| Vertically distinct sources modulate stable isotope signatures and distribution of Mesozooplankton in central Patagonia: The Golfo de Penas - Baker Channel connection and analogies with the Beagle Channel | Castro L.R.; Soto-Mendoza S.; Riccialdelli L.; Presta M.L.; Barrientos P.; González H.E.; Daneri G.; Gutiérrez M.; Montero P.; Masotti I.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2024 | 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103892 | Using hydrographic and zooplankton sampling along with stable isotope analyses, we determined the influence of freshwater input and of oceanic water ingress at the Golfo de Penas to the Baker Channel (47°S), central Patagonia, on the zooplankton community during mid-spring. Our results show that different taxonomic and functional groups occurred within the mesozooplankton community along an offshore-inshore-oriented transect. Some groups occurred mostly offshore (i.e. euphausiids, fish larvae, stomatopods, amphipods), while others occurred in higher abundance inshore (i.e. medusae, chaetognaths, siphonophores, ostracods). Early life stages of ecologically key species, such as Euphausia vallentini and pelagic stages of Munida gregaria, occurred mostly at the Golfo de Penas. Higher trophic positions estimated from δ15N occurred in mesozooplankton groups inshore (Baker Channel) and lower at the Golfo de Penas, coinciding with the decrease in C:N ratio in zooplankton and with an increase in chlorophyll-a values in the seawater seawards. The δ13C distribution in the zooplankton groups along the offshore-inshore transect showed a positive gradient from the inshore most stations towards the Baker Channel mouth, suggesting a negative relationship with freshwater carrying terrestrial organic carbon and a positive relationship with seawater. However, from the channel mouth seawards, a decrease in δ13C in most zooplankton groups occurred. Within the Baker Channel, low δ13C values occurred in particulate organic matter (POM) at the surface layer, higher values at intermediate depths, and low values at the deepest zones. This uneven distribution of δ13C values in POM and zooplankton, along with the presence of different water masses at different depths suggest an along-basin transport of organic carbon of different sources at different layers: of terrestrial origin at surface, marine origin at mid depth, and from degraded organic matter from offshore entering at higher depths. Thus, a complex scenario of lateral transport of water of different characteristics modulates the presence of zooplankton in different locations and their food sources along the area. These findings resemble others observed in further south in the Beagle Channel (57°S) also in spring but the relative contribution of different carbon sources may differ between Patagonian systems. © 2023 Elsevier B.V. | Journal of Marine Systems | 09247963 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103892 | art103892 | 241 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | baker channel; beagle channel; fjords; golfo de penas; munida; patagonia; stable isotopes; zooplankton, aisen; baker channel; beagle channel; chile; patagonia; biogeochemistry; isotopes; oceanography; offshore oil well production; plankton; seawater; baker channel; beagle channels; fjord; golfo de penas; mesozooplankton; munidum; offshores; patagonia; stable isotopes; zooplankton; chlorophyll a; freshwater input; organic carbon; particulate organic matter; population distribution; stable isotope; zooplankton; organic carbon | Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) and COPAS COASTAL Center, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Chile |
| Main drivers of marine heat waves in the eastern South Pacific | Carrasco D.; Pizarro O.; Jacques-Coper M.; Narváez D.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.3389/fmars.2023.1129276 | During the last decades, marine heat waves (MHWs) have increased in frequency and duration, with important impacts on marine ecosystems. This trend has been related to rising global sea surface temperatures, which are expected to continue in the future. Here, we analyze the main characteristics and possible drivers of MHWs in the eastern South Pacific off Chile. Our results show that MHWs usually exhibit spatial extensions on the order of 103-104 km2, temperature anomalies in the mixing layer between 1 and 1.3°C, and durations of 10 to 40 days, with exceptional events lasting several months. In this region, MHW are closely related to the ENSO cycles, in such a way that El Niño and, to a lesser extent, La Niña events increase the probability of high intensity and extreme duration MHWs. To analyze the MHW drivers, we use the global ocean reanalysis GLORYS2 to perform a heat budget in the surface mixed layer. We find that most events are dominated by diminished heat loss –associated with reduced evaporation– and enhanced insolation; thus, this group is called ASHF (for air-sea heat fluxes). The second type of MHWs is driven by heat advection, predominantly forced by anomalous eastward surface currents superimposed on a mean westward temperature gradient. The third type of MHWs results from a combination of positive (seaward) anomalies of air-sea heat fluxes and heat advection; this group exhibits the greatest values of spatial extension, intensity, and duration. Copyright © 2023 Carrasco, Pizarro, Jacques-Coper and Narváez. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1129276 | art1129276 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, air-sea heat fluxes; el niño; heat advection; marine heatwaves; mixed-layer heat budget; ocean extreme events; southeastern pacific | Graduate Program in Oceanography, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography, Concepcion, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepcion, Chile; Center for Climate Change and Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile; Center for Oceanographic Research Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental (COPAS) Coastal, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile |
| Coastal territorialities and ontologies in friction: a review of multiple coastal settlements in the context of climate change | Carrasco Henríquez N.; Vergara-Pinto F. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1007/s11852-023-00947-x | Co-existence among multiple coastal settlements (MCS) following diverse ecological, economic, and cultural traditions drives to examine the territorial and ontological dimensions underlying the development of heterogeneous worldviews within common coastal geographies. In the case of the coastal zone in Chile, cultural diversity is evident as a historical field of dispute, which in the current context of adaptation to climate change may be reproducing or moving to other new trajectories. Using a literature review specifically on the case of the Arauco province in Chile, this article aims to identify a typology of multiple territorialities and ontologies interacting and being sustained by common coastal environments, although embedded in frictions and both structural and historical inequalities. Through thematic analysis framed in poststructuralist political ecology, this review identified three categories of territorialities that develop in the study area (i.e. colonial, intercultural, and interstitial). Each one leads to recognising the power dynamics that underlie the interactions of practices and discourses on the territory, the sea, and the conservation of nature. Results show that the historical predominance of modern ontology has produced permissible ways of being and moving through this geography. In contrast, resistance has been generated by other ways of living based on relational, traditional, and contemporaneous ontologies with discourses aimed at socio-ecological equilibrium. The current challenge is understanding these ontological frictions and interstices wherein multiple territorialities configured in a common coastal geography can co-exist and co-participate in climate change governance. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. | Journal of Coastal Conservation | 14000350 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-023-00947-x | art17 | 27 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | arauco province; climate change; extractivism; inequalities; territorial heterogeneity, arauco; bio bio; chile; adaptive management; climate change; coastal zone; human settlement; territoriality | Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom |
| Seasonal and Spatially Distributed Viral Metagenomes from Comau Fjord (42°S), Patagonia | Castro-Nallar E.; Berríos-Farías V.; Díez B.; Guajardo-Leiva S. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1128/mra.00082-23 | Viruses are key players in marine environments, affecting food webs and biogeochemical cycles. We present 48 viral metagenomes and 5,656 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) from Comau Fjord, Patagonia (42°S), to understand viral-mediated processes in coastal and estuarine waters. These data represent a spatial (35-km transect, two depths) and seasonal (winter and fall) data set. Copyright © 2023 Castro-Nallar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. | Microbiology Resource Announcements | 2576098X | https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00082-23 | | 12 | Thomson Reuters ESCI | nan, brackish water; contig; nylon; polycarbonate; polyethersulfone; sea water; aquaculture; article; biogeochemical cycle; cluster analysis; ecosystem service; estuary; flocculation; hierarchical clustering; marine environment; metagenome; nonhuman; operational taxonomic unit; phylogenetic tree; prokaryote; season; seasonal variation; viral diversity | Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile |
| Assessment of the RegCM4-CORDEX-CORE performance in simulating cyclones affecting the western coast of South America | Crespo N.M.; Reboita M.S.; Gozzo L.F.; de Jesus E.M.; Torres-Alavez J.A.; Lagos-Zúñiga M.Á.; Torrez-Rodriguez L.; Reale M.; da Rocha R.P. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1007/s00382-022-06419-6 | In this study, we assess the performance of the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) in simulating the climatology of the cyclones near the west coast of South America. The synoptic evolution and seasonality of these systems are thoroughly investigated. The analyses are based on four simulations from the CORDEX-CORE Southern America (SA) domain, at 0.25° of horizontal resolution: one driven by ERA-Interim and three driven by different GCMs. The reference dataset is represented by ERA5. Cyclones were detected by an objective scheme in the period 1995–2005 and classified in three different classes: (i) Coastal Lows (CLs) and cyclones affecting the coast (CAC) (ii) crossing and (iii) not crossing the Andes. In general, RegCM4 is able to reproduce the climatology of cyclones affecting the western coast of SA. In particular: (i) CLs are shown to be more frequent in austral summer although their frequency is underestimated by the simulations in this season; (ii) CAC not crossing the Andes represent 76% of all CAC and are more frequent in winter, with simulation underestimating their frequency by ~ 22% due to the differences in the simulated upper-level jets, which tend to get weaker (by ~ 5–10 m s− 1) northwards of 30°S; (iii) the frequency of CAC crossing the Andes tends to be overestimated mainly in winter, which is associated with the combination of the stronger upper-level jets and weaker SLP in the simulations, especially southwards of 40°S. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06419-6 | 2041-2059 | 60 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | south america; anticyclone; assessment method; climate modeling; coastal zone; jet; regional climate; seasonal variation, climatology; coastal lows; cyclones; regional climate modeling; western south america | Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, MG, Itajubá, Brazil; Departamento de Física e Meteorologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP, Bauru, Brazil; Earth System Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Mining Technology Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, Trieste, Italy |
| The intensification of coastal hypoxia off central Chile: Long term and high frequency variability | De La Maza L.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.3389/feart.2022.929271 | Hypoxia is a phenomenon where dissolved oxygen (DO) is reduced to levels that are low enough to strongly affect ecological and biogeochemical processes. This occurs within the continental shelf off central Chile (36°S), influenced by seasonal coastal upwelling (Spring-Summer). Monthly measurements of DO and other oceanographic variables in the water column (1997−2021) over the 92 m isobath along with high-resolution and near-surface observations (POSAR buoy), are analyzed to examine incidences of hypoxia and understand the physical and biogeochemical processes modulating DO vertical distribution and its temporal variability. On average, the percentage of the water column with DO levels below 89 (hypoxia) and 22 (severe hypoxia) μmol L−1 reaches 68% (i.e., hypoxic waters are found below 30 m) and 44% (below 50 m depth), respectively, but during the upwelling season, as much as 87% (below 12 m depth) and 81% (below 17 m depth) of the water column exhibits these levels. On the sub-seasonal scale during upwelling season six hypoxic events lasting at least 2 days occur at 10 m depth. There is a strong seasonal correlation between the volume of the seawater presenting hypoxia and upwelling favorable winds. Furthermore, there is a high DO interannual variability partially related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Over 2 decades, it is estimated that DO concentration in surface and subsurface layers decreases (up to 21 μmol L−1 decade−1) as waters get colder (up to 0.29°C decade−1). Remarkably, the volume of hypoxic and severe hypoxic waters over the shelf has increased more than 2 times since 1997 and shows a significant positive correlation with the upwelling index. These preliminary findings indicate that the increase in local DO consumption is partially associated with upwelling intensification. Given the clear evidence of wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems and thus the increase in hypoxic events, the coastal zone may be highly vulnerable to hypoxia, impacting biological resources and biogeochemical cycles. Copyright © 2023 De La Maza and Farías. | Frontiers in Earth Science | 22966463 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.929271/full | art929271 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; annual variation; coastal zone; continental shelf; decadal variation; dissolved oxygen; hypoxia; seasonal variation; temporal variation; time series; upwelling; vertical distribution; water column, central chile; coastal upwelling; decadal trend; intra-seasonal; marine hypoxia; seasonal and inter-annual variability; time series | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR), Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Understanding Past Coastal Upwelling Systems and Environmental Local and Lasting Impacts (UPWELL), ANID Millennium Science Initiative, Coquimbo, Chile |
