026 | https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.329/ | art68 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; action plan; adaptive management; anthropocene; climate change; conceptual framework; decision making; environmental policy; financial system; governance approach; mitigation; strategic approach, chile; climate change; governance; polycentrism; public consultation | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, FONDAP15110009, Santiago, CL, United States; Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medioambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States; Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States; Instituto de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, CL, United States; Centro de Derecho Ambiental, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States; Instituto de Economía Agraria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, CL, United States; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, CL, United States; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States; Millennium Nucleus Center for the Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States; Programa de Reducción de Riesgos y Desastres (CITRID), Santiago, CL, United States; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, IDEAL, FONDAP15150003, Santiago, CL, United States; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL, United States |
| Burn severity controls on postfire Araucaria-Nothofagus regeneration in the Andean Cordillera | Assal T.J.; González M.E.; Sibold J.S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1111/jbi.13428 | Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate postfire regeneration patterns of Araucaria-Nothofagus forests on the west slope of the Andes; to evaluate the relationship between remotely sensed burn severity and forest mortality; and to assess controls of burn severity on forest response at local spatio-temporal scales. Location: Araucanía region in the western Andean Range of south-central Chile where fire occurred during the 2001–2002 season. Methods: Sampling of prefire stand structure and postfire vegetation response was performed along a burn severity gradient a decade after the fire. We evaluated the relationship between field-measured tree mortality and satellite-derived burn severity using a generalized linear model. We fit zero-inflated mixture models to regeneration data of each genus to assess the importance of abiotic variables, stand characteristics, and biotic interactions. Results: The relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio explained 85% of the variability in canopy mortality. Nearly 12,000 hectares burned; the majority at high severity (67%). Regeneration densities of both genera were lower at higher levels of burn severity and higher with greater total basal area (live, dead, and down trees). The relative effect size of burn severity on regeneration was nearly twice as large for Nothofagus, which suggests information legacies of Araucaria have cascading effects on postdisturbance material legacies. Main conclusions: Araucaria-Nothofagus mortality from wildfire can be readily mapped using satellite-derived burn severity. Although environmental site characteristics and biotic interactions mediate regeneration, basal area, and burn severity are the main mechanisms controlling regeneration. Forest refugia and postfire regeneration are vulnerable to recurrent fire. Therefore, we expect future fire (either increased severity or frequency), driven by landscape level changes, as a potential mechanism that can reduce local resilience of these forests as initial postfire material legacies (e.g., refugia and regeneration) are removed from the landscape. Our findings highlight an approach to quantify important attributes of forest disturbance and refugia, and identify areas for monitoring postdisturbance regeneration as the forests throughout south-central Chile and Argentina face a multitude of potential change agents. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Biogeography Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd | Journal of Biogeography | 03050270 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jbi.13428 | 2483-2494 | 45 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andes; araucania; argentina; chile; cordillera; paraguay; tolhuaca national park; araucaria; araucaria araucana; nothofagus; tolhuaca; basal area; burning; coniferous forest; deciduous forest; environmental gradient; environmental monitoring; fire behavior; landscape ecology; mortality; regeneration; stand structure; vegetation dynamics; wildfire, araucaria araucana; burn severity model; fire effects; nothofagus; regeneration model; tolhuaca national park | U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States |
| Recent intensification of Amazon flooding extremes driven by strengthened Walker circulation | Barichivich J.; Gloor E.; Peylin P.; Brienen R.J.W.; Schöngart J.; Espinoza J.C.; Pattnayak K.C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1126/sciadv.aat8785 | The Amazon basin is the largest watershed on Earth. Although the variability of the Amazon hydrological cycle has been increasing since the late 1990s, its underlying causes have remained elusive. We use water levels in the Amazon River to quantify changes in extreme events and then analyze their cause. Despite continuing research emphasis on droughts, the largest change over recent decades is a marked increase in very severe floods. Increased flooding is linked to a strengthening of the Walker circulation, resulting from strong tropical Atlantic warming and tropical Pacific cooling. Atlantic warming due to combined anthropogenic and natural factors has contributed to enhance the change in atmospheric circulation. Whether this anomalous increase in flooding will last depends on the evolution of the tropical inter-ocean temperature difference. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. | Science Advances | 23752548 | http://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aat8785 | artaat8785 | 4 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Subdirección de Ciencias de la Atmósfera e Hidrósfera (SCAH), Lima, Peru |
| State of the climate in 2017 | Blunden J.; Hartfield G.; Arndt D.S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1175/2018BAMSSTATEOFTHECLIMATE.1 | In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere - carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide - reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina - the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the long-term mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700- m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991. © 2018 American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved. | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | 00030007 | http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 | 1-330 | 99 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atmospheric temperature; bleaching; carbon dioxide; cleaning; fires; floods; global warming; greenhouse gases; growth rate; hurricanes; nitrogen oxides; rain; satellites; sea ice; sea level; storms; surface properties; surface waters; tropics; atmospheric measurement; carbon dioxide concentrations; eastern equatorial pacific; increasing temperatures; lower stratospheric temperature; sea surface temperature (sst); tropical cyclone records; tropospheric temperature; land surface temperature, nan | NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States; NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Raleigh, NC, United States |
| Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE | Büntgen U.; Wacker L.; Galván J.D.; Arnold S.; Arseneault D.; Baillie M.; Beer J.; Bernabei M.; Bleicher N.; Boswijk G.; Bräuning A.; Carrer M.; Ljungqvist F.C.; Cherubini P.; Christl M.; Christie D.A.; Clark P.W.; Cook E.R.; D’Arrigo R.; Davi N.; Eggertsson Ó.; Esper J.; Fowler A.M.; Gedalof Z.; Gennaretti F.; Grießinger J.; Grissino-Mayer H.; Grudd H.; Gunnarson B.E.; Hantemirov R.; Herzig F.; Hessl A.; Heussner K.-U.; Jull A.J.T.; Kukarskih V.; Kirdyanov A.; Kolář T.; Krusic P.J.; Kyncl T.; L... | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0 | Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the 14C content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770–780 and 990–1000 CE. Distinct 14C excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved 14C measurements are needed. © 2018, The Author(s). | Nature Communications | 20411723 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06036-0 | art3605 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon 14; carbon isotope; chronology; concentration (composition); cosmogenic radionuclide; solar radiation; spatiotemporal analysis; tree ring; article; atmospheric radioactivity; chronology; proton radiation; radiation measurement; radiometric dating; space; spring; summer; weather, nan | Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic; Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland; Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, University of Québec in Rimouski, G5L 3A1, QC, Canada; School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland; CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, San Michele all′Adige, 38010, TN, Italy; Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zurich, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland; School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91058, Germany; Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy; Department of History, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanc... |
| An unusual kind of diurnal streamflow variation | Cuevas J.G.; Arumí J.L.; Zúñiga-Feest A.; Little C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1515/johh-2017-0041 | During hydrological research in a Chilean swamp forest, we noted a pattern of higher streamflows close to midday and lower ones close to midnight, the opposite of an evapotranspiration (Et)-driven cycle. We analyzed this diurnal streamflow signal (DSS), which appeared mid-spring (in the growing season). The end of this DSS coincided with a sustained rain event in autumn, which deeply affected stream and meteorological variables. A survey along the stream revealed that the DSS maximum and minimum values appeared 6 and 4 hours earlier, respectively, at headwaters located in the mountain forests/ plantations than at the control point in the swamp forest. Et in the swamp forest was higher in the morning and in the late afternoon, but this process could not influence the groundwater stage. Trees in the mountain headwaters reached their maximum Ets in the early morning and/or close to midday. Our results suggest that the DSS is a wave that moves from forests high in the mountains towards lowland areas, where Et is decoupled from the DSS. This signal delay seems to convert the link between streamflow and Et in an apparent, but spurious positive relationship. It also highlights the role of landscape heterogeneity in shaping hydrological processes. © 2017 2017. | Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics | 0042790X | http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/johh.2018.66.issue-1/johh-2017-0041/johh-2017-0041.xml | 32-42 | 66 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; evapotranspiration; groundwater; landforms; stream flow; wetlands; growing season; hydrological process; landscape heterogeneities; meteorological variables; mountain forests; riparian zones; streamflow variations; swamp forests; evapotranspiration; groundwater; groundwater-surface water interaction; growing season; headwater; montane forest; riparian zone; seasonal variation; streamflow; swamp forest; forestry, evapotranspiration; groundwater; riparian zones; streamflow; swamp forests | Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Av. Raúl Bitrán, La Serena, 1305, Chile; Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Departamento de Recursos Hídricos, Centro CRHIAM, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile; Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto Forestal (INFOR), Sede Los Ríos, Fundo Teja Norte S/n, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile |
| Nutrient and sediment losses to streams after intervention of eucalyptus plantations | Cuevas J.G.; Little C.; Lobos D.; Lara A.; Pino M.; Acuña A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.4067/S0718-95162018005001702 | The forestry industry is known for negatively affecting stream quality when proper management is not applied. Nutrient retention by soils and streamside vegetation buffer strips could attenuate these impacts. We tested the response of different streams to the nutrients and sediments released by a) fertilization and b) clear-cutting of Eucalyptus globulus plantations growing on volcanic soils in southern Chile. We expected the exports to decrease as the remnant streamside native forest width (SNFW) increased. The response to fertilization was restricted to the days immediately after the nutrient addition. On the contrary, most of the nutrients analysed (nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic nitrogen, phosphate, and total phosphorus) showed a long-term response to clear-cutting. The observed trends were not affected by the SNFWs included in this study (2.5-22 m). Regarding sediments, there were no differences compared to the control watershed, probably due to improvements in the implemented management practices. We conclude that a SNFW < 22 m is not sufficient to avoid the loss of nutrients released by clear-cutting, as it is for sediments. The analysed SNFWs were smaller than those established by Chilean regulations (maximum 30 m) and our results support claims for wider riparian widths in order to effectively filter the nutrients and sediments that influence streams. © 2018, Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. All rights reserved. | Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | 07189516 | https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162018005001702 | 576-596 | 18 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, eucalyptus globulus; fertilization; sediments; streamside native forest width; ultisols | Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Centro de Investigacion en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto Forestal (INFOR), Sede Los Ríos, Fundo Teja Norte s/n, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra and TAQUACH, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Ecología del Dosel, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio ICBTe, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Dendrohydrology and water resources management in south-central Chile: Lessons from the Río Imperial streamflow reconstruction | Fernández A.; Muñoz A.; González-Reyes A.; Aguilera-Betti I.; Toledo I.; Puchi P.; Sauchyn D.; Crespo S.; Frene C.; Mundo I.; González M.; Vignola R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.5194/hess-22-2921-2018 | Streamflow in south-central Chile (SCC, ĝ1/4 ĝ€37-42°ĝ€S) is vital for agriculture, forestry production, hydroelectricity, and human consumption. Recent drought episodes have generated hydrological deficits with damaging effects on these activities. This region is projected to undergo major reductions in water availability, concomitant with projected increases in water demand. However, the lack of long-term records hampers the development of accurate estimations of natural variability and trends. In order to provide more information on long-term streamflow variability and trends in SCC, here we report findings of an analysis of instrumental records and a tree-ring reconstruction of the summer streamflow of the Río Imperial ( ĝ1/4 ĝ€37°ĝ€40′ĝ€S-38°ĝ€50′ĝ€S). This is the first reconstruction in Chile targeted at this season. Results from the instrumental streamflow record ( ĝ1/4 ĝ€1940 onwards) indicated that the hydrological regime is fundamentally pluvial with a small snowmelt contribution during spring, and evidenced a decreasing trend, both for the summer and the full annual record. The reconstruction showed that streamflow below the average characterized the post-1980 period, with more frequent, but not more intense, drought episodes. We additionally found that the recent positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode has significantly influenced streamflow. These findings agree with previous studies, suggesting a robust regional signal and a shift to a new hydrological scenario. In this paper, we also discuss implications of these results for water managers and stakeholders; we provide rationale and examples that support the need for the incorporation of tree-ring reconstructions into water resources management. © Author(s) 2018. | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | 10275606 | https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/22/2921/2018/ | 2921-2935 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; drought; forestry; stream flow; accurate estimation; forestry production; hydrological regime; hydrological scenarios; southern annular mode; streamflow variability; tree-ring reconstruction; water resources management; climate signal; dendrochronology; drought; hydrological regime; paleohydrology; reconstruction; snowmelt; streamflow; water management; water resource; water resources | Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Transdisciplinario de Estudios Ambientales y Desarrollo Humano Sostenible (CEAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Italy; Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Chile; Instituto Argentino de Glaciología, Nivología and Ciencias Ambientales and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, Chile; Cátedra Latinoamericana en Decisiones Ambientales para El Cambio Global, Turrialba, Costa Rica |
| The cascade impacts of climate change could threaten key ecological interactions | Fontúrbel F.E.; Lara A.; Lobos D.; Little C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1002/ecs2.2485 | Climate change is triggering ecological responses all over the world as a result of frequent, prolonged droughts. It could also affect ecological interactions, particularly pollination and seed dispersal, which play a key role in plant reproduction. We used a tripartite interaction with a mistletoe, its pollinator and its disperser animals to gain insight into this issue. We studied flower and fruit production, and visitation rates during average (2012) and dry (2015) austral summers. Drought in our study area affected precipitation and soil water availability. Although pollinator visits did not significantly differ in these summers, during the dry summer flower and fruit production experienced an important decline, as did seed disperser visits. Also, mistletoe mortality increased from 12% in 2012 to 23% in 2015. This empirical evidence suggests that the cascade effects of climate change may indirectly be hindering ecological interactions in the Valdivian temperate rainforest ecosystem we studied. Long-term research is essential to provide the knowledge necessary to understand how key ecological processes may be affected in a changing world. © 2018 The Authors. | Ecosphere | 21508925 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecs2.2485 | arte02485 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, dromiciops gliroides; drought; sephanoides sephaniodes; soil moisture; temperate rainforests; tristerix corymbosus | Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto Forestal (INFOR), Ministerio de Agricultura, Valdivia, Chile |
| Evolution of air quality in Santiago: The role of mobility and lessons from the science-policy interface | Gallardo L.; Barraza F.; Ceballos A.; Galleguillos M.; Huneeus N.; Lambert F.; Ibarra C.; Munizaga M.; O'Ryan R.; Osses M.; Tolvett S.; Urquiza A.; Véliz K.D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes | 2018 | 10.1525/elementa.293 | Worldwide, urbanization constitutes a major and growing driver of global change and a distinctive feature of the Anthropocene. Thus, urban development paths present opportunities for technological and societal transformations towards energy efficiency and decarbonization, with benefits for both greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution mitigation. This requires a better understanding of the intertwined dynamics of urban energy and land use, emissions, demographics, governance, and societal and biophysical processes. In this study, we address several characteristics of urbanization in Santiago (33.5°S, 70.5°W, 500 m a.s.l.), the capital city of Chile. Specifically, we focus on the multiple links between mobility and air quality, describe the evolution of these two aspects over the past 30 years, and review the role scientific knowledge has played in policy-making. We show evidence of how technological measures (e.g., fuel quality, three-way catalytic converters, diesel particle filters) have been successful in decreasing coarse mode aerosol (PM10) concentrations in Santiago despite increasing urbanization (e.g., population, motorization, urban sprawl). However, we also show that such measures will likely be insufficient if behavioral changes do not achieve an increase in the use of public transportation. Our investigation seeks to inform urban development in the Anthropocene, and our results may be useful for other developing countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean where more than 80% of the population is urban. © 2018 The Author(s). | Elementa | 23251026 | https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.293/ | art38 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; latin america; aerosol; air quality; anthropocene; atmospheric pollution; capital city; climate change; developing world; energy efficiency; global change; greenhouse gas; mobility; particulate matter; policy making; pollution control; urban development; urban population; urban sprawl; urbanization, air quality; chile; climate mitigation; mobility; policy-science interface; urbanization | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2, FONDAP15110009), Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Departmento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Complex Engineering System Institute (ISCI), Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias and Centro Earth, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile |
| The 2010–2015 Megadrought and its influence on the fire regime in central and south-central Chile | González M.E.; Gómez-González S.; Lara A.; Garreaud R.; Díaz-Hormazábal I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1002/ecs2.2300 | Forest fire activity has increased in recent years in central and south-central Chile. Drought conditions have been associated with the increase of large wildfires, area burned and longer fire seasons. This study examines the influence of drought on fire regimes and discusses landscape management opportunities to decrease fire hazard. Specifically, we investigate the effect of the 2010–2015 Megadrought (MD) compared to 1990–2009 period on fire activity (fire-season length, number of fires and burned area across months, fire sizes, regions and vegetation cover types, simultaneity, and duration of fires) in central and south-central Chile (32°–39° S), using contemporary fire statistics derived from the Chilean Forest Service. For large fire events (>200 ha) the average season length increased by 67 d (44%), comparing 2010–2015 to 1990–2009. Earlier and later ignition dates resulted in extended fire seasons in MD years. During the MD, the number, area burned, simultaneity, and duration of large fires increased significantly compared to the control period, including the unprecedented occurrence of large fires during winter. The burned area in large fires increased in all vegetation types, during the MD compared to the control period, especially in the exotic plantation cover type. The regions that were most affected by fire (i.e., total area burned) during the MD were Maule, Bío-Bío, and Araucanía (35–39° S) that concentrate >75% of forest plantations in Chile. Although both maximum temperatures and precipitation are drivers of fire activity, a simple attribution analysis indicates that the sustained rainfall deficit during 2010–2015 was the most critical factor in the enhanced fire activity. Future climate change predictions indicate more recurrent, intense, and temporally extended droughts for central and south-central Chile. Under this scenario, land-use planning and fire and forest management strategies must promote a more diverse and less flammable landscape mosaic limiting high load, homogenous, and continuous exotic plantations. © 2018 The Authors. | Ecosphere | 21508925 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecs2.2300 | arte02300 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, drought; fire regimes; fire-prone vegetation; fire-season length | Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla, Valdivia, 567, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Departamento de Planificación y Desarrollo, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Paseo Bulnes, Santiago, 259, Chile |
| Portugal and Chile: Longing for sustainable forestry while rising from the ashes | Gómez-González S.; Ojeda F.; Fernandes P.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.006 | The recent catastrophic wildfires in Portugal and Chile shared similar features, not just because they developed under extreme weather conditions but also because extensive forest plantations were involved. Dense forest plantations of flammable pine and eucalypt species favor the development of high-intensity large fires, threatening people and the forest industry sustainability under increasingly frequent and severe drought events. Preventive land-use planning and cost-effective fuel management are key elements of sustainable forestry. Understanding the fire ecology context prior to plantation establishment is also crucial for the success of fire management planning. Although the forest industry has contributed to the economy of these countries, improved regulation and science-based management policies are strongly needed. Fuel treatment strategies can be optimized by risk-based modeling approaches, and should be mandatory in wildland-urban interfaces. The tragedy caused by these wildfires is an opportunity to change towards more sustainable landscape arrangements that reconcile ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, and protection from life-threatening wildfires. © 2017 | Environmental Science and Policy | 14629011 | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462901117307694 | 104-107 | 81 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biodiversity; ecosystem services; fire ecology; forest plantation; fuel management; sustainability, fuel; ash; chile; conservation biology; cost effectiveness analysis; drought; environmental planning; environmental policy; environmental protection; environmental sustainability; eucalyptus; fire ecology; forest fire; forest management; forestry; government regulation; land use; landscape ecology; model; note; plantation; portugal; priority journal; risk assessment; species; sustainable development; wildfire | Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Centre for Science and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, piso 4, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal |
| Heat shock and plant leachates regulate seed germination of the endangered carnivorous plant Drosophyllum lusitanicum | Gómez-González S.; Paniw M.; Antunes K.; Ojeda F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.5194/we-18-7-2018 | In fire-prone ecosystems, many plant species have specialized mechanisms of seed dormancy that ensure a successful recruitment after fire. A well-documented mechanism is the germination stimulated by firerelated cues, such as heat shock and smoke. However, less is known about the role of inhibitory germination signals (e.g. allelopathy) in regulating post-fire recruitment. Plant leachates derived from the unburned vegetation can enforce dormancy by means of allelopathic compounds, acting as a signal of unfavourable (highly competitive) niche for germination in pyrophyte species. Here, we assessed the separate effects of heat shock and plant leachates on seed germination of Drosophyllum lusitanicum, an endangered carnivorous plant endemic to Mediterranean fire-prone heathlands. We performed a germination experiment in which seeds were subjected to three treatments: (1) 5 min at 100 °C, (2) watering with plant leachate, and (3) control. Germination rate and seed viability was determined after 63 days. Heat shock stimulated seed germination in D. lusitanicum while plant leachates had inhibitory germination effects without reducing seed viability. Thus, both positive and negative signals could be involved in its successful post-fire recruitment. Fire would break seed dormancy and stimulate seed germination of D. lusitanicum through high temperatures, but also by eliminating allelochemical compounds from the soil. These results help to understand the population dynamics patterns found for D. lusitanicum in natural populations, and highlight the role of fire in the ecology and conservation of this endangered species. Seed dormancy imposed by plant-derived leachates as an adaptive mechanism should be considered more in fire ecology theory. © Author(s) 2018. | Web Ecology | 13991183 | https://www.web-ecol.net/18/7/2018/ | 7-13 | 18 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, drosophyllum lusitanicum; carnivorous plant; dormancy; endangered species; germination; heat shock; leachate; population dynamics; species conservation | Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain; Centre for Science and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370361, Chile; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland; Departamento de Agronomia - DAG, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, 39100-000, Brazil |