| The impact of local and climate change drivers on the formation, dynamics, and potential recurrence of a massive fish-killing microalgal bloom in Patagonian fjord | Díaz P.A.; Pérez-Santos I.; Basti L.; Garreaud R.; Pinilla E.; Barrera F.; Tello A.; Schwerter C.; Arenas-Uribe S.; Soto-Riquelme C.; Navarro P.; Díaz M.; Álvarez G.; Linford P.M.; Altamirano R.; Mancilla-Gutiérrez G.; Rodríguez-Villegas C.; Figueroa R.I. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2023 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161288 | Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in southern Chile are a serious threat to public health, tourism, artisanal fisheries, and aquaculture in this region. Ichthyotoxic HAB species have recently become a major annual threat to the Chilean salmon farming industry, due to their severe economic impacts. In early austral autumn 2021, an intense bloom of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was detected in Comau Fjord, Chilean Patagonia, resulting in a high mortality of farmed salmon (nearly 6000 tons of biomass) within 15 days. H. akashiwo cells were first detected at the head of the fjord on March 16, 2021 (up to 478 cells mL−1). On March 31, the cell density at the surface had reached a maximum of 2 × 105 cells mL−1, with intense brown spots visible on the water surface. Strong and persistent high-pressure anomalies over the southern tip of South America, consistent with the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), resulted in extremely dry conditions, high solar radiation, and strong southerly winds. A coupling of these features with the high water retention times inside the fjord can explain the spatial-temporal dynamics of this bloom event. Other factors, such as the internal local physical uplift process (favored by the north-to-south orientation of the fjord), salt-fingering events, and the uplift of subantarctic deep-water renewal, likely resulted in the injection of nutrients into the euphotic layer, which in turn could have promoted cell growth and thus high microalgal cell densities, such as reached by the bloom. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722083929 | art161288 | 865 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biogeochemistry; brown tide; climate anomalies; nw chilean patagonia; salmon mortality; southern annular mode (sam); upwelling, animals; chile; climate change; estuaries; harmful algal bloom; microalgae; salmon; water; chile; comau fjord; los lagos; patagonia; climate change; farms; health risks; dissolved oxygen; water; brown tide; cell density; climate anomalies; harmful algal blooms; nw chilean patagonium; patagonia; salmon mortality; southern annular mode; upwelling; algal bloom; biogeochemistry; brown tide; climate change; fjord; microaggregate; mortality; salmonid fishery; spatiotemporal analysis; upwelling; water retention; algal bloom; article; autumn; biogeochemistry; biomass; brown spot; cell density; cell growth; chemical oxygen demand; chile; climate change; fish; heterosigma akashiwo; marine environment; medieval warm period; microbial community; mortality; nonhuman; particulate matter; phytoplankton; public health; river; salmonine; sea surface temperature; south america; water residence time; algal bloom; animal; climate change; estuary; microalga; cell proliferation | Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Faculty of Marine Environment and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Integrative Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile; Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemún, Castro, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, United States; Salmones Camanchaca S.A., Puerto Montt, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, 1281, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, ... |
| A First Insight into the Microbial and Viral Communities of Comau Fjord—A Unique Human-Impacted Ecosystem in Patagonia (42° S) | Guajardo-Leiva S.; Mendez K.N.; Meneses C.; Díez B.; Castro-Nallar E. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.3390/microorganisms11040904 | While progress has been made in surveying the oceans to understand microbial and viral communities, the coastal ocean and, specifically, estuarine waters, where the effects of anthropogenic activity are greatest, remain partially understudied. The coastal waters of Northern Patagonia are of interest since this region experiences high-density salmon farming as well as other disturbances such as maritime transport of humans and cargo. Here, we hypothesized that viral and microbial communities from the Comau Fjord would be distinct from those collected in global surveys yet would have the distinctive features of microbes from coastal and temperate regions. We further hypothesized that microbial communities will be functionally enriched in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in general and in those related to salmon farming in particular. Here, the analysis of metagenomes and viromes obtained for three surface water sites showed that the structure of the microbial communities was distinct in comparison to global surveys such as the Tara Ocean, though their composition converges with that of cosmopolitan marine microbes belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Similarly, viral communities were also divergent in structure and composition but matched known viral members from North America and the southern oceans. Microbial communities were functionally enriched in ARGs dominated by beta-lactams and tetracyclines, bacitracin, and the group macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) but were not different from other communities from the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Similarly, viral communities were characterized by exhibiting protein clusters similar to those described globally (Tara Oceans Virome); however, Comau Fjord viromes displayed up to 50% uniqueness in their protein content. Altogether, our results indicate that microbial and viral communities from the Comau Fjord are a reservoir of untapped diversity and that, given the increasing anthropogenic impacts in the region, they warrant further study, specifically regarding resilience and resistance against antimicrobials and hydrocarbons. © 2023 by the authors. | Microorganisms | 20762607 | https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040904 | art904 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, coastal microbiome; estuarine waters; patagonia; shotgun metagenomics | Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avda. Lircay s/n, Talca, 3465548, Chile; Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avda. Lircay s/n, Talca, 3465548, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, 8370186, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, 7800003, Chile |
| Synoptic-to-intraseasonal atmospheric modulation of phytoplankton biomass in the inner sea of Chiloé, Northwest Patagonia (42.5°-43.5°S, 72.5°-74°W), Chile | Jacques-Coper M.; Segura C.; de la Torre M.B.; Valdebenito Muñoz P.; Vásquez S.I.; Narváez D.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.3389/fmars.2023.1160230 | The Inner Sea of Chiloé (ISC) in northwestern Patagonia has experienced large harmful algal blooms in the past decade, impacting human health and affecting the large aquaculture industry of the region. Thus, the investigation of factors favouring regional phytoplankton growth are of particular interest. Analysing the synoptic-to-intraseasonal variability, we explore changes in phytoplankton biomass in southern ISC (S-ISC, 42.5°-43.5°S, 72.5°-74°W) and their concurrent mesoscale and large-scale meteorological and oceanographic conditions. We use high-resolution satellite normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH) and chlorophyll-a (CHL-A) from the MODIS-Aqua sensor as proxies for phytoplankton biomass, besides oceanic and atmospheric variables derived from various remote-sensing sources and atmospheric fields from the ERA5 reanalysis. Specifically, we focus on high phytoplankton biomass events HBEs, which are defined as those cases when intraseasonal nFLH anomaly (nFLH’) exceeds the 95th percentile threshold. Each event was characterised by its first date of occurrence (called day 0). We detected 16 HBE between 2003 and 2019 in S-ISC. HBEs tend to occur under the influence of a mid-latitude migratory anticyclone that induce persistent cloudless conditions preceding day 0, leading to enhanced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) starting around day -8, and positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies between days -4 and +4. We hypothesise that HBEs are mainly modulated by i) mixing and advection that could contribute to a greater availability of nutrients in the upper sea layers before the onset of the anticyclonic anomalies; and ii) increased thermal stratification related to positive PAR and SST anomalies that would promote phytoplankton growth during the anticyclonic regime. Furthermore, we show that the Madden-Julian Oscillation modulates the frequency of nFLH’ and thus of HBEs, a result that suggests an enhanced predictability of these cases. Copyright © 2023 Jacques-Coper, Segura, de la Torre, Valdebenito Muñoz, Vásquez and Narváez. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1160230/abstract | art1160230 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | coastal process; extreme event; harmful algal bloom (hab); migratory anticyclone; ocean-atmosphere interaction; patagonia; phytoplankton; upwelling, nan | Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile; Departamento de Pesquerías, Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Talcahuano, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Spatio-temporal multidisciplinary analysis of socio-environmental conditions to explore the COVID-19 early evolution in urban sites in South America | Mantilla Caicedo G.C.; Rusticucci M.; Suli S.; Dankiewicz V.; Ayala S.; Caiman Peñarete A.; Díaz M.; Fontán S.; Chesini F.; Jiménez-Buitrago D.; Barreto Pedraza L.R.; Barrera F. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16056 | This study aimed to analyse how socio-environmental conditions affected the early evolution of COVID-19 in 14 urban sites in South America based on a spatio-temporal multidisciplinary approach. The daily incidence rate of new COVID-19 cases with symptoms as the dependent variable and meteorological-climatic data (mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) as the independent variables were analysed. The study period was from March to November of 2020. We inquired associations of these variables with COVID-19 data using Spearman's non-parametric correlation test, and a principal component analysis considering socio economic and demographic variables, new cases, and rates of COVID-19 new cases. Finally, an analysis using non-metric multidimensional scale ordering by the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of meteorological data, socio economic and demographic variables, and COVID-19 was performed. Our findings revealed that the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures and relative humidity were significantly associated with rates of COVID-19 new cases in most of the sites, while precipitation was significantly associated only in four sites. Additionally, demographic variables such as the number of inhabitants, the percentage of the population aged 60 years and above, the masculinity index, and the GINI index showed a significant correlation with COVID-19 cases. Due to the rapid evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, these findings provide strong evidence that biomedical, social, and physical sciences should join forces in truly multidisciplinary research that is critically needed in the current state of our region. © 2023 | Heliyon | 24058440 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16056 | arte16056 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate variability; gini; pandemic; parametric and non-parametric analysis; sars-cov-2, nan | Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education, Columbia University, New York, United States; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, CONICET, Argentina; Universidad de Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile; Subred Integrada de Servicios Hospitalarios Centro Oriente ESE, Red Hospitalaria Bogotá Distrito Capital, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina; Ministerio de Salud de Argentina, Argentina; Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Mesa de Variabilidad y Cambio Climático de la CONASA, Colombia; Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - IDEAM, Subdirección de Meteorología, Mesa de Variabilidad y Cambio Climático de la CONASA, Miembro del grupo QuASAR UPN, Colombia; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile and Centre for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile |
| Kanamycin treatment in the pre-symptomatic stage of a Drosophila PD model prevents the onset of non-motor alterations | Molina-Mateo D.; Valderrama B.P.; Zárate R.V.; Hidalgo S.; Tamayo-Leiva J.; Soto-González A.; Guerra-Ayala S.; Arriagada-Vera V.; Oliva C.; Diez B.; Campusano J.M. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109573 | Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor alterations, which is preceded by a prodromal stage where non-motor symptoms are observed. Over recent years, it has become evident that this disorder involves other organs that communicate with the brain like the gut. Importantly, the microbial community that lives in the gut plays a key role in this communication, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. Alterations in this axis have been associated to several disorders including PD. Here we proposed that the gut microbiota is different in the presymptomatic stage of a Drosophila model for PD, the Pink1B9 mutant fly, as compared to that observed in control animals. Our results show this is the case: there is basal dysbiosis in mutant animals evidenced by substantial difference in the composition of midgut microbiota in 8–9 days old Pink1B9 mutant flies as compared with control animals. Further, we fed young adult control and mutant flies kanamycin and analyzed motor and non-motor behavioral parameters in these animals. Data show that kanamycin treatment induces the recovery of some of the non-motor parameters altered in the pre-motor stage of the PD fly model, while there is no substantial change in locomotor parameters recorded at this stage. On the other hand, our results show that feeding young animals the antibiotic, results in a long-lasting improvement of locomotion in control flies. Our data support that manipulations of gut microbiota in young animals could have beneficial effects on PD progression and age-dependent motor impairments. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd | Neuropharmacology | 00283908 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109573 | art109573 | 236 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | benzaldehyde; distilled water; kanamycin; adult; aging; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; anxiety; article; asymptomatic disease; behavior disorder; behavioral test parameters; cell manipulation; centrophobism; cohort analysis; controlled study; disease course; disease exacerbation; drug effect; dysbiosis; fruit fly model; intestine flora; locomotion; male; microbial diversity; midgut; motor activity; motor dysfunction; nonhuman; parkinson disease; pink1 mutant (drosophila); pink1b9 mutant (drosophila); smelling disorder; species composition; young adult, aging; drosophila; microbiota; parkinson's disease; pink1; presymptomatic stage | Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Prokaryotic community dynamics and nitrogen-cycling genes in an oxygen-deficient upwelling system during La Niña and El Niño conditions | Pajares S.; Merino-Ibarra M.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1111/1462-2920.16362 | Dissolved oxygen regulates microbial distribution and nitrogen cycling and, therefore, ocean productivity and Earth's climate. To date, the assembly of microbial communities in relation to oceanographic changes due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains poorly understood in oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The Mexican Pacific upwelling system supports high productivity and a permanent OMZ. Here, the spatiotemporal distribution of the prokaryotic community and nitrogen-cycling genes was investigated along a repeated transect subjected to varying oceanographic conditions associated with La Niña in 2018 and El Niño in 2019. The community was more diverse during La Niña and in the aphotic OMZ, dominated by the Subtropical Subsurface water mass, where the highest abundances of nitrogen-cycling genes were found. The largest proportion of the Gulf of California water mass during El Niño provided warmer, more oxygenated, and nutrient-poor waters towards the coast, leading to a significant increase of Synechococcus in the euphotic layer compared with the opposite conditions during La Niña. These findings suggest that prokaryotic assemblages and nitrogen genes are linked to local physicochemical conditions (e.g. light, oxygen, nutrients), but also to oceanographic fluctuations associated with ENSO phases, indicating the crucial role of climate variability in microbial community dynamics in this OMZ. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Applied Microbiology International and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | Environmental Microbiology | 14622912 | https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16362 | 1281-1299 | 25 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, el nino-southern oscillation; microbiota; oxygen; water; oxygen; water; el nino; genetics; microflora | Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Oceanografía, Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Hydrological connections in a glaciated Andean catchment under permafrost conditions (33°S) | Pereira S.R.; Díez B.