| Spatio-temporal patterns of thermal anomalies and drought over tropical forests driven by recent extreme climatic anomalies | Jimenez J.C.; Barichivich J.; Mattar C.; Takahashi K.; Santamaría-Artigas A.; Sobrino J.A.; Malhi Y. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1098/rstb.2017.0300 | The recent 2015 – 2016 El Niño (EN) event was considered as strong as the EN in 1997 – 1998. Given such magnitude, it was expected to result in extreme warming and moisture anomalies in tropical areas. Here we characterize the spatial patterns of temperature anomalies and drought over tropical forests, including tropical South America (Amazonia), Africa and Asia/Indonesia during the 2015 – 2016 EN event. These spatial patterns of warming and drought are compared with those observed in previous strong EN events (1982 – 1983 and 1997 – 1998) and other moderate to strong EN events (e.g. 2004 – 2005 and 2009 – 2010). The link between the spatial patterns of drought and sea surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific is also explored. We show that indeed the EN2015 – 2016 led to unprecedented warming compared to the other EN events over Amazonia, Africa and Indonesia, as a consequence of the background global warming trend. Anomalous accumulated extreme drought area over Amazonia was found during EN2015 – 2016, but this value may be closer to extreme drought area extents in the other two EN events in 1982 – 1983 and 1997 – 1998. Over Africa, datasets disagree, and it is difficult to conclude which EN event led to the highest accumulated extreme drought area. Our results show that the highest values of accumulated drought area over Africa were obtained in 2015 – 2016 and 1997 – 1998, with a long-term drying trend not observed over the other tropical regions. Over Indonesia, all datasets suggest that EN 1982 – 1983 and EN 1997 – 1998 (or even the drought of 2005) led to a higher extreme drought area than EN2015 – 2016. Uncertainties in precipitation datasets hinder consistent estimates of drought severity over tropical regions, and improved reanalysis products and station records are required. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | 09628436 | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0300 | art20170300 | 373 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | drought; el niño; scpdsi; tropical forests; warming, africa; brazil; climate change; droughts; el nino-southern oscillation; forests; global warming; indonesia; seasons; temperature; tropical climate; africa; amazonia; indonesia; climate effect; drought stress; el nino; extreme event; precipitation (climatology); spatiotemporal analysis; temperature anomaly; tropical forest; tropical region; africa; brazil; climate change; drought; el nino; forest; greenhouse effect; indonesia; season; temperature; tropic climate | GCU/IPL, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, Piso 4, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil N8 2241 Valparaíso, Chile, CP 2362807, Argentina; Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, CP 5950000, Chile; SENHAMI, Jr. Cahuide 785, Lima, 15072, Peru; Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, United States; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory, Code 619, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom |
| Impact of residential combustion and transport emissions on air pollution in Santiago during winter | Mazzeo A.; Huneeus N.; Ordoñez C.; Orfanoz-Cheuquelaf A.; Menut L.; Mailler S.; Valari M.; Denier van der Gon H.; Gallardo L.; Muñoz R.; Donoso R.; Galleguillos M.; Osses M.; Tolvett S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2018 | 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.043 | Santiago (33.5°S, 70.5°W), the capital of Chile, is frequently affected by extreme air pollution events during wintertime deteriorating air quality (AQ) and thus affecting the health of its population. Intense residential heating and on-road transport emissions combined with poor circulation and vertical mixing are the main factors responsible for these events. A modelling system composed of a chemistry-transport model (CHIMERE) and a meteorological model (WRF) was implemented to assess the AQ impacts of residential and transportation sources in the Santiago basin. A two-week period of July 2015 with various days with poor AQ was simulated focusing on the impact on AQ with respect to fully inhalable particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Three emission scenarios, within the range of targeted reductions of the decontamination plan of Santiago, were tested; namely 50% reduction of residential emission, 50% reduction of transport emissions and the combination of both. An additional scenario decreasing transport emissions in 10% was carried out to examine whether a linear dependence of surface concentrations on changes in emissions exists. The system was validated against surface and vertically resolved meteorological measurements. The model reproduces the daily surface concentration variability from the AQ monitoring network of Santiago. However, the model not fully captures the emissions variations inferred from the observations which may be due to missing sources such as resuspension of dust. Results show that, during the period studied, although both residential and transportation sources contribute to observed AQ levels in Santiago, reducing transport emissions is more effective in terms of reducing the number of days with pollution events than decreasing residential combustion. This difference in impact is largely due to the spatial distribution of the emission sources. While most of the residential combustion is emitted in the outskirts of the city, most of the transport emissions occur within the city, where most of the stations from AQ monitoring network of Santiago are located. As can be expected, the largest improvement of AQ in Santiago is achieved by the combined reduction of emissions in both sectors. Sensitivity analysis with 10% reduction in transport emissions reveals a linear behavior between emissions and concentrations for NOX and approximate linear behavior for PM2.5. The absence of secondary aerosols formation and dust resuspension in the current simulation could explain this deviation from linearity for fine particles. Nevertheless, it suggests that the results can be used for mitigation policies with emissions reductions below the 50% used in this study. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd | Atmospheric Environment | 13522310 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231018304345 | 195-208 | 190 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; metropolitana; air quality; combustion; dust; housing; nitrogen oxides; roads and streets; sensitivity analysis; nitrogen oxide; chemistry transport model; meteorological measurements; meteorological modeling; mitigation policies; on-road emissions; pm2.5; residential emissions; road transport emissions; air quality; atmospheric modeling; atmospheric pollution; climate modeling; combustion; environmental factor; extreme event; mitigation; nitrogen oxides; particulate matter; pollutant source; pollutant transport; pollution effect; pollution monitoring; pollution policy; public health; residential location; road traffic; spatial distribution; traffic emission; winter; air pollution; airborne particle; article; chile; combustion; concentration (parameters); exhaust gas; meteorology; model; particle size; priority journal; residential area; surface property; traffic and transport; winter; atmospheric movements, air quality; mitigation policies; nox; on-road emissions; pm2.5; residential emissions | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, FONDAP 1511009, Departamento de Geofísica, U. de Chile Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Faculdad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, IPSL Research University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université, Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, TNO Utrecht, Netherlands; Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile; Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Mecánica, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Santiago, Chile |
| Landscape drivers of recent fire activity (2001-2017) in south-central Chile | McWethy D.B.; Pauchard A.; García R.A.; Holz A.; González M.E.; Veblen T.T.; Stahl J.; Currey B. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0201195 | In recent decades large fires have affected communities throughout central and southern Chile with great social and ecological consequences. Despite this high fire activity, the controls and drivers and the spatiotemporal pattern of fires are not well understood. To identify the large-scale trends and drivers of recent fire activity across six regions in south-central Chile (~32–40 S Latitude) we evaluated MODIS satellite-derived fire detections and compared this data with Chilean Forest Service records for the period 2001–2017. MODIS burned area estimates provide a spatially and temporally comprehensive record of fire activity across an important bioclimatic transition zone between dry Mediterranean shrublands/ sclerophyllous forests and wetter deciduous-broadleaf evergreen forests. Results suggest fire activity was highly variable in any given year, with no statistically significant trend in the number of fires or mean annual area burned. Evaluation of the variables associated with spatiotemporal patterns of fire for the 2001–2017 period indicate vegetation type, biophysical conditions (e.g., elevation, slope), mean annual and seasonal climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation) and mean population density have the greatest influence on the probability of fire occurrence and burned area for any given year. Both the number of fires and annual area burned were greatest in warmer, biomass-rich lowland Bío-Bío and Araucanía regions. Resource selection analyses indicate fire ‘preferentially’ occurs in exotic plantation forests, mixed native-exotic forests, native sclerophyll forests, pasture lands and matorral, vegetation types that all provide abundant, flammable and connected biomass for burning. Structurally and compositionally homogenous exotic plantation forests may promote fire spread greater than native deciduous-Nothofagaceae forests which were once widespread in the southern parts of the study area. In the future, the coincidence of warmer and drier conditions in landscapes dominated by flammable and fuel-rich forest plantations and mixed native-exotic and sclerophyll forests are likely to further promote large fires in south-central Chile. © 2018 McWethy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | PLoS ONE | 19326203 | http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201195 | arte0201195 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, biomass; chile; climate change; conservation of natural resources; ecosystem; fires; models, theoretical; satellite imagery; chile; climate change; controlled study; ecosystem fire history; environmental change; environmental exposure; environmental impact; forest fire; geographic distribution; landscape; population density; review; seasonal variation; trend study; wildfire; biomass; chile; ecosystem; environmental protection; fire; procedures; satellite imagery; statistics and numerical data; theoretical model | Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States; Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States |
| Monitoring Chilean native forest area: A pending challenge; [Monitoreo de la superficie de los bosques nativos de Chile: Un desafío pendient] | Miranda A.; Lara A.; Altamirano A.; Zamorano-Elgueta C.; Jaime Hernández H.; González M.E.; Pauchard A.; Promis Á. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.4067/S0717-92002018000200265 | Forest monitoring is important for decision making of forest management and conservation. In Chile, the forest monitoring system was initiated in 1994, which has been continued through the implementation of regional updates. This has enabled a temporal monitoring of the distribution and surface covered by native forest. However, while regional updates have reported increase in the surface covered by native forest, other studies have shown an opposite trend. Therefore, the capacity of the forest monitoring system to measure the temporal variation in forest areas was evaluated. Specifically, a review of reports and official data of the national forest monitoring system was carried out through the fulfillment of three basic criteria: i) comparability, ii) replicability and iii) quality. According to our results, the Chilean forest monitoring system does not fulfill their basic requirements because: (i) methodologies have not been consistent over time; (ii) it does not provide a baseline of land cover or forest loss that allows comparisons with changing forest area; iii) there is not adequate error estimation and how it can affect the results and analysis of monitoring. The national forest monitoring system requires a redefinition of its aims and methods, guiding them to the long term by convening different stakeholders looking for a national agreement. © 2018, Universidad Austral de Chile. All rights reserved. | Bosque | 03048799 | http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002018000200265&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | 265-275 | 39 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, deforestation; land cover change; land use change; national forest monitoring; redd+ | Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje Forestal, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Graduados, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Laboratorio de Geomática y Ecología del Paisaje, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Victoria 631, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Aysen, Obispo Vielmo 62, Coyhaique, Chile |