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Leray S.; Fernandoy F.; Marquardt C.; Lambert F. | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2023 | 10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101311 | Fresh water supply is critical along the Andes, where drought conditions over the past decade are projected to persist. At high Andean headwater catchments, frozen ground conditions are assumed to modulate groundwater flow paths and their hydrological signals at different timescales. However, knowledge of hydrological connections in subtropical Andean catchments is still very sparse. This study assessed hydrological connections and their impacts on groundwater contribution to baseflow in a headwater proglacial aquifer located in central Chile at 33° S and 3600 m a.s.l. We collected and analyzed snow, glacial stream, and groundwater spring water samples between 2019 and 2021. We combined of water isotope and metagenomic proxies with the hydraulic parameterization of the catchment to deliver mean transit time distributions through the proglacial aquifer. The new hydrological insights for the region include the finding that groundwater spring signals delivered sub-decadal transit times, implying likely origins from glacial or interstitial ice. Additionally, the stable isotope signature showed that groundwater consistently differs from snow and surface runoff. The 16S rRNA metabarcoding analyses demonstrated the presence of psychrophilic microorganisms in groundwater springs, supporting the idea of a late warm-season activation of interstitial ice due to thawing events associated with a differential relative-abundance of specific cryophilic bacteria. Finally, our results suggest hydrological connections and dampening timeframes between glaciers, proglacial areas, and groundwater springs, most likely from thawing sources. © 2023 The Authors | Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies | 22145818 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221458182200324X | art101311 | 45 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, 16s rrna metabarcoding; cryophilic bacteria; high andes; mountain permafrost; proglacial aquifer; transit times | Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Chile; Centro de Cambio Global, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Análisis Isotópico, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; DIEM/DIEG, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| The role of atmospheric rivers in rainfall-induced landslides: A study from the Elqui valley | Rutllant J.A.; Matus F.; Rudloff V.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras | 2023 | 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105016 | The purpose of the present study is to explore the synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport that contribute to triggering landslides in the mid-Elqui basin (30°S, 70.5°W) since the early 20th century. A total of 12 storms during the modern period (1957–2017) were identified from various sources and analyzed using ERA5 Reanalysis data. An additional set of eight storms was included and characterized using 20th Century Reanalysis data. The results reveal that high-amplitude, deep troughs extending into the subtropics off the west coast of South America are ubiquitous in these storms. Maximum integrated water vapor transport from the northwest (NW) or west-northwest (WNW) was observed on the coast (25–30°S), with values sometimes exceeding 300 kg s-1 m-1, often reaching more than five standard deviations above the mean. Atmospheric rivers near the study region were found to be involved in all 12 modern landslide-producing storms. Moreover, most storms occur during the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and/or phases 7–8–1 of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). Backward-trajectory analyses indicate that in all but one of the modern storms, water vapor transport originated in the Central Tropical Pacific, where ocean warming characterizes the convective phases of ENSO and/or MJO. © 2023 The Authors | Journal of Arid Environments | 01401963 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196323000873 | art105016 | 216 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atmospheric rivers; central chile; deep troughs; enso; integrated water vapor transport (ivt); landslides; mjo; rainstorm; subtropical andes, nan | Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones, CEAZA, La Serena, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Museum of Water - University of O'Higgins, UOH, Rancagua, Chile |
| Comité Científico de Cambio Climático: Desalinización: Oportunidades y desafíos para abordar la inseguridad hídrica en Chile. | Vicuña,S.;Daniele,L.;Farías,L.;González,H.;Marquet,P.;Palma-Behnke,R.;Stehr,A.;Urquiza,A.;Wagemann,E.;Arenas-Herrera,M.;Borquez,R.;Cornejo-Ponce,L.;Delgado,V.;Etcheberry,G.;Fragkou,M.;Fuster,R.;Gelcich,S.;Melo,O.;Monsalve,T.;Olivares,M.;Ramajo,L.;Ramirez-Pascualli,C.;Rojas,Carolina;Rojas,Christian;Vilca-Salinas,P.;Winckler,P.; | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2023 | | Frente al problema de escasez hídrica forzada por el cambio climático en Chile, particularmente en la zona norte del país, se han instalado plantas desalinizadoras de distintos tamaños, con varias más en proceso de estudio y evaluación. La masificación de esta tecnología nos plantea el desafío de planificar su desarrollo futuro tomando decisiones con bases científicas considerando las ventajas y desventajas de este tipo de tecnología. El presente documento fue elaborado en respuesta a la solicitud formal del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente para que el Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico para el Cambio Climático (C4) redactase un informe sobre el desarrollo de plantas desalinizadoras en el país. A partir de dicha solicitud, el Comité trabajó recopilando antecedentes y organizando talleres de trabajo con la comunidad científica a lo largo de varias etapas. Como resultado se prepararon una serie de recomendaciones, no siempre consensuadas, acerca del desarrollo de esta tecnología en el país. | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022_informe_desalinizacion.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Dark Diazotrophy during the Late Summer in Surface Waters of Chile Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Castillo-Inaipil W.; Farías L.; Sanhueza C.; Fernández B.; Verdugo J.; Abarzua L.; Ridley C.; Tamayo-Leiva J.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3390/microorganisms10061140 | Although crucial for the addition of new nitrogen in marine ecosystems, dinitrogen (N2) fixation remains an understudied process, especially under dark conditions and in polar coastal areas, such as the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). New measurements of light and dark N2 fixation rates in parallel with carbon (C) fixation rates, as well as analysis of the genetic marker nifH for diazotrophic organisms, were conducted during the late summer in the coastal waters of Chile Bay, South Shetland Islands, WAP. During six late summers (February 2013 to 2019), Chile Bay was characterized by high NO3- concentrations (~20 µM) and an NH4+ content that remained stable near 0.5 µM. The N:P ratio was approximately 14.1, thus close to that of the Redfield ratio (16:1). The presence of Cluster I and Cluster III nifH gene sequences closely related to Alpha-, Delta-and, to a lesser extent, Gammaproteobacteria, suggests that chemosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria are primarily responsible for N2 fixation in the bay. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation ranged from 51.18 to 1471 nmol C L−1 d−1, while dark chemosynthesis ranged from 9.24 to 805 nmol C L−1 d−1. N2 fixation rates were higher under dark conditions (up to 45.40 nmol N L−1 d−1) than under light conditions (up to 7.70 nmol N L−1 d−1), possibly contributing more than 37% to new nitrogen-based production (≥2.5 g N m−2 y−1). Of all the environmental factors measured, only PO43- exhibited a significant correlation with C and N2 rates, being negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with dark chemosynthesis and N2 fixation under the light condition, revealing the importance of the N:P ratio for these processes in Chile Bay. This significant contribution of N2 fixation expands the ubiquity and biological potential of these marine chemosynthetic diazotrophs. As such, this process should be considered along with the entire N cycle when further reviewing highly productive Antarctic coastal waters and the diazotrophic potential of the global marine ecosystem. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Microorganisms | 20762607 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/6/1140 | art1140 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, diazotrophy; heterotrophic diazotrophy; nitrogen fixation; wap/new production | Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, 0901952, Ecuador; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas, 35001, Spain; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany; Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, 8320000, Chile |
| Surface Ammonia-Oxidizer Abundance During the Late Summer in the West Antarctic Coastal System | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Díez B.; Testa G.; Troncoso M.; Bello E.; Farías L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821902 | Marine ammonia oxidizers that oxidize ammonium to nitrite are abundant in polar waters, especially during the winter in the deeper mixed-layer of West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) waters. However, the activity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizers during the summer in surface coastal Antarctic waters remain unclear. In this study, the ammonia-oxidation rates, abundance and identity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) were evaluated in the marine surface layer (to 30 m depth) in Chile Bay (Greenwich Island, WAP) over three consecutive late-summer periods (2017, 2018, and 2019). Ammonia-oxidation rates of 68.31 nmol N L−1 day−1 (2018) and 37.28 nmol N L−1 day−1 (2019) were detected from illuminated 2 m seawater incubations. However, high ammonia-oxidation rates between 267.75 and 109.38 nmol N L−1 day−1 were obtained under the dark condition at 30 m in 2018 and 2019, respectively. During the late-summer sampling periods both stratifying and mixing events occurring in the water column over short timescales (February–March). Metagenomic analysis of seven nitrogen cycle modules revealed the presence of ammonia-oxidizers, such as the Archaea Nitrosopumilus and the Bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, with AOA often being more abundant than AOB. However, quantification of specific amoA gene transcripts showed number of AOB being two orders of magnitude higher than AOA, with Nitrosomonas representing the most transcriptionally active AOB in the surface waters. Additionally, Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus and Nitrosopumilus, phylogenetically related to surface members of the NP-ε and NP-γ clades respectively, were the predominant AOA. Our findings expand the known distribution of ammonium-oxidizers to the marine surface layer, exposing their potential ecological role in supporting the marine Antarctic system during the productive summer periods. Copyright © 2022 Alcamán-Arias, Cifuentes-Anticevic, Díez, Testa, Troncoso, Bello and Farías. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.821902/full | art821902 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ammonia-oxidizers; archaea; bacteria; nitrification; photic layer; western antarctic peninsula, acetone; ammonia; ammonium chloride; chloroform; chlorophyll a; complementary dna; deoxyribonuclease; deoxyribonuclease i; dodecyl sulfate sodium; isopentyl alcohol; nitrite; nitrogen; phenol; ribonuclease; rna 16s; sea water; surface water; tracer; agar gel electrophoresis; ammonia oxidizer; ammonia oxidizing archaeon; ammonia oxidizing bacterium; article; bacterioplankton; centrifugation; colorimetry; dna extraction; dna synthesis; fluorescence; fluorometry; genetic transcription; high throughput sequencing; incubation time; metagenome; metagenomics; microbial biomass; nitrification; nitrogen cycle; nitrosomonas; nitrosopumilus; nitrosospira; nonhuman; oxidation; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; phytoplankton; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; rna extraction; spectrophotometry | Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Postgrado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Research Center Dynamics of High Latitude Marine Ecosystems (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile |
| A general theory for temperature dependence in biology | Arroyo J.I.; Díezc B.; Kempes C.P.; West G.B.; Marquet P.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1073/pnas.2119872119 | At present, there is no simple, first principles-based, and general model for quantitatively describing the full range of observed biological temperature responses. Here we derive a general theory for temperature dependence in biology based on Eyring-Evans- Polanyi's theory for chemical reaction rates. Assuming only that the conformational entropy of molecules changes with temperature, we derive a theory for the temperature dependence of enzyme reaction rates which takes the form of an exponential function modified by a power law and that describes the characteristic asymmetric curved temperature response. Based on a few additional principles, our model can be used to predict the temperature response above the enzyme level, thus spanning quantum to classical scales. Our theory provides an analytical description for the shape of temperature response curves and demonstrates its generality by showing the convergence of all temperature dependence responses onto universal relationships - a universal data collapse - under appropriate normalization and by identifying a general optimal temperature, around 25 °C, characterizing all temperature response curves. The model provides a good fit to empirical data for a wide variety of biological rates, times, and steady-state quantities, from molecular to ecological scales and across multiple taxonomic groups (from viruses to mammals). This theory provides a simple framework to understand and predict the impact of temperature on biological quantities based on the first principles of thermodynamics, bridging quantum to classical scales. Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 00278424 | https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2119872119 | arte2119872119 | 119 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | animals; biology; entropy; mammals; temperature; thermodynamics; article; biology; conformational transition; entropy; enzyme mechanism; steady state; temperature dependence; thermodynamics; animal; biology; mammal; temperature, metabolic theory; scaling; temperature kinetics | Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, CP 8331150, Chile; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, 87501, NM, United States; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CP 8331150, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, FONDAP (Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigacion en Areas Prioritarias), University of Chile, Santiago, CP 8370449, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation, FONDAP, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, CP 7800003, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, CP 7800003, Chile; Centro de Cambio Global Universidad Catolica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CP 8331150, Chile; Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, CP 2340000, Chile; Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile, International Research Laboratory 2807, CNRS, Santiago, CP 8370456, Chile |
| Antarctic Polyester Hydrolases Degrade Aliphatic and Aromatic Polyesters at Moderate Temperatures | Blázquez-Sánchez P.; Engelberger F.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Sonnendecker C.; Griñén A.; Reyes J.; Díez B.; Guixé V.; Richter P.K.; Zimmermann W.; Ramírez-Sarmiento C.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1128/AEM.01842-21 | Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used synthetic plastics in the packaging industry, and consequently has become one of the main components of plastic waste found in the environment. However, several microorganisms have been described to encode enzymes that catalyze the depolymerization of PET. While most known PET hydrolases are thermophilic and require reaction temperatures between 60°C and 70°C for an efficient hydrolysis of PET, a partial hydrolysis of amorphous PET at lower temperatures by the polyester hydrolase IsPETase from the mesophilic bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis has also been reported. We show that polyester hydrolases from the Antarctic bacteria Moraxella sp. strain TA144 (Mors1) and Oleispira antarctica RB-8 (OaCut) were able to hydrolyze the aliphatic polyester polycaprolactone as well as the aromatic polyester PET at a reaction temperature of 25°C. Mors1 caused a weight loss of amorphous PET films and thus constitutes a PET-degrading psychrophilic enzyme. Comparative modeling of Mors1 showed that the amino acid composition of its active site resembled both thermophilic and mesophilic PET hydrolases. Lastly, bioinformatic analysis of Antarctic metagenomic samples demonstrated that members of the Moraxellaceae family carry candidate genes coding for further potential psychrophilic PET hydrolases. IMPORTANCE A myriad of consumer products contains polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a plastic that has accumulated as waste in the environment due to its longterm stability and poor waste management. One promising solution is the enzymatic biodegradation of PET, with most known enzymes only catalyzing this process at high temperatures. Here, we bioinformatically identified and biochemically characterized an enzyme from an Antarctic organism that degrades PET at 25°C with similar efficiency to the few PET-degrading enzymes active at moderate temperatures. Reasoning that Antarctica harbors other PET-degrading enzymes, we analyzed available data from Antarctic metagenomic samples and successfully identified other potential enzymes. Our findings contribute to increasing the repertoire of known PET-degrading enzymes that are currently being considered as biocatalysts for the biological recycling of plastic waste. © 2022 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. | Applied and Environmental Microbiology | 00992240 | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.01842-21 | arte01842 | 88 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctic regions; hydrolases; hydrolysis; polyesters; polyethylene terephthalates; temperature; bacteria; biodegradation; hydrolases; hydrolysis; plastic bottles; waste management; hydrolase; polyester; polyethylene terephthalate; antarctica; degrading enzymes; moraxella; moraxellum sp.; oleispirum antarctica; plastic biodegradation; polyester hydrolase; polyethylene terephthalate; psychrophilic enzyme; bacterium; biodegradation; catalysis; catalyst; enzyme; plastic; antarctica; genetics; hydrolysis; temperature; polyethylene terephthalates, antarctica; moraxella sp.; oleispira antarctica; plastic biodegradation; polyester hydrolases; polyethylene terephthalate (pet); psychrophilic enzymes | Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (IBio), Santiago, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany |
| Modes of access to water for domestic use in rural Chile: a typological proposal | Chloé N.-A.; Gustavo B.; Carlos B.; Noelia C. | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.2166/wp.2022.026 | A typology is proposed regarding the modes of access to water for the rural population in Chile as well as four explanatory dimensions of its heterogeneity. The typology emerges from a systematic review of the literature and an analysis of quantitative data based on rural water organizations’ databases. The modes of access are defined by the following five criteria: their socio-technical system, their type of management, their level of spatial action, the source of their financing, and the type of technical assistance they received. The findings dispute the systemic vision of access to water in rural areas and invite us to consider the structural heterogeneity in regulations and public policies to guarantee the human right to water. © 2022 The Authors. | Water Policy | 13667017 | https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/24/7/1179/89257/Modes-of-access-to-water-for-domestic-use-in-rural | 1179-1194 | 24 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; climate change; drinking water; rural water supply; water law; water security | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Agricultural Economics, Universidad de Talca, Av. Lircay S/N, Talca, 3460000, Chile; Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 240, Concepción, 4030000, Chile |
| Callampas of disaster: negotiations and struggles for the commons under forestry hegemony in Chile | Cid-Aguayo,Beatriz E;Krstulovic-Matus,Josefa E;Carrasco Henríquez,Noelia;Mella-Moraga,Valentina;Oñate Vargas,Diego; | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1093/cdj/bsac030 | The massive planting of exotic species under the so-called forestry model has dramatically transformed the landscapes of south-central Chile, replacing diverse agricultural, livestock and forest landscapes with forest monocultures, which are highly water-consuming and prone to massive fires. This has meant a productive simplification, and peasant communities have been displaced and stripped of their traditional ways of life. However, in this landscape of disaster, biotic communities of fungi have flourished, and with them human communities of collectors have learned to sustain themselves in a monocultural and privatized scenario. This paper is based on a multi-local ethnographic approach, built upon 26 semi-structured interviews, participant observation, social mapping, creating a calendar and a trend line. The text documents the processes of two communities affected by massive fires which have developed organization, agencies and practices. Mushrooms (callampas in Chilean Spanish) are claimed as a common good derived from the forestry model, claiming access to their use and usufruct of land belonging to forestry companies. They have also developed local governance systems for the care and better use of this new resource for common use. Forestry companies, for their part, try to subsume these practices in their territorial governance processes, disputing these commons’ meaning and purpose. Both cases contribute to empirically address the central thesis of this article, according to which communalization exercises within contexts of capitalist expansion constitute responses of survival, resistance and adaptation in landscapes transformed and devastated by extractivist industries. | Community Development Journal | 0010-3802, 1468-2656 | https://academic.oup.com/cdj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cdj/bsac030/6762889 | bsac030 | | Thomson Reuters SSCI | | |
| Impact of biomass burning and stratospheric intrusions in the remote South Pacific Ocean troposphere | Daskalakis N.; Gallardo L.; Kanakidou M.; Nüß J.R.; Menares C.; Rondanelli R.; Thompson A.M.; Vrekoussis M. | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2022 | 10.5194/acp-22-4075-2022 | The ozone mixing ratio spatiotemporal variability in the pristine South Pacific Ocean is studied, for the first time, using 21-year-long ozone (O3) records from the entire southern tropical and subtropical Pacific between 1994 and 2014. The analysis considered regional O3 vertical observations from ozonesondes, surface carbon monoxide (CO) observations from flasks, and three-dimensional chemistry-transport model simulations of the global troposphere. Two 21-year-long numerical simulations, with and without biomass burning emissions, were performed to disentangle the importance of biomass burning relative to stratospheric intrusions for ambient ozone levels in the region. Tagged tracers of O3 from the stratosphere and CO from various biomass burning regions have been used to track the impact of these different regions on the southern tropical Pacific O3 and CO levels. Patterns have been analyzed based on atmospheric dynamics variability. Considering the interannual variability in the observations, the model can capture the observed ozone gradients in the troposphere with a positive bias of 7.5 % in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) as well as near the surface. Remarkably, even the most pristine region of the global ocean is affected by distant biomass burning emissions by convective outflow through the mid and high troposphere and subsequent subsidence over the pristine oceanic region. Therefore, the biomass burning contribution to tropospheric CO levels maximizes in the UTLS. The Southeast Asian open fires have been identified as the major contributing source to CO from biomass burning in the tropical South Pacific, contributing on average for the study period about 8.5 and 13 ppbv of CO at Rapa Nui and Samoa, respectively, at an altitude of around 12 km during the burning season in the spring of the Southern Hemisphere. South America is the second-most important biomass burning source region that influences the study area. Its impact maximizes in the lower troposphere (6.5 ppbv for Rapa Nui and 3.8 ppbv for Samoa). All biomass burning sources contribute about 15-23 ppbv of CO at Rapa Nui and Samoa and account for about 25 % of the total CO in the entire troposphere of the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. This impact is also seen on tropospheric O3, to which biomass burning O3 precursor emissions contribute only a few ppbv during the burning period, while the stratosphere-troposphere exchange is the most important source of O3 for the mid troposphere of the South Pacific Ocean, contributing about 15-20 ppbv in the subtropics. © 2022 Nikos Daskalakis et al. | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics | 16807316 | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/4075/2022/ | 4075-4099 | 22 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); atmospheric chemistry; biomass burning; carbon monoxide; computer simulation; numerical model; ozone; ozonesonde; spatiotemporal analysis; stratosphere-troposphere interaction | Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Cstacc, ICE-HT, Forth, Patras, Greece; Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, MD, United States; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus |
| Enhanced nitrogen and carbon removal in natural seawater by electrochemical enrichment in a bioelectrochemical reactor | De La Fuente M.J.; De la Iglesia R.; Farias L.; Glasner B.; Torres-Rojas F.; Muñoz D.; Daims H.; Lukumbuzya M.; Vargas I.T. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116294 | Municipal and industrial wastewater discharges in coastal and marine environments are of major concern due to their high carbon and nitrogen loads and the resulted phenomenon of eutrophication. Bioelectrochemical reactors (BERs) for simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal have gained attention owing to their cost efficiency and versatility, as well as the possibility of electrochemical enrich specific groups. This study presented a scalable two-chamber BERs using graphite granules as electrode material. BERs were inoculated and operated for 37 days using natural seawater with high concentrations of ammonium and acetate. The BERs demonstrated a maximum current density of 0.9 A m−3 and removal rates of 7.5 mg NH4+-N L−1 d−1 and 99.5 mg L−1 d−1 for total organic carbon (TOC). Removals observed for NH4+-N and TOC were 96.2% and 68.7%, respectively. The results of nutrient removal (i.e., ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and TOC) and microbial characterization (i.e., next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and fluorescence in situ hybridization) showed that BERs operated with a poised cathode at −260 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) significantly enriched nitrifying microorganisms in the anode and denitrifying microorganisms and planctomycetes in the cathode. Interestingly, the electrochemical enrichment did not increase the total number of microorganisms in the formed biofilms but controlled their composition. Thus, this work shows the first successful attempt to electrochemically enrich marine nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms and presents a technique to accelerate the start-up process of BERs to remove dissolved inorganic nitrogen and total organic carbon from seawater. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd | Journal of Environmental Management | 03014797 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479722018679 | art116294 | 323 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | fluorescence; nitrates; nitrification; nitrites; nitrogen; rna, ribosomal, bioelectrochemical reactor; denitrification; microbial electrochemical technologies; microbial enrichment; nitrification; seawater, 16s; seawater; waste water; acetic acid; ammonia; carbon; graphite; nitrate; nitrite; nitrogen; rna 16s; sea water; ammonium derivative; carbon; graphite; nitric acid derivative; nitrogen; rna 16s; sea water; denitrification; electrochemical method; fluorescence; nitrification; seawater; article; controlled study; current density; denitrifyer; electrochemistry; environmental enrichment; fluorescence in situ hybridization; high throughput sequencing; microbial community; nitrifyer; nonhuman; oligonucleotide probe; planctomycetes; total organic carbon; water treatment; bioreactor; chemistry; denitrification; nitrification; wastewater, ammonium compounds; bioreactors; carbon; denitrification; graphite; in situ hybridization | Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile; Marine Energy Research & Innovation Center (MERIC). Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, piso 4. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Blanco Encalada, 2002, Chile; University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, The Comammox Research Platform, Vienna, Austria; CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago, Chile |
| Running a Scientific Conference During Pandemic Times | Garreaud R.; Ralph M.; Wilson A.; Ramos A.M.; Eiras-Barca J.; Steen-Larsen H.C.; Rutz J.; Albano C.; Tilinina N.; Warner M.; Viale M.; Rondanelli R.; McPhee J.; Valenzuela R.; Gorodetskaya I. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0023.1 | [No abstract available] | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | 00030007 | https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/aop/BAMS-D-22-0023.1/BAMS-D-22-0023.1.xml | E1650-E1657 | 103 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, atmospheric river; flood events; mountain meteorology; precipitation; rainfall; runoff | Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain; University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway; NWS Western Region, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russian Federation; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, WA, United States; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, Argentina; Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Cs. de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins,, Rancagua, Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal |
| The Gill Microbiota of Argopecten purpuratus Scallop Is Dominated by Symbiotic Campylobacterota and Upwelling Intensification Differentially Affects Their Abundance | González R.; Henríquez-Castillo C.; Lohrmann K.B.; Romero M.S.; Ramajo L.; Schmitt P.; Brokordt K. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3390/microorganisms10122330 | Despite the great importance of gills for bivalve mollusks (respiration, feeding, immunity), the microbiota associated with this tissue has barely been characterized in scallops. The scallop Argopecten purpuratus is an important economic resource that is cultivated in areas where coastal upwelling is intensifying by climate change, potentially affecting host-microbiota interactions. Thus, we first characterized the bacterial community present in gills from cultivated scallops (by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and assessed their stability and functional potential in animals under farm and laboratory conditions. Results showed that under both conditions the gill bacterial community is dominated by the phylum Campylobacterota (57%), which displays a chemoautotrophic potential that could contribute to scallop nutrition. Within this phylum, two phylotypes, namely symbionts A and B, were the most abundant; being, respectively, taxonomically affiliated to symbionts with nutritional functions in mussel gills, and to uncultured bacteria present in coral mucus. Additionally, in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscopy analyses allowed us to detect these symbionts in the gills of A. purpuratus. Given that shifts in upwelling phenology can cause disturbances to ecosystems, affecting bacteria that provide beneficial functions to the host, we further assessed the changes in the abundance of the two symbionts (via qPCR) in response to a simulated upwelling intensification. The exposure to combined decreasing values in the temperature, pH, and oxygen levels (upwelling conditions) favored the dominance of symbiont B over symbiont A; suggesting that symbiont abundances are modulated by these environmental changes. Overall, results showed that changes in the main Campylobacterota phylotypes in response to upwelling intensification could affect its symbiotic function in A. purpuratus under future climate change scenarios. These results provide the first insight into understanding how scallop gill-microbial systems adapt and respond to climate change stressors, which could be critical for managing health, nutrition, and scallop aquaculture productivity. © 2022 by the authors. | Microorganisms | 20762607 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/12/2330 | art2330 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | campylobacterota; climate change; microbiota; mollusks; scallop aquaculture; symbiont; upwelling, nan | Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile |
| Climate change-related risks and adaptation potential in Central and South America during the 21st century | Hagen I.; Huggel C.; Ramajo L.; Chacón N.; Ometto J.P.; Postigo J.C.; Castellanos E.J. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1088/1748-9326/ac5271 | Climate-related risks in Central and South America have received increased attention and concern in science and policy, but an up-to-date comprehensive review and synthesis of risks and adaptation potential is currently missing. For this paper we evaluated over 200 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents published since 2012. We found that climate change in Central and South America during the 21st century may increase the risk to severe levels for the following topical risk clusters: (a) Food insecurity; (b) Floods and landslides; (c) Water scarcity; (d) Epidemics of vector-borne diseases; (e) Amazon Forest biome shift; (f). Coral bleaching; (g) Coastal risks of sea level rise, storm surges and erosion; (h) Systemic failure due to cascading impacts of hazards and epidemics. Our synthesis also identified feasible adaptation measures for each risk. The impacts of the risks will be heterogeneous throughout the region, with rural communities, Indigenous peoples, Afro-Latin Americans, women, disabled people, and migrants identified as being the most severely affected. We refer to a number of adaptation options for each risk. However, unabated climate change together with low adaptive capacity will strictly limit adaptation options. Immediate strengthening of policies for building adaptive capacity and increase of research on the risk-adaptation nexus in Central and South America are paramount. Our findings might contribute to guide the adjustment and emphasis of adaptation policies and climate risk management strategies from local to national level. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. | Environmental Research Letters | 17489318 | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5271 | art033002 | 17 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | south america; climate change; floods; risk assessment; risk management; sea level; adaptation; adaptive capacity; central america; climate change impact; climate projection; climate related risks; grey literature; related risk; risk cluster; south america; adaptation; climate change; natural hazard; risk assessment; epidemiology, adaptation; central and south america; climate change impacts; climate projection; risks | University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela; National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil; Indiana University, Bloomington, United States; Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala |
| Simplified two-dimensional model for global atmospheric dynamics | Jacques-Coper M.; Ortiz-Guzmán V.; Zanelli J. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1063/5.0119855 | We present a simplified model of the atmosphere of a terrestrial planet as an open two-dimensional system described by an ideal gas with velocity v →, density ρ, and temperature T fields. Starting with the Chern-Simons equations for a free inviscid fluid, the external effects of radiation and the exchange of matter with the strata, as well as diffusion and dissipation, are included. The resulting dynamics is governed by a set of nonlinear differential equations of the first order in time. This defines an initial value problem that can be integrated given the radiation balance of the planet. If the nonlinearities are neglected, the integration can be done in analytic form using standard Green function methods, with small nonlinearities incorporated as perturbative corrections in a consistent way. If the nonlinear approximation is not justified, the problem can be integrated numerically. The analytic expressions as well as the simulations of the linear regime for a continuous range of parameters in the equations are provided, which allows to explore the response of the model to changes of those parameters. In particular, it is observed that a 2.5% reduction in the emissivity of the atmosphere can lead to an increase of 7 °C of the average global temperature. © 2022 Author(s). | Physics of Fluids | 10706631 | https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0119855 | art116610 | 34 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, control nonlinearities; nonlinear equations; radiation effects; atmospheric dynamics; first order; ideal gas; initial-value problem; inviscid fluids; nonlinear differential equation; radiation balance; terrestrial planets; two dimensional model; two-dimensional systems; initial value problems | Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Av. Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile; Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidad San Sebastián, General Lagos 1163, Valdivia, Chile |
| Extreme indices of temperature and precipitation in South America: trends and intercomparison of regional climate models | Lagos-Zúñiga M.; Balmaceda-Huarte R.; Regoto P.; Torrez L.; Olmo M.; Lyra A.; Pareja-Quispe D.; Bettolli M.L. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1007/s00382-022-06598-2 | Regional Climate Models (RCMs) provide climate information required for evaluating vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation at finer scales than their global driving models. As they explicitly resolve the basic conservation and state equations, they solve physics with more detail, conserving teleconnection of larger scales provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs). In South America (SA), the regional simulations have been historically evaluated principally on climatological aspects, but the representativeness of extremes still needs a more profound assessment. This study aims to analyze three RCMs (RegCM4-7, REMO2015, and Eta) driven by different GCMs in SA, focusing on their capacity to reproduce extreme historical indices of daily precipitation and temperature. The indices of maximum consecutive 5 days precipitation (Rx5day), Consecutive Dry Days (CDD), daily maximum and minimum annual temperature (TXx and TNn, respectively) were evaluated regarding the historical spatio-temporal variability and trends. Furthermore, their projections for the 2071–2099 period, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario, were analyzed. The historical behavior of RCMs (1981–2005) was compared with two gridded products: Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and agrometeorological indicators derived from the fifth generation of global reanalysis produced by the ECMWF (AgERA5), previously compared with records from meteorological stations to evaluate them. The results show that the highest differences within the gridded products and stations were observed in the regions with more scarce surface stations (North and West of SA) and with complex topography (The Andes Cordillera), being more pronounced in the precipitation-based indices. We found that RCMs generally show more agreement in the spatial variability than in the inter-annual variability for all the indices and SA regions. When analyzing the observed trends, all models better reproduced the long-term variability of extreme temperature indices than those of rainfall. More disagreement was observed for Rx5day and CDD indices trends, including substantial spatial heterogeneities in both magnitude and sign of tendency. Climate change projections exhibited significant agreement to warmer conditions in TXx and TNn, but precipitation signals differed between RCMs and the driving GCM within each regional model. Maximum dry spells are expected to increase in almost all SA regions, whereas the climate change signals in extreme precipitation events are more consistent over southeastern SA (northern and southwestern SA), with positive (negative) changes by the end of the century. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06598-2 | | | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, climate change; cordex; extreme indices evaluation | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (DCAO-FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut Franco-Argentin d’Estudes sur le Climat et ses Impacts (IRL 3351 IFAECI/CNRS-CONICET- UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru |
| A Song of Wind and Ice: Increased Frequency of Marine Cold-Spells in Southwestern Patagonia and Their Possible Effects on Giant Kelp Forests | Mora-Soto A.; Aguirre C.; Iriarte J.L.; Palacios M.; Macaya E.C.; Macias-Fauria M. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1029/2021JC017801 | In contrast to other coastal regions of the world, the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) ecosystem in southwestern Patagonia has been persistent in area and associated biodiversity in the last decades. In this ecoregion, sea surface temperature (SST) records have consistently remained below the upper thermal threshold for kelp survival, however, no studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of SSTs and their anomalies across the geographical diversity of the southwestern Patagonian coastline. We explored the geographical distribution of extreme warm and cold events in this region from latitudes 47°–56°S in a range of ∼1,000 km, identifying the dates and spatial distribution of marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold-spells (MCSs) from 1982 to 2020. Results show that a peak in the number of MHWs occurred in the great El Niño year of 1998. Additionally, the 2014–2019 period has had more severe and extreme MCSs than the previous decades. We discuss the origin of these events with a focus on three main processes: (a) geographically constrained cold events caused by glacier melting, (b) regional cold events caused by extreme winds linked to the position of the polar front, and (c) extensive SST anomalies linked to planetary-scale events such as El Niño and La Niña. Overall, those processes were conductive to counteract global warming trends locally/regionally, highlighting southwestern Patagonia as a possible climatic refugium for the giant kelp ecosystem. Despite this, the effects of freshwater inputs and storm turbulence on the exposed coasts facing the Southern Ocean may cause new kinds of stress on this ecosystem. © 2022. The Authors. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans | 21699275 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017801 | arte2021JC017801 | 127 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climatic refugium; giant kelp; marine cold-spells; marine heatwaves; patagonia; sub-antarctic, patagonia; southern ocean; geographical distribution; global warming; sea surface temperature | Biogeosciences Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Spectral Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; School of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Understanding Past Coastal Upwelling Systems and Environmental Local and Lasting Impacts (UPWELL), Coquimbo, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Centro COPAS-Sur Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Marine Conservation Program, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Estudios Algales (ALGALAB), Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Characterization and genomic analysis of two novel psychrotolerant Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains from polar and subpolar environments | Muñoz-Villagrán C.; Grossolli-Gálvez J.; Acevedo-Arbunic J.; Valenzuela X.; Ferrer A.; Díez B.; Levicán G. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960324 | The bioleaching process is carried out by aerobic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria that are mainly mesophilic or moderately thermophilic. However, many mining sites are located in areas where the mean temperature is lower than the optimal growth temperature of these microorganisms. In this work, we report the obtaining and characterization of two psychrotolerant bioleaching bacterial strains from low-temperature sites that included an abandoned mine site in Chilean Patagonia (PG05) and an acid rock drainage in Marian Cove, King George Island in Antarctic (MC2.2). The PG05 and MC2.2 strains showed significant iron-oxidation activity and grew optimally at 20°C. Genome sequence analyses showed chromosomes of 2.76 and 2.84 Mbp for PG05 and MC2.2, respectively, and an average nucleotide identity estimation indicated that both strains clustered with the acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The Patagonian PG05 strain had a high content of genes coding for tolerance to metals such as lead, zinc, and copper. Concordantly, electron microscopy revealed the intracellular presence of polyphosphate-like granules, likely involved in tolerance to metals and other stress conditions. The Antarctic MC2.2 strain showed a high dosage of genes for mercury resistance and low temperature adaptation. This report of cold-adapted cultures of the At. ferrooxidans species opens novel perspectives to satisfy the current challenges of the metal bioleaching industry. Copyright © 2022 Muñoz-Villagrán, Grossolli-Gálvez, Acevedo-Arbunic, Valenzuela, Ferrer, Díez and Levicán. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.960324/full | art960324 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | copper; dna 16s; genomic dna; lead; mercury; zinc; acidithiobacillus; acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; acidophile; adaptation; amino acid sequence; antarctica; article; bacterial strain; bacterium culture; bioleaching; cell growth; cell structure; centrifugation; chromosome 2; dna extraction; dna sequence; electron microscopy; gene sequence; iron oxidizing bacterium; low temperature adaptation; metal tolerance; microbial diversity; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; optimal growth temperature; oxidation reduction potential; oxidative stress; ph; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; physical chemistry; salinity; scanning electron microscopy; sequence alignment; sequence analysis; soil; temperature; thermophilic bacterium; transmission electron microscopy, acidithiobacillus; acidophiles; antarctic; chilean patagonia; cold adaptations; iron-oxidizing bacteria | Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile; Programa de Biorremediación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Patagonia, Valdivia, Chile; Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile |
| Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage | Paul A.J.; Bach L.T.; Arístegui J.; Von Der Esch E.; Hernández-Hernández N.; Piiparinen J.; Ramajo L.; Spilling K.; Riebesell U. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022 | Upwelling of nutrient-rich waters into the sunlit surface layer of the ocean supports high primary productivity in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs). However, subsurface waters contain not only macronutrients (N, P, Si) but also micronutrients, organic matter and seed microbial communities that may modify the response to macronutrient inputs via upwelling. These additional factors are often neglected when investigating upwelling impacts on surface ocean productivity. Here, we investigated how different components of upwelled water (macronutrients, organic nutrients and seed communities) drive the response of surface plankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Results from our short-term (10d) study show that the most influential drivers in upwelled deep water are (1) the ratio of inorganic nutrients (NOx:PO43-) and (2) the microbial community present that can seed heterogeneity in phytoplankton succession and modify the stoichiometry of residual inorganic nutrients after phytoplankton blooms. Hence, this study suggests that phytoplankton succession after upwelling is modified by factors other than the physical supply of inorganic nutrients. This would likely affect trophic transfer and overall productivity in these highly fertile marine ecosystems. © 2022 Allanah Joy Paul et al. | Biogeosciences | 17264170 | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/19/5911/2022/ | 5911-5926 | 19 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, peru; algal bloom; coastal zone; community structure; deep water; inorganic compound; microbial activity; microbial community; primary production; succession; upwelling | GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain; Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway |
| Size matters: Physiological sensitivity of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus to seasonal cooling and deoxygenation upwelling-driven events | Ramajo L.; Sola-Hidalgo C.; Valladares M.; Astudillo O.; Inostroza J. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3389/fmars.2022.992319 | Environment imposes physiological constraints which are life-stage specific as growth-maintenance and/or growth-reproduction energetic requirements are size and volume-dependent. The scallop Argopecten purpuratus, one of the most important bivalve species subjected to fishery and aquaculture along the Humboldt Current System, inhabits spaces affected by continuous changes in temperature, pH, oxygen, and food availability driven by remote and local oceanographic processes. Specifically, in Chile, this species is mainly cultured in central-north Chile where is permanently affected by upwelling events of dissimilar intensity and duration which generate local conditions of acidification, deoxygenation, and cooling with different magnitudes. However, to date, it remains unknown how this economic valuable resource is physiologically affected throughout its life cycle by the continuous environmental changes driven by upwelling events of different intensities and duration along the year. Here, for the first time, A. purpuratus life-stage physiological sensitivity was assessed at a seasonal scale through a year-field experiment where growth, calcification, and survivorship were evaluated. Our study shows how seasonal differences in the upwelling phenology (here measured as changes in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and primary productivity, but also as the number, duration, and intensity of cooling and de-oxygenation events) notably impacted the A. purpuratus physiological performance from juvenile to adult life-stages. This was especially noticeable during the spring season which showed the most intense cooling and deoxygenation events driven by stronger favorable-upwelling winds and the lowest growth and gross calcification rates (the highest decalcification rates) where adult stages showed the lowest performance. On the other hand, A. purpuratus survivorship was not significantly affected by upwelling intensity which would be providing evidence of the high physiological flexibility and well-locally adapted is this species to fluctuating and occasional stressful environmental conditions. Our results are significantly relevant in the climate change context as some upwelling systems are at risk to change shortly (i.e., an upwelling intensification in frequency and intensity) as a consequence of changes in the atmospheric pressures that modulate favourable-upwelling winds. These changes may certainly increase the climate related-risks of the entire socio-ecological systems related to the fishery and aquaculture of A. purpuratus along the Humboldt Current System. Copyright © 2022 Ramajo, Sola-Hidalgo, Valladares, Astudillo and Inostroza. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.992319/full | art992319 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; cooling; humboldt current system; ocean acidification; ocean deoxygenation; physiological impacts; shellfish aquaculture; upwelling intensification, nan | Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Santiago, Chile; ONG Jáukén, Santiago, Chile |
| Microbial Biogeochemical Cycling of Nitrogen in Arid Ecosystems | Ramond J.-B.; Jordaan K.; Díez B.; Heinzelmann S.M.; Cowan D.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.1128/mmbr.00109-21 | Arid ecosystems cover;40% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface and store a high proportion of the global nitrogen (N) pool. They are low-productivity, low-biomass, and polyextreme ecosystems, i.e., with (hyper)arid and (hyper)oligotrophic conditions and high surface UV irradiation and evapotranspiration. These polyextreme conditions severely limit the presence of macrofauna and -flora and, particularly, the growth and productivity of plant species. Therefore, it is generally recognized that much of the primary production (including N-input processes) and nutrient biogeochemical cycling (particularly N cycling) in these ecosystems are microbially mediated. Consequently, we present a comprehensive survey of the current state of knowledge of biotic and abiotic N-cycling processes of edaphic (i.e., open soil, biological soil crust, or plant-associated rhizosphere and rhizosheath) and hypo/endolithic refuge niches from drylands in general, including hot, cold, and polar desert ecosystems. We particularly focused on the microbially mediated biological nitrogen fixation, N mineralization, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrification N-input processes and the denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) N-loss processes. We note that the application of modern meta-omics and related methods has generated comprehensive data sets on the abundance, diversity, and ecology of the different N-cycling microbial guilds. However, it is worth mentioning that microbial N-cycling data from important deserts (e.g., Sahara) and quantitative rate data on N transformation processes from various desert niches are lacking or sparse. Filling this knowledge gap is particularly important, as climate change models often lack data on microbial activity and environmental microbial N-cycling communities can be key actors of climate change by producing or consuming nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. © 2022 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. | Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | 10922172 | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mmbr.00109-21 | e00109-21 | 86 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ecosystem; microbiota; nitrification; nitrogen; nitrogen cycle; plants; soil; soil microbiology; ammonia; nitrate; nitrite; nitrogen; nitrogen; abiotic stress; anaerobic ammonium oxidation; biogeochemical cycling; denitrification; desert; ecological niche; ecosystem; nitrification; nitrifyer; nitrogen cycling; nitrogen deposition; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen mineralization; nonhuman; oxidation; plant; prokaryotes by metabolism; review; soil; microbiology; microflora; nitrogen cycle, biogeochemistry; biological soil crusts; desert; diazotrophy; drylands; lithobiont; nitrogen cycling; soils | Departamento Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile |
| Isotopic Characterization of Water Masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: Paleoceanographic Implications | Reyes-Macaya D.; Hoogakker B.; Martínez-Méndez G.; Llanillo P.J.; Grasse P.; Mohtadi M.; Mix A.; Leng M.J.; Struck U.; McCorkle D.C.; Troncoso M.; Gayo E.M.; Lange C.B.; Farias L.; Carhuapoma W.; Graco M.; Cornejo-D’Ottone M.; De Pol Holz R.; Fernandez C.; Narvaez D.; Vargas C.A.; García-Araya F.; Hebbeln D. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2022 | 10.1029/2021JC017525 | In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71°–78°W) and an oceanic (82°–98°W) water masses (SAAW—Subantarctic Surface Water; STW—Subtropical Water; ESSW—Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW—Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW—Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW-STW, SAAW-ESSW, and ESSW-AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW-ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW-ESSW, ESSW-AAIW, and AAIW-PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1,000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present-day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples. © 2021. The Authors. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans | 21699275 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017525 | arte2021JC017525 | 127 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); continental margin; dissolved inorganic carbon; isotopic analysis; paleoceanography; stable isotope; water mass, carbon stable isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon; oxygen and deuterium stable isotopes in seawater; paleoceanography proxies; southeast pacific; water mass distribution | MARUM-Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, La Serena, Chile; AWI-Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Integrative Biodiversitätsforschung (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; GEOMAR-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany; COAS-College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States; ANID—FONDAP—Centro de Ciencia del Clima y Resiliencia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; ANID—FONDAP—Centro IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; ANID-Millennium Science Initi... |
| Photochemical sensitivity to emissions and local meteorology in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo: An analysis of the initial COVID-19 lockdowns | Seguel R.J.; Gallardo L.; Osses M.; Rojas N.Y.; Nogueira T.; Menares C.; De Fatima Andrade M.; Belalcázar L.C.; Carrasco P.; Eskes H.; Fleming Z.L.; Huneeus N.; Ibarra-Espinosa S.; Landulfo E.; Leiva M.; Mangones S.C.; Morais F.G.; Moreira G.A.; Pantoja N.; Parraguez S.; Rojas J.P.; Rondanelli R.; Da Silva Andrade I.; Toro R.; Yoshida A.C. | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2022 | 10.1525/elementa.2021.00044 | This study delves into the photochemical atmospheric changes reported globally during the pandemic by analyzing the change in emissions from mobile sources and the contribution of local meteorology to ozone (O3) and particle formation in Bogotá (Colombia), Santiago (Chile), and São Paulo (Brazil). The impact of mobility reductions (50%-80%) produced by the early coronavirus-imposed lockdown was assessed through high-resolution vehicular emission inventories, surface measurements, aerosol optical depth and size, and satellite observations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns. A generalized additive model (GAM) technique was also used to separate the local meteorology and urban patterns from other drivers relevant for O3 and NO2 formation.Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased significantly due to motorized trip reductions. In situ nitrogen oxide median surface mixing ratios declined by 70%, 67%, and 67% in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo, respectively. NO2 column medians from satellite observations decreased by 40%, 35%, and 47%, respectively, which was consistent with the changes in mobility and surface mixing ratio reductions of 34%, 25%, and 4%. However, the ambient NO2 to NOx ratio increased, denoting a shift of the O3 formation regime that led to a 51%, 36%, and 30% increase in the median O3 surface mixing ratios in the 3 respective cities. O3 showed high sensitivity to slight temperature changes during the pandemic lockdown period analyzed. However, the GAM results indicate that O3 increases were mainly caused by emission changes. The lockdown led to an increase in the median of the maximum daily 8-h average O3 of between 56% and 90% in these cities. © 2022 The Author(s). | Elementa | 23251026 | https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/10/1/00044/169476/Photochemical-sensitivity-to-emissions-and-local | art00044 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | generalized additive model; lockdown; mobile sources; nitrogen oxides; ozone, bogota; brazil; colombia; rio grande do sul; santiago [rio grande do sul]; sao paulo [brazil]; covid-19; emission control; emission inventory; meteorology; nitrogen oxides; numerical model; ozone; photochemistry; pollutant source; satellite altimetry; sensitivity analysis | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Santiago, Chile; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Tmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, Netherlands; Envirohealth Dynamics Lab, C+ Research Center in Technologies for Society, School of Engineering, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Federal Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru; Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| An extraordinary dry season precipitation event in the subtropical Andes: Drivers, impacts and predictability | Valenzuela R.; Garreaud R.; Vergara I.; Campos D.; Viale M.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2022 | 10.1016/j.wace.2022.100472 | A major storm impacted the subtropical Andes during 28–31 January 2021 producing 4-days accumulated precipitation up to 100 mm over central-south Chile. These are high accumulations even for winter events but the storm occurred in the middle of the summer when precipitation is virtually absent, conferring it an extraordinary character. Similar storms have occurred only 2–3 times in the past century. The January 2021 event included periods of high rainfall intensity, hail and lighting, causing dozens of landslides and flash floods with the concomitant social impacts and economical losses. Here we examine the meteorological drivers of this storm at multiples scales, its climatological context, the associated surface impacts, and some aspects of its predictability. About a week before the storm development over central Chile, a large-scale perturbation in the central South Pacific set the stage for the formation of a zonal jet aloft and zonal atmospheric river (ZAR) that extended eastward until reaching the west coast of South America. The ZAR landfalled at 39°S and its subsequent northward displacement resulted in copious orographic precipitation over the Andes and adjacent lowlands, concomitant with a relatively warm environment during the first phase of the storm (28–29 January). During the second phase (30–31 January) the ZAR decayed rapidly but left behind significant amount of water vapor and the formation of a cut-off low (COL) in its poleward flank. The COL facilitated both advection of cyclonic vorticity and cold air at mid-levels, setting the environment for deep convection, intense rain showers, significant lightning activity, and hail. An assessment of the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) from the operational Global Forecast System (GFS) indicates that the model captured well the 96-h precipitation accumulation (28–31 January) in terms of timing and spatial extent. However, specific zones with the largest accumulations varied as a function of lead time. The more stable precipitation during the ZAR phase was better predicted than the convective precipitation during the COL phase. Proper dissemination of these forecast and recently established infrastructure contributed to ease the impact of this extraordinary event on the general population. © 2022 The Authors | Weather and Climate Extremes | 22120947 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212094722000548 | art100472 | 37 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andes; chile; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); south america; advection; atmospheric moisture; cold air; dry season; lightning; precipitation (climatology); precipitation intensity; prediction; subtropical region; water vapor, atmospheric rivers; extreme precipitation; landsides; subtropical andes | Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales (IPATEC), Bariloche, Argentina; Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Mendoza, Argentina |