| Onset and Evolution of Southern Annular Mode-Like Changes at Centennial Timescale | Moreno P.I.; Vilanova I.; Villa-Martínez R.; Dunbar R.B.; Mucciarone D.A.; Kaplan M.R.; Garreaud R.D.; Rojas M.; Moy C.M.; De Pol-Holz R.; Lambert F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1038/s41598-018-21836-6 | The Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) are the surface expression of geostrophic winds that encircle the southern mid-latitudes. In conjunction with the Southern Ocean, they establish a coupled system that not only controls climate in the southern third of the world, but is also closely connected to the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and CO2 degassing from the deep ocean. Paradoxically, little is known about their behavior since the last ice age and relationships with mid-latitude glacier history and tropical climate variability. Here we present a lake sediment record from Chilean Patagonia (51°S) that reveals fluctuations of the low-level SWW at mid-latitudes, including strong westerlies during the Antarctic Cold Reversal, anomalously low intensity during the early Holocene, which was unfavorable for glacier growth, and strong SWW since ∼7.5 ka. We detect nine positive Southern Annular Mode-like events at centennial timescale since ∼5.8 ka that alternate with cold/wet intervals favorable for glacier expansions (Neoglaciations) in southern Patagonia. The correspondence of key features of mid-latitude atmospheric circulation with shifts in tropical climate since ∼10 ka suggests that coherent climatic shifts in these regions have driven climate change in vast sectors of the Southern Hemisphere at centennial and millennial timescales. © 2018 The Author(s). | Scientific Reports | 20452322 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21836-6 | art3458 | 8 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, antarctica; article; climate change; cold stress; glaciation; holocene; lake sediment; latitude; southern hemisphere; tropic climate; writing | Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; CONICET, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; GAIA, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; School of Earth Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Departamento de Geografiá Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Adding new evidence to the attribution puzzle of the recent water shortage over São Paulo (Brazil) | Pattnayak K.C.; Gloor E.; Tindall J.C.; Brienen R.J.W.; Barichivich J.; Baker J.C.A.; Spracklen D.V.; Cintra B.B.L.; Coelho C.A.S. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1080/16000870.2018.1481690 | São Paulo, Brazil has experienced severe water shortages and record low levels of its water reservoirs in 2013–2014. We evaluate the contributions of Amazon deforestation and climate change to low precipitation levels using a modelling approach, and address whether similar precipitation anomalies might occur more frequently in a warming world. Precipitation records from INMET show that the dry anomaly extended over a fairly large region to the north of São Paulo. Unique features of this event were anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns in the Southern Atlantic, an extension of the sub tropical high into the São Paulo region and moisture flux divergence over São Paulo. The SST anomalies were very similar in 2013/14 and 2014/15, suggesting they played a major role in forcing the dry conditions. The SST anomalies consisted of three zonal bands: a cold band in the tropics, a warm band to the south of São Paulo and another cold band poleward of 40 S. We performed ensemble climate simulations with observed SSTs prescribed, vegetation cover either fixed at 1870 levels or varying over time, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) either fixed at pre-industrial levels (280 ppm CO2) or varying over time. These simulations exhibit similar precipitation deficits over the São Paulo region in 2013/14. From this, we infer that SST patterns and the associated large-scale state of the atmosphere were important factors in determining the precipitation anomalies, while deforestation and increased GHGs only weakly modulated the signal. Finally, analyses of future climate simulations from CMIP5 models indicate that the frequency of such precipitation anomalies is not likely to change in a warmer climate. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. | Tellus, Series A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography | 02806495 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16000870.2018.1481690 | 1-14 | 70 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atlantic ocean; atlantic ocean (south); brazil; sao paulo [brazil]; algorithm; climate change; climate effect; climate forcing; deforestation; future prospect; hydrological response; pattern recognition; precipitation intensity; reservoir; resource scarcity; sea surface temperature; temperature anomaly; water supply, climate change; deforestation; pattern recognition algorithm; sea surface temperature anomaly; water shortages | School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR) 2, Chile; Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil |
| Chronology, stratigraphy and hydrological modelling of extensive wetlands and paleolakes in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert during the late quaternary | Pfeiffer M.; Latorre C.; Santoro C.M.; Gayo E.M.; Rojas R.; Carrevedo M.L.; McRostie V.B.; Finstad K.M.; Heimsath A.; Jungers M.C.; De Pol-Holz R.; Amundson R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2018 | 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.001 | The halite-encrusted salt pans (salars) present at low elevations in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile are unique features of one of the driest and possibly oldest deserts on Earth. Here we show that these landscapes were shallow freshwater lakes and wetlands during the last glacial period and formed periodically between ∼46.9 ka and 7.7 ka. The moisture appears to have been sourced from increased Andean runoff and most of our chronologies for these deposits were coeval with the Central Andean Pluvial Event (17.5–14.2 ka and 13.8–9.7 ka), but we also find evidence for older as well as slightly younger wet phases. These environments supported a diverse hygrophytic-halophytic vegetation, as well as an array of diatoms and gastropods. Using a regional hydrological model, we estimate that recharge rates from 1.5 to 4 times present were required to activate and maintain these wetlands in the past. Activation in the late Pleistocene was part of a regional enhancement of water resources, extending from the Andes, downstream and through riparian corridors, to the lowest and most arid portions of the desert itself. This fundamentally unique environment was encountered by the earliest human explorers in the region, and most likely facilitated migration and encampments on a landscape that at present lacks macroscopic life on its surface. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd | Quaternary Science Reviews | 02773791 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117310521 | 224-245 | 197 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atacama desert; hyperaridity; late quaternary; paleogeography; sedimentology; south america; wetlands, andes; atacama desert; chile; chile; bacillariophyta; gastropoda; arid regions; hydrology; sedimentology; sodium chloride; stratigraphy; water resources; atacama desert; hyperaridity; late quaternary; paleogeography; south america; arid region; aridity; chronology; gastropod; hydrological modeling; lake; paleoclimate; paleogeography; pleistocene; recharge; salt pan; sedimentology; stratigraphy; wetland; wetlands | Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States; Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro UC del Desierto de Atacama, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Antofagasta, 1520, Arica, Chile; Laboratory for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; , Chile; CSIRO Land & Water, Po Box 2583, Brisbane, 4001, QLD, Australia; Departamento de Antropología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, CA, United States; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, ISTB4, Room 795, 781 E. Terrace Road, Tempe, 85287, AZ, United States; Department of Geosciences, 306 Olin Science Hall, Denison College, 100 West College Street, Granville, 43023, OH, United States; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile |
| First evidence of a mid-Holocene earthquake-triggered megaturbidite south of the Chile Triple Junction | Piret L.; Bertrand S.; Kissel C.; De Pol-Holz R.; Tamayo Hernando A.; Van Daele M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.01.002 | Megaturbidites have been the focus of many paleoseismic and paleoenvironmental studies because they can provide evidence for catastrophic and/or hazardous events with potentially major environmental implications. During a recent research cruise in Baker Fjord, Chile (47°54′S–74°30′W), a megaturbidite was described between the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields. Here, we aim to determine the depositional processes of the megaturbidite and identify its origin. Based on the turbidite's location, a possible origin was the early Holocene drainage of paleo-lake General Carrera, which was recently proposed in the literature as having produced a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) that drained through Baker Fjord. Due to the fjord's location in a subduction zone, and close to the Chile Triple Junction, however, seismic activity must also be considered as a potential triggering mechanism. To achieve our goals, we undertook a multi-proxy analysis of sediment core MD07-3121, including sedimentology (grain size, loss-on-ignition, foraminifera counts), magnetic properties, bulk organic geochemistry, and radiocarbon dating, and we analysed bathymetric maps and sub-bottom profiles. Our grain-size results display a diagnostic fining upward trend and show evidence of seiching in the 733-cm-thick megaturbidite. The age of the event (5513–5211 cal yr BP) contradicts the hypothesis of an early Holocene GLOF origin. Bulk organic geochemical results indicate that the sediments that compose the turbidite are clearly of marine origin, which further goes against a GLOF origin. In addition, the megaturbidite is underlain by a 1136 cm thick mass transport deposit (MTD), also composed of marine sediments. According to the sub-bottom profiles, the MTD and the megaturbidite originate from the reworking of thick packages of sediment previously deposited on nearby sills and on the fjord's flanks. Furthermore, similar coeval deposits are found in an adjacent sub-basin. We therefore interpret these deposits to be triggered by an earthquake during the late mid-Holocene. While megathrust and intraslab earthquakes are possible in the region, we argue that a crustal earthquake is the most likely seismic trigger in the study area. This study reveals the first earthquake-triggered megaturbidite south of the Chile Triple Junction. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Sedimentary Geology | 00370738 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0037073818300113 | 120-133 | 375 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; chile triple junction; pacific ocean; patagonia; foraminifera; bathymetry; deposits; geochemistry; grain size and shape; lakes; maps; sediments; submarine geology; chile triple junctions; environmental implications; glacial lake outburst flood; holocenes; paleoenvironmental study; patagonia; sediment provenance; turbidite; deposition; earthquake trigger; fjord; holocene; paleoenvironment; paleoseismicity; provenance; subduction zone; turbidite; earthquakes, earthquake; holocene; patagonia; sediment provenance; turbidite | Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, 9000, Belgium; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile; Facultad Ciencias Naturales Y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile |
| Coupled human-climate signals on the fire history of upper Cachapoal Valley, Mediterranean Andes of Chile, since 1201 CE | Rozas V.; Le Quesne C.; Rojas-Badilla M.; González M.E.; González-Reyes Á. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.013 | The long-term history of fire regimes in the Mediterranean Andes of Chile is almost unknown. Subalpine woodlands of Austrocedrus chilensis include long-lived trees resilient to low-intensity fires, which can provide valuable tree-ring-based information about fire history. In this work, we performed an annually resolved multicentury reconstruction of past fires from fire-scar records identified in relict Austrocedrus wood found on steep highly-eroded and rocky slopes with coarser fuel structure in the upper Cachapoal Valley, central Andes of Chile. We compared this fire record with historical land-use changes and extensive reconstructions of regional precipitation and temperature, as well as large-scale climatic patterns. The highest fire frequencies were recorded in the Spanish settlement period (1541–1750), when land-clearing activities, cattle ranching, agriculture, and mining practices became widespread after the Spanish conquest. At an interannual time scale, fire occurrence and precipitation were unconnected during the Spanish settlement. By contrast, in the indigenous period (1200–1540), under the influence of the aboriginal Chiquillanes people, fires occurred in wet years with high vegetation productivity. In the livestock grazing period (1751–1950), when large cattle ranches were established, fires occurred in dry years after a wet year. Fires in this period were likely ignited under conditions of high fuel flammability to improve plant production and promote intensive livestock grazing. At a multidecadal time scale, fires were more frequent in cold periods throughout the whole record. These findings suggest that herbaceous fuel accumulation and flammability, modulated by climate variation and human land uses, were the main factors promoting fires spread in this Mediterranean subalpine area. Our research emphasizes the importance of relict Austrocedrus wood for fire history reconstruction and expands knowledge about fire regime shifts over the past eight centuries in southern South America. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Global and Planetary Change | 09218181 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818117304988 | 137-147 | 167 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andes; chile; mediterranean region; spain; austrocedrus; austrocedrus chilensis; bos; forestry; fuels; land use; plants (botany); austrocedrus chilensis; dendrochronology; fire regimes; interannual time scale; land use history; multi-decadal time scale; southern south america; vegetation productivity; climate variation; coniferous tree; dendrochronology; environmental factor; fire history; indigenous population; land use; land use change; nature-society relations; precipitation (climatology); subalpine environment; temperature effect; wood; woodland; fires, austrocedrus chilensis; climate drivers; dendrochronology; fire regime; land use history | Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EiFAB, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, 42004, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Assessment of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in two sub-basins of a small acidic bog lake artificially divided 30 years ago | Sepulveda-Jauregui A.; Martinez-Cruz K.; Lau M.; Casper P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1111/fwb.13182 | Although lakes are important sources of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere contributing to global warming, their CH4 and CO2 emissions are rarely assessed. In particular, increasing inputs of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may affect gas dynamics and alter seasonal changes in gas production. Here, we analysed variations in CH4 and CO2 dynamics in sub-basins of an acidic bog lake, which was artificially divided into four quarters three decades ago, leading to divergence in water chemistry and biology. In the divided lake, only the south-west basin (SW) received DOC inputs from an adjacent peat bog, while the north-east basin (NE) was hydrologically disconnected. A year-long determination of CH4 and CO2 production and emission patterns in the two contrasting basins exposed the indirect mechanisms by which DOC supply exercised control on greenhouse gas dynamics in this shallow lake. In both basins, dissolved CH4 was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (O2) through the water column, suggesting that aerobic methanotrophy is an important regulator of CH4 emissions in this lake. In contrast, the amount of CO2 stored in oxic and anoxic layers was not significantly different between the basins, suggesting that O2 is not the most important driver of dissolved CO2. Estimated total CH4 and CO2 emissions were 2.1 and 1.7 times lower in the NE basin than in the SW basin, with major CH4 and CO2 emissions occurring during the fall turnover. The differences in CH4 and CO2 emissions suggest that the hydro-physical properties, namely seasonal temperature, the duration of stratification and O2 availability, are the main drivers of CH4 and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from small shallow lakes under the influence of DOC inputs under global warming pressure. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd | Freshwater Biology | 00465070 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/fwb.13182 | 1534-1549 | 63 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, carbon storage; dissolved greenhouse gases; humic substances; limnology; year-round experiment | Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany; Department of Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany |
| Toward high-resolution vertical measurements of dissolved greenhouse gases (Nitrous Oxide and Methane) and nutrients in the Eastern South Pacific | Troncoso M.; Garcia G.; Verdugo J.; Farías L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.3389/fmars.2018.00148 | In this study, in situ, real-time and high-resolution vertical measurements of dissolved greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) and nutrients are reported for the eastern South Pacific (ESP); a region with marked zonal gradients, ranging from highly productive and suboxic conditions in coastal upwelling systems to oligotrophic and oxygenated conditions in the subtropical gyre. Four high-resolution vertical profiles for gases (N2O and CH4) and nutrients (NO3- and PO43-) were measured using a Pumped Profiling System (PPS), connected with a liquid degassing membrane coupled with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and a nutrient auto-analyzer, respectively. The membrane-CRDS system maintains a linear response over a wide range of gas concentrations, detecting N2O and CH4 levels as low as 0.0774 ± 0.0004 and 0.1011 ± 0.001 ppm, respectively. Continuous profiles for gases and nutrients were similar to those reported throughout the ESP, with pronounced N2O and CH4 peaks at the upper oxycline and at the base of the euphotic zone and pycnocline, respectively, in the coastal zone; but almost constant depth profiles in the subtropical gyre. Additionally, other vertical gas and nutrient structures were observed using continuous sampling, which would not have been detected by discrete sampling. Our results demonstrate that continuous measurements can be a potentially useful methodology for future GHGs cycle studies. © 2018 Troncoso, Garcia, Verdugo and Farías. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00148/full | art148 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, continuous profiles; eastern south pacific; methane; nitrous oxide; nutrients | Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Isotópica, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany |
| Climate variability and forest fires in central and south-central Chile | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; González M.E.; González-Reyes Á.; Lara A.; Garreaud R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1002/ecs2.2171 | This paper evaluates the relationship between fire occurrence (number and burned area) and climate variability (precipitation and maximum temperatures) across central and south-central Chile (32°–43° S) during recent decades (1976–2013). This region sustains the largest proportion of the Chilean population, contains ecologically important remnants of endemic ecosystems, the largest extension of forest exotic plantations, and concentrates most of the fire activity in the country. Fire activity in central Chile was mainly associated with above-average precipitation during winter of the previous year and with dry conditions during spring to summer. The later association was particularly strong in the southern, wetter part of the study region. Maximum temperature had a positive significant relationship with burned area across the study region, with stronger correlations toward the south. Fires in central Chile were significantly related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, through rainfall anomalies during the year previous to the fire season. The Antarctic Oscillation during winter through summer was positively related to fires across the study area due to drier/warmer conditions associated with the positive polarity of this oscillation. Climate change projections for the region reveal an all-season decrease in precipitation and increases in temperature, that may likely result in an increment of the occurrence and the area affected by fires, as it has been observed during a multi-year drought afflicting central Chile since 2010. © 2018 The Authors. | Ecosphere | 21508925 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecs2.2171 | arte02171 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, antarctic oscillation; climate change; el niño–southern oscillation (enso); exotic plantations; forest fires; mediterranean forests; temperate forests | Laboratorio de Dendrocronologia y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), 2 (squared), Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile |
| Elucidating the hydraulic vulnerability of the longest-lived Southern Hemisphere conifer to aridification | Urrutia-Jalabert R.; Peña M.P.; Coopman R.E.; Carvajal D.E.; Jiménez-Castillo M.; Lara A.; Cosimo D.; Lobos-Catalán P. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.027 | Drier climatic conditions will be the future scenario in many regions worldwide, including southern South America. Few studies have characterized the ecophysiological vulnerability of the endemic tree species that inhabit this area, to climate change. In this study we assessed the hydraulic vulnerability of the longest-lived tree of the Southern Hemisphere, Fitzroya cupressoides, focusing on adult trees and saplings from two highly disturbed populations: the Coastal Range (AC) and Central Depression (FN) of southern Chile, which represent contrasting site conditions. This, as a basis for the design of conservation strategies to safeguard the persistence of these endangered forests in a drier future. We assessed water potentials (WP) throughout a growing season, their relationships with environmental conditions, as well as leaf and stem (branch) traits and hydraulic safety margins. Despite that the studied summer was the second driest in the last seven decades, minimum WP were not that negative (−1.3 to −1.5 MPa); which could be partly explained by a high leaf capacitance in this species. Adult trees and saplings from both sites did not significantly differ in their WP at turgor loss point, and their associated leaf safety margins, which were relatively low in all cases. However, they significantly differed in the xylem WP causing a 50% loss of stem conductivity (P50): adults AC: −5.14, saplings AC: −2.53, adults FN: −3.71, and saplings FN: −3.87 MPa. These values led to a relatively large stem safety margin (SSM) in most cases, and their variation was not explained neither by wood density, nor by tracheid size changes. Moreover, there appears to be an ontogenic adjustment in the more restrictive site AC, which was not seen in FN. Within the continuum of species strategies to cope with water stress, Fitzroya has features of the two ends of the continuum: tissues with large SSM, and tissues that sustain milder operation pressures through capacitance. Although Fitzroya appears to be relatively resistant to water scarcity, saplings from AC, seem to be the most vulnerable to the aridification trend in southern Chile. Moreover, future drying could become a significant extra threat to the highly endangered Central Depression population. Conservation actions are urgently needed to secure the future of Fitzroya forests in southern Chile. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037811271830793X | 472-484 | 430 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; fitzroya cupressoides; hydraulic vulnerability; safety margins; southern south america; temperate rainforests, capacitance; fitzroya; forestry; histology; safety; saplings; southern hemisphere; tissue; chile; coastal range [taiwan]; south america; taiwan; coniferophyta; fitzroya; fitzroya cupressoides; capacitance; climate change; histology; tissue; conservation actions; conservation strategies; environmental conditions; fitzroya cupressoides; safety margin; southern hemisphere; southern south america; temperate rainforest; aridification; climate change; climate conditions; coniferous forest; conservation management; ecophysiology; endangered species; endemic species; environmental conditions; growing season; hydraulic conductivity; rainforest; safety; southern hemisphere; temperate environment; vulnerability; forestry | Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecofisiología para la Conservación de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Influence of Glacier Melting and River Discharges on the Nutrient Distribution and DIC Recycling in the Southern Chilean Patagonia | Vargas C.A.; Cuevas L.A.; Silva N.; González H.E.; De Pol-Holz R.; Narváez D.A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2018 | 10.1002/2017JG003907 | The Chilean Patagonia constitutes one of the most important and extensive fjord systems worldwide, therefore can be used as a natural laboratory to elucidate the pathway of both organic and inorganic matter in the receiving environment. In this study we use data collected during an intensive oceanographic cruise along the Magellan Strait into the Almirantazgo Fjord in southern Patagonia to evaluate how different sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and recycling may impact particulate organic carbon (POC) δ13C and influence the nutrients and carbonate system spatial distribution. The carbonate system presented large spatial heterogeneity. The lowest total alkalinity and DIC were associated to freshwater dilution observed near melting glaciers. The δ13CDIC analysis suggests that most DIC in the upper 50 m depth was not derived from terrestrial organic matter remineralization. 13C-depleted riverine and ice-melting DIC influence the DIC pool along the study area, but due to that DIC concentration from rivers and glaciers is relatively low, atmospheric carbon contribution or biological processes seem to be more relevant. Intense undersaturation of CO2 was observed in high chlorophyll waters. Respired DIC coming from the bottom waters seems to be almost insignificant for the inorganic carbon pool and therefore do not impact significantly the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon and POC in the upper 50 m depth. Considering the combined effect of cold and low alkalinity waters due to ice melting, our results highlight the importance of these processes in determining corrosive waters for CaCO3 and local acidification processes associated to calving glacier in fjord ecosystems. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences | 21698953 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017JG003907 | 256-270 | 123 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon chemistry; carbon dynamic; fjord; ocean acidification, chile; magellan strait; patagonia; alkalinity; carbon cycle; carbon isotope; carbonate system; chlorophyll; dissolved inorganic carbon; fjord; glacier; melting; nutrient dynamics; ocean acidification; organic matter; particulate organic carbon; remineralization; river discharge; spatial distribution | Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning Lab, Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Sciences Center EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Millenium Institute of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación de Ecosistemas de Altas Latitudes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Oceanography and COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| The CAMELS-CL dataset - links to files. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894885 | Alvarez,Camila;Mendoza,Pablo A.;Boisier,Juan P.;Addor,Nans;Galleguillos,Mauricio;Zambrano-Bigiarini,Mauricio;Lara,Antonio;Puelma,Cristóbal;Cortes,Gonzalo;Garreaud,R. D.;McPhee,James;Ayala,Alvaro; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.894885 | | PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science | | https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894885 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Guía de referencia para la plataforma de visualización de simulaciones climáticas | Rojas,Maisa;Gallardo,Laura;Muñoz,Francisca;Valdebenito,Nancy; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2018 | | El Ministerio del Medio Ambiente contrató en 2016 el presente estudio a un equipo multidisciplinario del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 a través de la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile, el que fue desarrollado durante el año 2017. El propósito del estudio consistió en generar información de proyecciones climáticas para Chile a través de la modelación climática a escala regional para la correcta estimación de la vulnerabilidad del país, y que, a su vez, esté disponible en una plataforma interactiva que permita apoyar el diseño de políticas públicas del país. Este informe de síntesis sirve como guía de referencia para el uso de la plataforma de visualización de simulaciones (http://simulaciones.cr2.cl). El objetivo principal de la plataforma es proveer información de proyecciones climáticas a distintas instituciones de gobierno, comunidad científica y otros actores que lo requieran. La compilación y organización de las bases de datos grillados se realiza en la plataforma de almacenamiento del (CR)2 y es accesible de forma abierta en http://simulaciones.cr2.cl/descargas. La plataforma de visualización incluye resultados de simulaciones climáticas globales y regionales, realizadas por grupos en Chile y el extranjero, así como datos observacionales en formato grillado desarrollados por el (CR)2 y otros grupos e instituciones. La plataforma genera mapas, tablas, gráficos y series de tiempo para el dominio de Sudamérica, Chile y macrozonas de Chile predefinidas, así como para polígonos o puntos definidos en forma dinámica. Las palabras claves y algunos conceptos (marcados en color rojo) se definen en la sección IV: ‘Glosario de conceptos’, en tanto que las siglas (en azul) se encuentran en la sección V: ‘Siglas y acrónimos’. Las referencias bibliográficas se listan en la sección VI: ‘Referencias Bibliográficas’. | | | https://cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Guia-para-la-Plataforma-de-visualizacion-de-simulaciones-climaticas.pdf | 38 | | Not Indexed | | |
| State of the climate in 2016 | Aaron-Morrison A.P.; Ackerman S.A.; Adams N.G.; Adler R.F.; Albanil A.; Alfaro E.J.; Allan R.; Alves L.M.; Amador J.A.; Andreassen L.M.; Arendt A.; Arévalo J.; Arndt D.S.; Arzhanova N.M.; Aschan M.M.; Azorin-Molina C.; Banzon V.; Bardin M.U.; Barichivich J.; Baringer M.O.; Barreira S.; Baxter S.; Bazo J.; Becker A.; Bedka K.M.; Behrenfeld M.J.; Bell G.D.; Belmont M.; Benedetti A.; Bernhard G.; Berrisford P.; Berry D.I.; Bettolli M.L.; Bhatt U.S.; Bidegain M.; Bill B.D.; Billheimer S.; Bissolli P... | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 | In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ± 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Niña evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Niño conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0°C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a 3.5°C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute ∼7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01°C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st centuryto-date of +0.162°C decade-1 is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100°C decade-1. Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Niño at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Niña contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses. | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | 00030007 | http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 | Si-S280 | 98 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atmospheric temperature; carbon dioxide; climate change; drought; greenhouse gases; hurricanes; insurance; lanthanum; nitrogen oxides; observatories; ozone; ozone layer; satellites; sea level; snow; storms; submarine geophysics; surface measurement; surface properties; surface waters; atmospheric measurement; carbon dioxide concentrations; increasing temperatures; land surface temperature; lower stratospheric temperature; precipitation variability; sea surface temperature (sst); stratospheric ozone depletion; sea ice, nan | Trinidad & Tobago Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago; CIMSS, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI, United States; NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Earth System Sciences Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico; Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom; Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Oslo, Norway; Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States; Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain; NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States; Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Uni... |
| Which seed origin provides better tolerance to flooding and drought when restoring to face climate change? | Bustos-Salazar A.; Smith-Ramírez C.; Zúñiga-Feest A.; Alves F.; Ivanovich R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1111/aec.12521 | Our goal was to establish the tolerance to flooding and drought of seedlings from a hydric gradient of different seed sources to provide recommendations for forest restoration in the face of climate change. We used Drimys winteri var. chilensis, a tree species that grows from extreme arid zones to wetlands along Chile, as the study subject. We expected that seedlings of xeric origin would perform better in drought conditions than populations from moist environments, and vice versa for flooding tolerance. We collected D. winteri seeds from xeric, mesic and wet environments. Seedlings at two development stages were submitted to an extreme flooding and drought treatment during 2 or 4 months in a common garden. After the flooding and drought assays finished, the number of surviving and damaged seedlings, lenticels and adventitious root presence, height, new leaves and specific leaf area, shoot/root ratio, water potential and/or chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), were recorded. We found that flooding and drought affected almost all the parameters studied negatively. The xeric population seedlings, at both development stages studied, were the most tolerant to the drought and, unexpectedly, also to the flooding treatment. We recommend restoring with seedlings of xeric origin especially in arid areas where sudden flooding is frequent, as occurs in the Andes Mountains. In the face of climate change, we recommend carrying out common garden and field studies before advising which population origin should be used for restoration, since they do not always respond in accordance with expected patterns of local adaptation. © 2017 Ecological Society of Australia | Austral Ecology | 14429985 | https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12521 | 934-946 | 42 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | assisted migration; canelo; drimys winteri var. chilensis; hualves; local adaptation; swamp forests, andes; chile; drimys winteri; adaptation; adventitious root; angiosperm; climate change; drought; flooding; garden; seed; seedling; swamp forest; tolerance; wetland | Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; ), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Fuchslocher, Osorno, 1305, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad-Chile (IEB), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Predicting vascular plant diversity in anthropogenic peatlands: Comparison of modeling methods with free satellite data | Castillo-Riffart I.; Galleguillos M.; Lopatin J.; Perez-Quezada J.F. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.3390/rs9070681 | Peatlands are ecosystems of great relevance, because they have an important number of ecological functions that provide many services to mankind. However, studies focusing on plant diversity, addressed from the remote sensing perspective, are still scarce in these environments. In the present study, predictions of vascular plant richness and diversity were performed in three anthropogenic peatlands on Chiloé Island, Chile, using free satellite data from the sensors OLI, ASTER, and MSI. Also, we compared the suitability of these sensors using two modeling methods: random forest (RF) and the generalized linear model (GLM). As predictors for the empirical models, we used the spectral bands, vegetation indices and textural metrics. Variable importance was estimated using recursive feature elimination (RFE). Fourteen out of the 17 predictors chosen by RFE were textural metrics, demonstrating the importance of the spatial context to predict species richness and diversity. Non-significant differences were found between the algorithms; however, the GLM models often showed slightly better results than the RF. Predictions obtained by the different satellite sensors did not show significant differences; nevertheless, the best models were obtained with ASTER (richness: R2 = 0.62 and %RMSE = 17.2, diversity: R2 = 0.71 and %RMSE = 20.2, obtained with RF and GLM respectively), followed by OLI and MSI. Diversity obtained higher accuracies than richness; nonetheless, accurate predictions were achieved for both, demonstrating the potential of free satellite data for the prediction of relevant community characteristics in anthropogenic peatland ecosystems. © 2017 by the authors. | Remote Sensing | 20724292 | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/7/681 | art681 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | decision trees; ecology; ecosystems; forecasting; maximum likelihood; satellites; wetlands; aster; generalized linear model; random forests; richness; shannon index; sphagnum; forestry, aster; fen; generalized linear models; msi; oli; random forest; richness; shannon index; sphagnum; wetland | Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, 8820808, Chile; Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800003, Chile |
| The 2010-2015 megadrought in central Chile: Impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation | Garreaud R.D.; Alvarez-Garreton C.; Barichivich J.; Pablo Boisier J.; Christie D.; Galleguillos M.; LeQuesne C.; McPhee J.; Zambrano-Bigiarini M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2017 | 10.5194/hess-21-6307-2017 | Since 2010 an uninterrupted sequence of dry years, with annual rainfall deficits ranging from 25 to 45 %, has prevailed in central Chile (western South America, 30-38° S). Although intense 1- or 2-year droughts are recurrent in this Mediterranean-like region, the ongoing event stands out because of its longevity and large extent. The extraordinary character of the so-called central Chile megadrought (MD) was established against century long historical records and a millennial tree-ring reconstruction of regional precipitation. The largest MD-averaged rainfall relative anomalies occurred in the northern, semi-arid sector of central Chile, but the event was unprecedented to the south of 35° S. ENSO-neutral conditions have prevailed since 2011 (except for the strong El Niño in 2015), contrasting with La Niña conditions that often accompanied past droughts. The precipitation deficit diminished the Andean snowpack and resulted in amplified declines (up to 90 %) of river flow, reservoir volumes and groundwater levels along central Chile and westernmost Argentina. In some semi-arid basins we found a decrease in the runoff-to-rainfall coefficient. A substantial decrease in vegetation productivity occurred in the shrubland-dominated, northern sector, but a mix of greening and browning patches occurred farther south, where irrigated croplands and exotic forest plantations dominate. The ongoing warming in central Chile, making the MD one of the warmest 6-year periods on record, may have also contributed to such complex vegetation changes by increasing potential evapotranspiration. We also report some of the measures taken by the central government to relieve the MD effects and the public perception of this event. The understanding of the nature and biophysical impacts of the MD helps as a foundation for preparedness efforts to confront a dry, warm future regional climate scenario. © 2017 Author(s). | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | 10275606 | https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/hess-2017-191/ | 6307-6327 | 21 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, andes; argentina; chile; mediterranean region; climatology; drought; groundwater; nickel; rain; exotic forest plantations; historical records; irrigated cropland; potential evapotranspiration; precipitation deficits; tree-ring reconstruction; vegetation productivity; western south america; agricultural land; drought; el nino; el nino-southern oscillation; groundwater; historical record; la nina; multireservoir system; plantation forestry; potential evapotranspiration; precipitation (climatology); rainfall-runoff modeling; regional climate; river flow; shrubland; snowpack; tree ring; vegetation dynamics; vegetation | Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Mining Technology Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile |
| Postfire responses of the woody flora of Central Chile: Insights from a germination experiment | Gómez-González S.; Paula S.; Cavieres L.A.; Pausas J.G. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0180661 | Fire is a selective agent shaping plant traits and community assembly in fire-prone ecosystems. However, in ecosystems with no fire history, it can be a cause of land degradation when it is suddenly introduced by humans, as plant species may not be able to respond to such novel disturbance. Unlike other Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTE) of the world, natural fires have not been frequent during the Quaternary in the matorral of Central Chile, and thus, plant adaptive responses are expected to be uncommon. We evaluated the effect of heat shock on seed survival and germination of 21 native woody plants of the Chilean matorral and compiled information on smoke-stimulation and resprouting, to evaluate the importance of fire-adaptive responses in the context of the other MTE. We found that in the Chilean woody flora negative seed responses to fire cues were more frequent than positive responses. Although resprouting is a relatively widespread trait, fire-stimulated germination is not as common in the Chilean matorral as in other MTE. The seeds of seven endemic species were strongly damaged by fire cues and this should be considered in post-fire restoration planning. However, our results also showed that many species were resistant to elevated doses of heat shock and in some, germination was even stimulated. Thus, future research should focus on the evolutionary causes of these responses. These findings could help to develop strategies for fire management in the Chilean matorral. In addition, they will improve our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shaped this plant community and to better frame this region among the other MTE worldwide. Copyright: © 2017 Gómez-González et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | PLoS ONE | 19326203 | http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180661 | arte0180661 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biological evolution; biomass; chile; fires; forests; germination; seeds; selection, nan, genetic; chile; endemic species; flora; germination; heat shock; human; nonhuman; plant community; smoke; woody plant; biomass; chile; evolution; fire; forest; genetic selection; genetics; growth, development and aging; plant seed | Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Centre for Science and Resilience Research [(CR)2], Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), Valencia, Spain |
| Southern Annular Mode drives multicentury wildfire activity in southern South America | Holz A.; Paritsis J.; Mundo I.A.; Veblen T.T.; Kitzberger T.; Williamson G.J.; Aráoz E.; Bustos-Schindler C.; González M.E.; Grau H.R.; Quezada J.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1073/pnas.1705168114 | The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the main driver of climate variability at mid to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting wildfire activity, which in turn pollutes the air and contributes to human health problems and mortality, and potentially provides strong feedback to the climate system through emissions and land cover changes. Here we report the largest Southern Hemisphere network of annually resolved tree ring fire histories, consisting of 1,767 fire-scarred trees from 97 sites (from 22 °S to 54 °S) in southern South America (SAS), to quantify the coupling of SAM and regional wildfire variability using recently created multicentury proxy indices of SAM for the years 1531–2010 AD. We show that at interannual time scales, as well as at multidecadal time scales across 37–54 °S, latitudinal gradient elevated wildfire activity is synchronous with positive phases of the SAM over the years 1665–1995. Positive phases of the SAM are associated primarily with warm conditions in these biomass-rich forests, in which widespread fire activity depends on fuel desiccation. Climate modeling studies indicate that greenhouse gases will force SAM into its positive phase even if stratospheric ozone returns to normal levels, so that climate conditions conducive to widespread fire activity in SAS will continue throughout the 21st century. © 2017, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 00278424 | http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1705168114 | 9552-9557 | 114 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aao; climate modes; fire scars; synchrony; warming, article; biomass; climate change; fire; forest; greenhouse gas; land use; ozone layer; priority journal; south america; southern hemisphere; temperature; tree | Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, 97207, OR, United States; Laboratorio Ecotono, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivologiá, Glaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales, El Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, M5502IRA, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, M5502JMA, Argentina; Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, CO, United States; School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia; Instituto de Ecología Regional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Yerba Buena, 4172, Argentina; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Eldorado, 3380, Misiones, Argentina |
| Assimilating satellite-based canopy height within an ecosystem model to estimate aboveground forest biomass | Joetzjer E.; Pillet M.; Ciais P.; Barbier N.; Chave J.; Schlund M.; Maignan F.; Barichivich J.; Luyssaert S.; Hérault B.; von Poncet F.; Poulter B. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1002/2017GL074150 | Despite advances in Earth observation and modeling, estimating tropical biomass remains a challenge. Recent work suggests that integrating satellite measurements of canopy height within ecosystem models is a promising approach to infer biomass. We tested the feasibility of this approach to retrieve aboveground biomass (AGB) at three tropical forest sites by assimilating remotely sensed canopy height derived from a texture analysis algorithm applied to the high-resolution Pleiades imager in the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems Canopy (ORCHIDEE-CAN) ecosystem model. While mean AGB could be estimated within 10% of AGB derived from census data in average across sites, canopy height derived from Pleiades product was spatially too smooth, thus unable to accurately resolve large height (and biomass) variations within the site considered. The error budget was evaluated in details, and systematic errors related to the ORCHIDEE-CAN structure contribute as a secondary source of error and could be overcome by using improved allometric equations. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Geophysical Research Letters | 00948276 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017GL074150 | 6823-6832 | 44 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biomass; budget control; ecosystems; forestry; population statistics; systematic errors; aboveground biomass; allometric equations; earth observations; ecosystem model; optical satellite imagery; radar satellites; satellite measurements; secondary sources; aboveground biomass; algorithm; canopy; ecosystem modeling; feasibility study; height determination; optical method; pleiades; radar imagery; remote sensing; satellite imagery; tropical forest; satellite imagery, biomass; large-scale ecosystem model; optical satellite imagery; radar satellite imagery | Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; IRD UMR AMAP, Botany and Modeling of Architecture of Plants and Vegetations, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Toulouse, France; European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Nordwijk, Netherlands; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, Netherlands; CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêt de Guyane, Kourou, France; Airbus Defence and Space, Immenstaad, Germany; Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States |
| The pre-Columbian introduction and dispersal of Algarrobo (Prosopis, Section Algarobia) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile | McRostie V.B.; Gayo E.M.; Santoro C.M.; De Pol-Holz R.; Latorre C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2017 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0181759 | Archaeological and palaeoecological studies throughout the Americas have documented widespread landscape and environmental transformation during the pre-Columbian era. The highly dynamic Formative (or Neolithic) period in northern Chile (ca. 3700–1550 yr BP) brought about the local establishment of agriculture, introduction of new crops (maize, quinoa, manioc, beans, etc.) along with a major population increase, new emergent villages and technological innovations. Even trees such as the Algarrobos (Prosopis section Algarobia) may have been part of this transformation. Here, we provide evidence that these species were not native to the Atacama Desert of Chile (18–27S), appearing only in the late Holocene and most likely due to human actions. We assembled a database composed of 41 taxon specific AMS radiocarbon dates from archaeobotanical and palaeoecological records (rodent middens, leaf litter deposits), as well an extensive bibliographical review comprising archaeobotanical, paleoecological, phylogenetic and taxonomic data to evaluate the chronology of introduction and dispersal of these trees. Although Algarrobos could have appeared as early as 4200 yr BP in northernmost Chile, they only became common throughout the Atacama over a thousand years later, during and after the Formative period. Cultural and natural factors likely contributed to its spread and consolidation as a major silvicultural resource. © 2017 McRostie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | PLoS ONE | 19326203 | http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181759 | arte0181759 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, agricultural; desert climate; history, agriculture; archaeology; chile; crops, ancient; humans; phylogeny; plant dispersal; prosopis; carbon 14; article; chile; chronology; desert; holocene; leaf litter; nonhuman; paleoecology; phylogeny; plant dispersal; prosopis; species introduction; taxonomy; agriculture; archeology; classification; crop; desert climate; genetics; history; human; phylogeny; physiology; prosopis | Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Ecología and Centro UC Desierto de Atacama, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Alta Investigación, Laboratorio de Arqueología y Paleoambiente, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; GAIA-Antartica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile |
| Ecosystem engineering by Fascicularia bicolor in the canopy of the South-American temperate rainforest | Ortega-Solís G.; Díaz I.; Mellado-Mansilla D.; Tello F.; Moreno R.; Tejo C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.020 | Ecosystem engineers are organisms that modify habitats and resource flows, they therefore could have a disproportionate impact on the diversity of ecological communities. Evidence suggests that trash basket epiphytes (TBE) can be considered ecosystem engineers of forest canopies, due to their relationship with arboreal soil availability and treetop communities. Here we evaluated whether the TBE Fascicularia bicolor (Bromeliaceae), modulates temperature and humidity in the forest canopy. We also investigated if this bromeliad is related with greater arboreal soil accumulation and is associated to higher diversity of other epiphytic plants and invertebrates in the canopy of the South-American temperate rainforest (SATR), in Chile. We measured temperature and humidity in ten trees within the forest before and after the experimental addition of F. bicolor. We also related the presence of F. bicolor with occurrence of soil macro-fauna and other canopy dwelling plants in a comparative field survey. Temperature variability in the canopy was reduced by F. bicolor. Soil availability was higher in sites with mats of F. bicolor. The richness of vascular epiphytes was unaltered by the presence of F. bicolor, but species composition differed between sites with and without mats on each tree. At the group level, the cover of lichens and bryophytes was greater in sites without F. bicolor, while vascular epiphytes show a larger cover in sites with F. bicolor. The species richness of invertebrates increased in treetop sites colonized by F. bicolor but species composition was not different from soil in branch bifurcations. Our results show that F. bicolor must be considered in forest management practices to determine which trees must be logged, in order to preserve the viability of populations of these key organisms in the treetops of South-American temperate rainforests. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. | Forest Ecology and Management | 03781127 | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112717302074 | 417-428 | 400 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, ecosystems; forest canopy; humidity; south america; bromeliaceae; bryophytes; fascicularia bicolor; invertebrata; animals; ecosystems; professional aspects; soils; ecosystem engineering; forest management practices; measured temperatures; soil accumulations; species composition; temperate rainforest; temperature and humidities; temperature variability; bryophyte; colonization; ecosystem engineering; epiphyte; forest canopy; invertebrate; lichen; monocotyledon; rainforest; species richness; temperate environment; forestry | Unidad de Gestión Ambiental, Dirección de Servicios, Vicerrectoría de Gestión Económica y Administrativa, Universidad Austral de Chile, Las Encinas 220, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Ecología del Dosel, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany; Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile |
| The Dry Puna as an ecological megapatch and the peopling of South America: Technology, mobility, and the development of a late Pleistocene/early Holocene Andean hunter-gatherer tradition in northern Chile | Osorio D.; Steele J.; Sepúlveda M.; Gayo E.M.; Capriles J.M.; Herrera K.; Ugalde P.; De Pol-Holz R.; Latorre C.; Santoro C.M. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2017 | 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.010 | Current scientific evidence shows that humans colonized South America at least 15,000 years ago, but there are still many unknown aspects of this process, including the major and minor migratory routes involved, and the pattern of successive occupation of a diverse continental mosaic of ecosystems. In this context, the role of the Andean highlands (≥3400 meters above sea level) has been neglected, because of the supposedly harsh conditions for humans including hypoxia and cold climate. Nevertheless, the environmental and cultural resources available in the high Andes constitutes an important “megapatch” that should be assessed in terms of human settlement patterns. We review the evidence for late Pleistocene/early Holocene hunter-gatherer occupation of one part of this megapatch, the northern Chilean Dry Puna, in its palaeoecological context. We focus on lithic technology, faunal remains, radiocarbon dates, and other archaeological materials related to different social activities, which allow us to suggest that groups of hunter-gatherers organized and adapted their way of life to highland ecosystems through logistical mobility, and curatorial strategies for lithic tool kits that included projectile points and other formalized tools. The morphology and technological processes involved are recognized over vast territories along the high Andes. We identify this material expression as the high south central Andean Archaic hunter-gatherer tradition, which also featured long distance mobile settlement systems and communication processes over this broad and distinct megapatch. More speculatively, we outline the hypothesis that these highland ecosystems constituted a suitable migratory route that may have been key for the early peopling of the continent, and contrast it with the alternative hypothesis of the initially secondary and seasonally intermittent exploitation of this habitat by hunter-gatherers dispersing along the Pacific coastal corridor. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA | Quaternary International | 10406182 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618216312368 | 41-53 | 461 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | dry puna; early peopling of south america; high andes; late pleistocene; megapatch; south central andean archaic, andes; chile; puna; archaeological evidence; fossil; human settlement; hunter-gatherer; mobility; pleistocene-holocene boundary; radiocarbon dating; technology | Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34, Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom; Laboratorio de Arqueología y Paleoambiente, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Casilla 6-D, Arica, 100236, Chile; Laboratorio de Análisis e Investigaciones Arqueo métricas, Laboratorio de Arqueología y Paleoambiente, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Casilla 6-D, Arica, 100236, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, United States; UMR “Préhistoire et Technologie” de la Maison René Ginouvès, Université Paris X-Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre Cedex, 92001, France; School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721-0030, AZ, United States; GAIA-Antartica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Centro UC Desierto de Atacama, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras, Santiago, 3425, Chile |
| Carbon allocation to growth and storage in two evergreen species of contrasting successional status | Piper F.I.; Sepúlveda P.; Bustos-Salazar A.; Zúñiga-Feest A. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.3732/ajb.1700057 | PREMISE OF THE STUDY: A prevailing hypothesis in forest succession is that shade-tolerant species grow more slowly than shade-intolerant species, across light conditions, because they prioritize carbon (C) allocation to storage. We examined this hypothesis in a confamilial pair of species, including one of the fastest-growing tree species in the world (Eucalyptus globulus) and a shade-tolerant, slow-growing species (Luma apiculata). METHODS: Seedlings were subjected to one out of four combinations of light (high vs. low) and initial defoliation (90% defoliated vs. nondefoliated) for four months. Growth, C storage concentration in different organs, leaf shedding, and lateral shoot formation were measured at the end of the experiment. KEY RESULTS: E ucalyptus globulus grew faster than L. apiculata in high light, but not in low light. BoThspecies had lower C storage concentration in low than in high light, but similar C storage concentrations in each light condition. Defoliation had no effect on C storage, except in the case of the old leaves of boThspecies, which showed lower C storage levels in response to defoliation. Across treatments, leaf shedding was 96% higher in E globulus than in L. apiculata while, in contrast, lateral shoot formation was 87% higher in L. apiculata. CONCLUSIONS: In low light, E. globulus prioritized C storage instead of growth, whereas L. apiculata prioritized growth and lateral branching. Our results suggest that shade tolerance depends on efficient light capture rather than C conservation traits. © 2017 Botanical Society of America. | American Journal of Botany | 00029122 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.3732/ajb.1700057 | 654-662 | 104 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | development and aging; light; metabolism; myrtaceae; plant leaf; seedling; tree, carbon; carbon cycle; eucalyptus; forests; light; myrtaceae; plant leaves; seedlings; trees; eucalyptus globulus; luma apiculata; myrtaceae; carbon; biomass allocation; carbon sequestration; defoliation; evergreen tree; growth; light availability; seedling; shade tolerance; shading; starch; succession; survival; trade-off; understory; carbon cycle; eucalyptus; forest; growth, c starvation; defoliation; eucalyptus globulus; growth–survival tradeoff; leaf shedding; luma apiculata; myrtaceae; starch; succession; understory | Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt Regional R10C1003, Almirante Simpson 471, Coyhaique, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, campus Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile; Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Centro de investigaciones en Suelos volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Potencial de los anillos de crecimiento de pilgerodendron uviferum para el estudio histórico de las iglesias de Chiloé, patrimonio de la humanidad; [The potential use of pilgerodendron uviferum tree-ring dating in the historical interpretation of the churches of Chiloé, World Heritage] | Puchi P.; Muñoz A.A.; González M.E.; Abarzúa A.; Araya K.; Towner R.; Fitzek R.; Holz A.; Stahle D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2017 | 10.4067/S0717-92002017000100012 | The churches on Chiloé Island are the oldest wood structures in Chile. Chiloé islanders adapted European colonial techniques and developed unique regional construction styles when building these UNESCO-recognized community and religious centers. Although these historical treasures are preserved, much of the construction history of these churches remains unknown. Tree-ring dating is a proven archeological dating method used to identify the logging dates of wood used for constructiong historical buildings. The majority of churches on Chiloé were constructed using Pilgerodendron uviferum (“ciprés de las Guaitecas”) wood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of this species to date timber found at churches in Vilupulli and Ichuac. Timber sections from both structures were successfully cross-dated using three regional multi-century long P. uviferum tree-ring site chronologies located in the Chiloé region (two from the island and one from the nearby Andes region). Samples from pillars located in the tower of the Vilupulli church contained 311 and 181 tree-rings, respectively, while four samples from floor beams in the Ichuac church contained 79, 89, 97 and 135 annual growth. Timber used to build the Vilupulli church tower cross-dates to 1918 and corroborates colloquial knowledge that the structure was built in the early 20th century. Dates obtained from the floor beams in theIchuac church range from 1920 to1929, and contradict the colloquial thinking that the structure was built at the end of the 19th century, though these could represent material used in a later restoration not previously recorded in Ichuac’s local history. These findings confirm that P. uviferum presents strong capabilities for further use in tree ring dating of important historical structures located in the temperate region of Southern Chile. © 2017, Universidad Austral de Chile. All rights reserved. | Bosque | 03048799 | http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002017000100012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | 109-121 | 38 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | dendroarchaeology; historical structures; pilgerodendron uviferum, nan | Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Instituto de Geografía, Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Avenida Brasil 2241, Valparaíso, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Valdivia, Chile; Fundación Amigos de las Iglesias de Chiloé, Ancud, Chile; University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, AZ, United States; Portland State University, Department of Geography, Portland, United States; University of Arkansas, United States; Centro del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Chile |
| Loco or no loco? Holocene climatic fluctuations, human demography, and community based management of coastal resources in Northern Chile | Santoro C.M.; Gayo E.M.; Carter C.; Standen V.G.; Castro V.; Valenzuela D.; De Pol-Holz R.; Marquet P.A.; Latorre C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2017 | 10.3389/feart.2017.00077 | The abundance of the southern Pacific mollusk loco (Concholepas concholepas), among other conspicuous marine supplies, are often cited as critical resources behind the long-term cultural and demographic fluctuations of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the coastal Atacama Desert. These societies inhabited one of the world’s most productive marine environments flanked by one the world’s driest deserts. Both of these environments have witnessed significant ecological variation since people first colonized themat the end of the Pleistocene (c. 13,000 cal yr BP). Here, we examine the relationship between the relative abundance of shellfish (a staple resource) along a 9,500-year sequence of archeological shell midden accumulations at Caleta (a small inlet or cove) Vitor, with past demographic trends (established via summed probability distributions of radiocarbon ages) and technological innovations together with paleoceanographic data on past primary productivity. We find that shellfish extraction varied considerably from one cultural period to the next in terms of the number of species and their abundance, with diversity increasing during periods of regionally decreased productivity. Such shifts in consumption patterns are considered community based management decisions, and for the most part they were synchronous with large and unusual regional demographic fluctuations experienced by prehistoric coastal societies in northern Chile. When taken together with their technological innovations, our data illustrates how these human groups tailored their socio-cultural patterns to what were often abrupt and prolonged environmental changes throughout the Holocene. © 2017 Wagner, Ding and Jaffé. | Frontiers in Earth Science | 22966463 | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2017.00077/full | art77 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atacama desert; chile; arid regions; climatology; demography; landforms; population dynamics; population statistics; shellfish; atacama desert; community-based management; cultural resources; demographic fluctuations; enso; holocene climate; socio-cultural patterns; technological innovation; abundance; cultural history; environmental change; food supply; holocene; human settlement; hunter-gatherer; marine resource; mollusc; paleoclimate; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; prehistoric; relative abundance; shellfish; technological development; probability distributions, atacama desert; cultural resources management; enso; holocene climate; marine diet; prehistoric technology | Laboratorio de Arqueología y Paleoambiente, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 & Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago, Chile; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States; Centro UC del Desierto de Atacama, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Climate change and resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests in central–east Chilean Patagonia over the last 3200 years | Simi E.; Moreno P.I.; Villa-Martínez R.; Vilanova I.; de Pol-Holz R. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos | 2017 | 10.1002/jqs.2948 | We examine the response of Nothofagus forests to climate change and disturbance regimes over the last 3200 years near Coyhaique (45°S), central–east Chilean Patagonia, using fine-resolution pollen and charcoal records from lake sediment cores. Closed-canopy deciduous Nothofagus forests have dominated the region with little variation until the arrival of Chilean–European settlers, suggesting a predominance of cool-temperate and wet conditions. Within this state we identify centennial-scale episodes of forest fragmentation, increase in littoral macrophytes and volcanic/paleofire disturbance between 2700 and 3000 cal a BP, 2200 and 2500 cal a BP and over the last ∼250 years, which we interpret as intervals with negative hydrologic balance. Natural variability caused little impact on the physiognomy and composition of the vegetation in pre-European time, in contrast to the accelerated shift that started during the late 19th century associated with deforestation, homogenization and synchronization of ecosystem changes at the landscape level, and spread of exotic plant species brought by Chilean and European settlers during a warm/dry interval. The resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests to natural disturbance regimes and climate change was exceeded by large-scale human disturbance since the late 19th century by fire, timber exploitation and livestock grazing. These disturbances caused an ecosystem shift towards artificial meadows and scrublands with frequent high-magnitude fires. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Journal of Quaternary Science | 02678179 | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jqs.2948 | 845-856 | 32 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; patagonia; nothofagus; climate variation; deciduous forest; disturbance; fire history; holocene; human activity; paleoclimate; paleoenvironment; tephra, human disturbance; nothofagus forests; paleofires; resilience; tephras | Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Chile; GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; CONICET, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Physiological and morphological responses to permanent and intermittent waterlogging in seedlings of four evergreen trees of temperate swamp forests | Zúñiga-Feest A.; Bustos-Salazar A.; Alves F.; Martinez V.; Smith-Ramírez C. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2017 | 10.1093/treephys/tpx023 | Waterlogging decreases a plant's metabolism, stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (A); however, some evergreen species show acclimation to waterlogging. By studying both the physiological and morphological responses to waterlogging, the objective of this study was to assess the acclimation capacity of four swamp forest species that reside in different microhabitats. We proposed that species (Luma apiculata [D.C.] Burret. and Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Forster.) abundant in seasonally and intermittently waterlogged areas (SIWA) would have a higher acclimation capacity than species abundant in the inner swamp (Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii [H et A.] Mied. and Myrceugenia exsucca [D.C.] Berg.) where permanent waterlogging occurs (PWA); it was expected that the species from SIWA would maintain leaf expansion and gas exchange rates during intermittent waterlogging treatments. Conversely, we expected that PWA species would have higher constitutive waterlogging tolerance, and this would be reflected in the formation of lenticels and adventitious roots. Over the course of 2 months, we subjected seedlings to different waterlogging treatments: (i) permanent (sudden, SW), (ii) intermittent (gradual) or (iii) control (field capacity, C). Survival after waterlogging was high (≥80%) for all species and treatments, and only the growth rate of D. winteri subjected to SW was affected. Drimys winteri plants had low, but constant A and g during both waterlogging treatments. Conversely, L. apiculata had the highest A and g values, and g increased significantly during the first several days of waterlogging. In general, seedlings of all species subjected to waterlogging produced more adventitious roots and fully expanded leaves and had higher specific leaf area (SLA) and stomatal density (StD) than seedlings in the C treatment. From the results gathered here, we partially accept our hypothesis as all species showed high tolerance to waterlogging, maintained growth, and had increased A or g during different time points of waterlogging. Differences in leaf (SLA) and stomata functioning (gs, StD) plasticity likely allows plants to maintain positive carbon gains when waterlogging occurs. The species-specific differences found here were not entirely related to microhabitat distribution. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. | Tree Physiology | 0829318X | https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article/37/6/779/3069384 | 779-789 | 37 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | development and aging; myrtaceae; physiology; plant leaf; plant root; seedling; tree; wetland, drimys; ecosystem; forests; myrtaceae; plant leaves; plant roots; seedlings; trees; water; wetlands; south america; blepharocalyx; drimys winteri; luma apiculata; myrceugenia exsucca; water; acclimation; adventitious root; carbon cycle; evergreen tree; gas exchange; growth; leaf area; metabolism; microhabitat; morphology; photosynthesis; physiological response; seedling; stomatal conductance; swamp forest; temperate environment; tolerance; transpiration; waterlogging; drimys; ecosystem; forest; growth, acclimation to waterlogging; carbon exchange; southern south america; stomatal density; transpiration | Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Suelo Volcánicos, CISVo, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y Resiliencia (CR), Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Bosques y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
| Memoria institucional 2013 - 2017 | | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2017 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/memoria-institucional-cr2-2013-2017/ | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Contenidos mínimos y lineamientos metodológicos para la evaluación económica y social de una ley de cambio climático para Chile | Arriagada,R.;Meckievi,S.;Moraga,P.;Vasconi,P.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2016 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Contenidos_evaluacion.pdf | 52 | | Not Indexed | | |
| The southern South American Proteaceae, Embothrium coccineum exhibits intraspecific variation in growth and cluster-root formation depending on climatic and edaphic origins | Zúñiga-Feest A.; Delgado M.; Bustos-Salazar A.; Ochoa V. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo | 2015 | 10.1007/s11104-015-2574-6 | Background and aims: Cluster root (CR) functioning has been studied mainly in Proteaceae species from (P)-deficient old soils. However, in southern South America, six species occur in young P rich soils. The aims were: i) to study the growth and CR formation of Embothrium coccineum seedlings from populations contrasting in edaphic and climatic conditions and, ii) to study the effect of P availability on CR formation. Methods: Seedlings were grown from seeds collected from nine Chilean populations of E. coccineum (36° to 45° S). After 9 months in a nursery, CR formation and growth were determined. Additionally, seedlings from the two populations at the extreme ends of the distribution were maintained on sand and watered with nutrient solutions including or excluding P. Results: All seedlings showed CR formation at 4 months old; however, CR allocation differed in that it was lower in plants from the north versus from the south. CR in seedlings from Curacautín (38°) were suppressed when P supply increased, though this was not seen in seedlings from Coyhaique (45°). Conclusions: Results suggest local root adaptation related to both climatic and edaphic conditions. We hypothesize that these features could favor Proteaceae persistence in southern South American ecosystems. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. | Plant and Soil | 0032079X | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-015-2574-6 | 201-213 | 396 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aisen; chile; coihaique; embothrium coccineum; proteaceae; climate conditions; cluster analysis; evergreen tree; growth rate; hypothesis testing; intraspecific variation; persistence; phosphorus; seedling; volcanic soil, cluster roots; phosphorus; plasticity; volcanic soils | Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Santiago, Chile |