| Compensatory Transcriptional Response of Fischerella thermalis to Thermal Damage of the Photosynthetic Electron Transfer Chain | Vergara-Barros P.; Alcorta J.; Casanova-Katny A.; Nürnberg D.J.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2022 | 10.3390/molecules27238515 | Key organisms in the environment, such as oxygenic photosynthetic primary producers (photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria), are responsible for fixing most of the carbon globally. However, they are affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, which in turn affect their distribution. Globally, the cyanobacterium Fischerella thermalis is one of the main primary producers in terrestrial hot springs with thermal gradients up to 60 °C, but the mechanisms by which F. thermalis maintains its photosynthetic activity at these high temperatures are not known. In this study, we used molecular approaches and bioinformatics, in addition to photophysiological analyses, to determine the genetic activity associated with the energy metabolism of F. thermalis both in situ and in high-temperature (40 °C to 65 °C) cultures. Our results show that photosynthesis of F. thermalis decays with temperature, while increased transcriptional activity of genes encoding photosystem II reaction center proteins, such as PsbA (D1), could help overcome thermal damage at up to 60 °C. We observed that F. thermalis tends to lose copies of the standard G4 D1 isoform while maintaining the recently described D1INT isoform, suggesting a preference for photoresistant isoforms in response to the thermal gradient. The transcriptional activity and metabolic characteristics of F. thermalis, as measured by metatranscriptomics, further suggest that carbon metabolism occurs in parallel with photosynthesis, thereby assisting in energy acquisition under high temperatures at which other photosynthetic organisms cannot survive. This study reveals that, to cope with the harsh conditions of hot springs, F. thermalis has several compensatory adaptations, and provides emerging evidence for mixotrophic metabolism as being potentially relevant to the thermotolerance of this species. Ultimately, this work increases our knowledge about thermal adaptation strategies of cyanobacteria. © 2022 by the authors. | Molecules | 14203049 | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8515 | art8515 | 27 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cyanobacteria; fischerella thermalis; hot springs; photosynthesis; photosystem ii; thermophiles, carbon; cyanobacteria; electrons; photosynthesis; carbon; cyanobacterium; electron; genetics; metabolism; photosynthesis | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, 8370186, Chile; Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Campus Luis Rivas del Canto, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Comité Científico de Cambio Climático: Soluciones basadas en la naturaleza | Marquet,P.;Rojas,M.;Stehr,A.;Farias,L.;Gonzalez,H.;Muñoz,J.;Wagemann,E.;Rojas,C.;Rodriguez,I.;Hoyow,J.; | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2022 | | | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Soluciones-Basadas-en-la-Naturaleza-Marquet_compressed.pdf | 78 | | Not Indexed | | |
| The environmental damage repair jurisprudence contribution of the Environmental Chilean Courts; [EL APORTE JURISPRUDENCIAL DE LOS TRIBUNALES AMBIENTALES CHILENOS EN MATERIA DE REPARACIÓN DEL DAÑO AMBIENTAL] | Sariego P.M.; Schneider V.D. | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2022 | 10.4067/S0718-00122022000200286 | The Law of General Bases of the Environment introduced environmental liability in Chilean legislation and to two actions (remediation and penalty). In the nineties, the Ordinary Courts of Justice were competent to hear both actions. However, after the environmental reform and the Environmental Courts creation (2012), these Tribunals have been in charge to hear the environmental remediation claims. This change would have meant, in our opinion, a further development of this institution in a more protective sense of the environment, where what the doctrine has attributed to the specialized nature of environmental Courts, made up of lawyers and technical ministers. From now on, the environmental damage concept is amplified, which is contemplated in article 52 of Law 19,300. The legal and jurisprudential evolution greatest access to justice and the effectiveness of the reparation action for environmental damage. © 2022, Ius et Praxis. All Rights Reserved. | Ius et Praxis | 07172877 | http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-00122022000200286&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | 286-301 | 28 | Not Indexed | nan, environmental damage; liability; remediation | Universidad de Chile, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Chile |
| Informe a las naciones: Marea roja» y cambio global: Elementos para la construcción de una gobernanza integrada de las Floraciones de Algas Nocivas (FAN) | Ugarte,A.;Romero,J.;Farías,L.;Sapiains,R.;Aparicio,P.;Ramajo,L.;Aguirre,C.;Masotti,I.;Jacques,M.;Aldunce,,P.;Alonso,C.;Azócar,G.;Bada,R.;Barrera,F.;Billi,M.;Boisier,J.;Carbonell,P.;de la Maza,L.;de la Torre,M.;Espinoza-González,O.;Faúndez,J.;Garreaud,R.;Guevara,G.;González,M.;Guzman,L.;Ibáñez,J.;Ibarra,C.;Marín,A.;Mitchell,R.;Moraga,P.;Narváez,D.;ORyan,R.;Pérez,C.;Pilgrin,A.;Pinilla,E.;Rondanelli,R.;Salinas,M.;Sánchez,R.;Sanzana,K.;Segura,C.;Valdebenito,P.;Valenzuela,D.;Vásquez,S.;Williams,C.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2022 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/fan/ | 88 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Recent changes in the low-level jet along the subtropical west coast of South America | Aguirre C.; Flores-Aqueveque V.; Vilches P.; Vásquez A.; Rutllant J.A.; Garreaud R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.3390/atmos12040465 | Surface winds along the subtropical west coast of South America are characterized by the quasi-weekly occurrences of low-level jet events. These short lived but intense wind events impact the coastal ocean environment. Hence, identifying long-term trends in the coastal low-level jet (CLLJ) is essential for understanding changes in marine ecosystems. Here we use ERA5 reanalysis (1979–2019) and an objective algorithm to track anticyclones to investigate recent changes in CLLJ events off central Chile (25–43◦ S). Results present evidence that the number of days with intense wind (≥10 ms−1 ), and the number and duration of CLLJ events have significantly changed off central Chile in recent decades. There is an increase in the number of CLLJ events in the whole study area during winter (June-July-August; JJA), while during summer (December–January–February; DJF) a decrease is observed at lower latitudes (29–34◦ S), and an increase is found at the southern boundary of the Humboldt system. We suggest that changes in the central pressures and frequency of extratropical, migratory anticyclones that reach the coast of South America, which force CLLJs, have played an important role in the recent CLLJ changes observed in this region. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Atmosphere | 20734433 | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/4/465 | art465 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | coastal low-level jet; coastal winds; era5 reanalysis; humboldt up-welling system; upwelling favorable wind events, chile; atmospheric pressure; tropics; central chile; coastal ocean environment; extratropical; long-term trend; low level jet; south america; surface winds; wind events; algorithm; anticyclone; climate modeling; coastal zone; jet; long-term change; surface wind; upwelling; ecosystems | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Oceánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Understanding Past Coastal Upwelling Systems and Environmental Local and Lasting Impacts (UPWELL), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) Millennium Science Initiative, Coquimbo, 1780000, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino Para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero, COSTAR, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile; Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Paleoclimate, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) Millennium Science Initiative, Ñuñoa, 7750000, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, 1780000, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile |
| High-Frequency Variability of the Surface Ocean Properties Off Central Chile During the Upwelling Season | Aguirre C.; Garreaud R.; Belmar L.; Farías L.; Ramajo L.; Barrera F. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.3389/fmars.2021.702051 | The ocean off south-central Chile is subject to seasonal upwelling whose intensity is mainly controlled by the latitudinal migration of the southeast Pacific subtropical anticyclone. During austral spring and summer, the mean flow is equatorward favoring coastal upwelling, but periods of strong southerly winds are intermixed with periods of relaxed southerlies or weak northerly winds (downwelling favorable). This sub-seasonal, high-frequency variability of the coastal winds results in pronounced changes in oceanographic conditions and air-sea heat and gas exchanges, whose quantitative description has been limited by the lack of in-situ monitoring. In this study, high frequency fluctuations of meteorological, oceanographic and biogeochemical near surface variables were analyzed during two consecutive upwelling seasons (2016–17 and 2017–18) using observations from a coastal buoy located in the continental shelf off south-central Chile (36.4°S, 73°W), ∼10 km off the coast. The radiative-driven diel cycle is noticeable in meteorological variables but less pronounced for oceanographic and biogeochemical variables [ocean temperature, nitrate (NO3−), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2sea), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO)]. Fluorescence, as a proxy of chlorophyll-a, showed diel variations more controlled by biological processes. In the synoptic scale, 23 active upwelling events (strong southerlies, lasting between 2 and 15 days, 6 days in average) were identified, alternated with periods of relaxed southerlies of shorter duration (4.5 days in average). Upwelling events were related to the development of an atmospheric low-level coastal jet in response to an intense along-shore pressure gradient. Physical and biogeochemical surface seawater properties responded to upwelling favorable wind stress with approximately a 12-h lag. During upwelling events, SST, DO and pH decrease, while NO3−, pCO2sea, and air-sea fluxes increases. During the relaxed southerly wind periods, opposite tendencies were observed. The fluorescence response to wind variations is complex and diverse, but in many cases there was a reduction in the phytoplankton biomass during the upwelling events followed by higher values during wind relaxations. The sub-seasonal variability of the coastal ocean characterized here is important for biogeochemical and productivity studies. © Copyright © 2021 Aguirre, Garreaud, Belmar, Farías, Ramajo and Barrera. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.702051/full | art702051 | 8 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, air-sea exchanges; biogeochemical properties; coastal buoy observations; coastal upwelling; coastal winds; eastern boundary conditions; sub-seasonal variability | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Oceánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Understanding Past Coastal Upwelling Systems and Environmental Local and Lasting Impacts (UPWELL), Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTAR), Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Ecogenomics and adaptation strategies of southern ocean viral communities | Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Guajardo-Leiva S.; Martinez-Garcia M.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1128/mSystems.00396-21 | The Southern Ocean (SO) represents up to one-fifth of the total carbon drawdown worldwide. Intense selective pressures (low temperature, high UV radiation, and strong seasonality) and physical isolation characterize the SO, serving as a "natural"laboratory for the study of ecogenomics and unique adaptations of endemic viral populations. Here, we report 2,416 novel viral genomes from the SO, obtained from newly sequenced viral metagenomes in combination with mining of publicly available data sets, which represents a 25% increase in the SO viral genomes reported to date. They comprised 567 viral clusters (defined as approximately genus-level groups), with 186 genera endemic to the SO, demonstrating that the SO viral community is predominantly constituted by a large pool of genetically divergent viral species from widespread viral families. The predicted proteome from SO viruses revealed that several protein clusters related to cold-shock-event responses and quorum-sensing mechanisms involved in the lysogenic-lytic cycle shift decision were under positive selection, which is ultimately important for fine adaptation of viral populations in response to the strong selective pressures of the SO. Finally, changes in the hydrophobicity patterns and amino acid frequencies suggested marked temperature-driven genetic selection of the SO viral proteome. Our data provide valuable insights into how viruses adapt and remain successful in this extreme polar marine environment. © 2021 Alarcón-Schumacher et al. | mSystems | 23795077 | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00396-21 | arte00396-21 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | double stranded dna; proteome; viral protein; amino acid composition; article; bioinformatics; caudovirales; cold shock response; cryosphere; genetic selection; geographic distribution; hydrophobicity; isoelectric point; microbial community; multidimensional scaling; nonhuman; nonmetric multidimensional scaling; physical chemistry; physiological adaptation; quorum sensing; southern ocean; temperature; viral diversity; viral metagenomics; virus genome, molecular and physiological adaptations; southern ocean; stress adaptation; viral diversity | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Department of Physiology Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR) 2, Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile |
| Coastal bacterial community response to glacier melting in the western antarctic peninsula | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Fuentes-Alburquenque S.; Vergara-Barros P.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Verdugo J.; Polz M.; Farías L.; Pedrós-Alió C.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.3390/microorganisms9010088 | Current warming in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has multiple effects on the marine ecosystem, modifying the trophic web and the nutrient regime. In this study, the effect of decreased surface salinity on the marine microbial community as a consequence of freshening from nearby glaciers was investigated in Chile Bay, Greenwich Island, WAP. In the summer of 2016, samples were collected from glacier ice and transects along the bay for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while in situ dilution experiments were conducted and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis. The results reveal that certain common seawater genera, such as Polaribacter, Pseudoalteromonas and HTCC2207, responded positively to decreased salinity in both the bay transect and experiments. The relative abundance of these bacteria slightly decreased, but their functional activity was maintained and increased the over time in the dilution experiments. However, while ice bacteria, such as Flavobacterium and Polaromonas, tolerated the increased salinity after mixing with seawater, their gene expression decreased considerably. We suggest that these bacterial taxa could be defined as sentinels of freshening events in the Antarctic coastal system. Furthermore, these results suggest that a significant portion of the microbial community is resilient and can adapt to disturbances, such as freshening due to the warming effect of climate change in Antarctica. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Microorganisms | 20762607 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/1/88 | art88, 1-18 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, bacterial microbial community; coastal antarctic zone; glacial melting | Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, 4030000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, 0901952, Ecuador; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, 8370993, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, 8370993, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain |
| Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord | Baldrich Á.M.; Pérez-Santos I.; Álvarez G.; Reguera B.; Fernández-Pena C.; Rodríguez-Villegas C.; Araya M.; Álvarez F.; Barrera F.; Karasiewicz S.; Díaz P.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102010 | Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata are associated with lipophilic toxins in Southern Chile. Blooms of the two species coincided during summer 2019 in a highly stratified fjord system (Puyuhuapi, Chilean Patagonia). High vertical resolution measurements of physical parameters were carried out during 48 h sampling to i) explore physiological status (e.g., division rates, toxin content) and ii) illustrate the fine scale distribution of D. acuta and D. acuminata populations with a focus on water column structure and co-occurring plastid-bearing ciliates. The species-specific resources and regulators defining the realized niches (sensu Hutchinson) of the two species were identified. Differences in vertical distribution, daily vertical migration and in situ division rates (with record values, 0.76 d−1, in D. acuta), in response to the environmental conditions and potential prey availability, revealed their niche differences. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis showed that the realized niche of D. acuta (cell maximum 7 × 103 cells L−1 within the pycnocline) was characterized by sub-surface estuarine waters (salinity 23 – 25), lower values of turbulence and PAR, and a narrow niche breath. In contrast, the realized niche of D. acuminata (cell maximum 6.8 × 103 cells L−1 just above the pycnocline) was characterized by fresher (salinity 17 – 20) outflowing surface waters, with higher turbulence and light intensity and a wider niche breadth. Results from OMI and PERMANOVA analyses of co-occurring microplanktonic ciliates were compatible with the hypothesis of species such as those from genera Pseudotontonia and Strombidium constituting an alternative ciliate prey to Mesodinium. The D. acuta cell maximum was associated with DSP (OA and DTX-1) toxins and pectenotoxins; that of D. acuminata only with pectenotoxins. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the environmental drivers of species-specific blooms of Dinophysis and management of their distinct effects in Southern Chile. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Harmful Algae | 15689883 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568988321000378 | art102010 | 103 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cell differentiation; chile; ciliophora; dinoflagellida; estuaries; cell differentiation; chile; ciliate; dinoflagellate; estuary, chilean fjords; dinophysis acuminata; dinophysis acuta; dsp toxins; in situ division rates; microplanktonic ciliate prey; pectenotoxins; realized niche | Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), A Coruña, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción & Departamento de Química Ambiental Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Environment Resources, Boulogne- sur- Mer, French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile |
| Temperature and precipitation projections for the Antarctic Peninsula over the next two decades: contrasting global and regional climate model simulations | Bozkurt D.; Bromwich D.H.; Carrasco J.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1007/s00382-021-05667-2 | This study presents near future (2020–2044) temperature and precipitation changes over the Antarctic Peninsula under the high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). We make use of historical and projected simulations from 19 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). We compare and contrast GCMs projections with two groups of regional climate model simulations (RCMs): (1) high resolution (15-km) simulations performed with Polar-WRF model forced with bias-corrected NCAR-CESM1 (NC-CORR) over the Antarctic Peninsula, (2) medium resolution (50-km) simulations of KNMI-RACMO21P forced with EC-EARTH (EC) obtained from the CORDEX-Antarctica. A further comparison of historical simulations (1981–2005) with respect to ERA5 reanalysis is also included for circulation patterns and near-surface temperature climatology. In general, both RCM boundary conditions represent well the main circulation patterns of the historical period. Nonetheless, there are important differences in projections such as a notable deepening and weakening of the Amundsen Sea Low in EC and NC-CORR, respectively. Mean annual near-surface temperatures are projected to increase by about 0.5–1.5 ∘C across the entire peninsula. Temperature increase is more substantial in autumn and winter (∼ 2 ∘C). Following opposite circulation pattern changes, both EC and NC-CORR exhibit different warming rates, indicating a possible continuation of natural decadal variability. Although generally showing similar temperature changes, RCM projections show less warming and a smaller increase in melt days in the Larsen Ice Shelf compared to their respective driving fields. Regarding precipitation, there is a broad agreement among the simulations, indicating an increase in mean annual precipitation (∼ 5 to 10%). However, RCMs show some notable differences over the Larsen Ice Shelf where total precipitation decreases (for RACMO) and shows a small increase in rain frequency. We conclude that it seems still difficult to get consistent projections from GCMs for the Antarctic Peninsula as depicted in both RCM boundary conditions. In addition, dominant and common changes from the boundary conditions are largely evident in the RCM simulations. We argue that added value of RCM projections is driven by processes shaped by finer local details and different physics schemes that are introduced by RCMs, particularly over the Larsen Ice Shelf. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-021-05667-2 | 3853-3874 | 56 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | added value; antarctica; climate change; dynamical downscaling; larsen ice shelf; model evaluation; temperature extremes, antarctic peninsula; antarctica; larsen ice shelf; west antarctica; air temperature; climate change; climate modeling; cmip; downscaling; extreme event; global climate; precipitation assessment; regional climate | Department of Meteorology, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Estudios Atmosféricos y Astroestadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Polar Meteorology Group, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Proteorhodopsin Phototrophy in Antarctic Coastal Waters | Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Tamayo-Leiva J.; Pedrós-Alió C.; Farías L.; Díeza B. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1128/mSphere.00525-21 | Microbial proton-pumping rhodopsins are considered the simplest strategy among phototrophs to conserve energy from light. Proteorhodopsins are the most studied rhodopsins thus far because of their ubiquitous presence in the ocean, except in Antarctica, where they remain understudied. We analyzed proteorhodopsin abundance and transcriptional activity in the Western Antarctic coastal seawaters. Combining quantitative PCR (qPCR) and metagenomics, the relative abundance of proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria accounted on average for 17, 3.5, and 29.7% of the bacterial community in Chile Bay (South Shetland Islands) during 2014, 2016, and 2017 summer-autumn, respectively. The abundance of proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria changed in relation to environmental conditions such as chlorophyll a and temperature. Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia were the main bacteria that transcribed the proteorhodopsin gene during day and night. Although green light-absorbing proteorhodopsin genes were more abundant than blue-absorbing ones, the latter were transcribed more intensely, resulting in.50% of the proteorhodopsin transcripts during the day and night. Flavobacteriia were the most abundant proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria in the metagenomes; however, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were more represented in the metatranscriptomes, with qPCR quantification suggesting the dominance of the active SAR11 clade. Our results show that proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria are prevalent in Antarctic coastal waters in late austral summer and early autumn, and their ecological relevance needs to be elucidated to better understand how sunlight energy is used in this marine ecosystem. © 2021. Cifuentes-Anticevic et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. | mSphere | 23795042 | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00525-21 | 1-17 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctica; marine microbiology; metagenomics; metatranscriptomes; photoheterotrophy; proteorhodopsin; sunlight, microbial; seawater; chlorophyll a; proteorhodopsin; rhodopsin; unclassified drug; proteorhodopsin; rhodopsin; sea water; alphaproteobacteria; antarctica; article; autumn; coastal waters; flavobacteria; gammaproteobacteria; genetic transcription; metagenome; microbial community; nonhuman; population abundance; proteorhodopsin gene; summer; temperature; antarctica; chemistry; classification; ecosystem; flavobacteriaceae; genetics; metabolism; metagenomics; microbiology; microflora; phototrophy; phylogeny; procedures, alphaproteobacteria; antarctic regions; ecosystem; flavobacteriaceae; metagenomics; microbiota; phototrophic processes; phylogeny; rhodopsin; rhodopsins | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile |
| Electrochemical enrichment of marine denitrifying bacteria to enhance nitrate metabolization in seawater | De La Fuente M.J.; De La Iglesia R.; Farias L.; Daims H.; Lukumbuzya M.; Vargas I.T. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105604 | High concentrations of nitrate from industrial discharges to coastal marine environments are a matter of concern owing to their ecological consequences. In the last years, Bioelectrochemical Denitrification Systems (BEDS) have emerged as a promising nitrate removal technology. However, they still have limitations, such as the enrichment strategy for specific microbial communities in the electrodes under natural conditions. In this study, three-electrode electrochemical cells were used to test microbial enrichment from natural seawater by applying three reported potentials associated with the dissimilatory denitrification process (-130, -260, and -570 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). The microbial community analysis showed that by applying -260 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) to the working electrode, it was possible to significantly enrich denitrifying microorganisms, specifically Marinobacter, in comparison with the control. Furthermore, -260 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) led to a significantly higher nitrate removal than other conditions, which, combined with cyclic voltammetry analysis, suggested that the polarized electrodes worked as external electron donors for nitrate reduction. Hence, this work demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to enrich marine denitrifying microorganisms by applying an overpotential of -260 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) without the need for a culture medium, the addition of an exogenous electron donor (i.e., organic matter) or a previously enriched inoculum. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. | Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering | 22133437 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213343721005819 | art105604 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cyclic voltammetry; denitrification; ecology; electric discharges; electrochemical electrodes; nitrates; seawater; ag/agcl; bioelectrochemical denitrification system; denitrifying bacteria; denitrifying microorganisms; electrochemicals; electron donors; industrial discharges; metabolization; microbial enrichment; nitrates removal; bacteria, bioelectrochemical denitrification system; marine denitrifying bacteria; microbial enrichment; nitrate | Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingenierí_rfaut, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Marine Energy Research and Innovation Center (MERIC), Chile Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, piso 4., Santiago, Chile; University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Comammox Research Platform, Vienna, Austria; CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago, Chile |
| Identifying key driving mechanisms of heat waves in central Chile | Demortier A.; Bozkurt D.; Jacques-Coper M. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1007/s00382-021-05810-z | This study explores the main drivers of heat wave (HW) events in central Chile using state-of-the-art reanalysis data (ERA5) and observations during the extended austral summer season (November to March) for the period 1979–2018. Frequency and intensity aspects of the HW events are considered using the total number of the HW events per season and the amplitude. We first contrast ERA5 with several surface meteorological stations in central Chile to evaluate its ability to capture daily maximum temperature variability and the HW events. We then use synoptic- and large-scale fields and teleconnection patterns to address the most favorable conditions of the HW events from a climatological perspective as well as from the extreme January 2017 HW event that swept central Chile with temperature records and wildfires. ERA5 tends to capture temperature extremes and the HW events at the inland stations; on the contrary, it has difficulties in capturing the maximum temperature variability at the coastal stations, which is plausible given the complex terrain features and confined coastal climate zone (only ∼ 7% of all grid boxes within central Chile). The composite HW days based on ERA5 reveals a mid-level trough-ridge dipole pattern exhibiting a blocking anticyclone on the surface over a large part of southwest South America. Relatively dry and warm easterly flow appears to accompany the anomalous warming in a large part of central Chile. The temporal evolution of the HW events yields a wave-like propagation pattern and enhancement of trough-ridge pattern along the South Pacific. This meridional dipole pattern is found to be largely associated with the Pacific South American pattern. In addition, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) appears to be a key component of the HW events in central Chile. In particular, while active MJO phases 2 and 7 promote sub-seasonal patterns that favor the South Pacific dipole mode, synoptic anomalies can superimpose on them and favor the formation of a migrating anticyclone over central-southern Chile and coastal lows over central Chile. Agreeing with the climatological findings, the extreme January 2017 HW analysis suggests that an eastward migratory mid-latitude trough-ridge pattern associated with MJO phase 2 was at work. We highlight that in addition to large- and synoptic-scale features, sub-synoptic processes such as coastal lows can have an important role in shaping the HW events and can lead to amplification of temperature extremes during the HW events. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-021-05810-z | 2415-2432 | 57 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; atmospheric dynamics; easterly wave; extreme event; frequency analysis; heat wave; madden-julian oscillation; seasonal variation; teleconnection; temperature anomaly; wave propagation, atmospheric teleconnections; blocking pattern; central chile; heat waves; mjo; temperature extremes | École Nationale de la Météorologie, Toulouse, France; Departamento de Meteorología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Estudios Atmosféricos y Astroestadística (CEAAS), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Temporal methane variability in the water column of an area of seasonal coastal upwelling: A study based on a 12 year time series | Farías L.; Tenorio S.; Sanzana K.; Faundez J. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102589 | Temporal distribution of dissolved CH4 was analysed in a zone of strong seasonal coastal upwelling off central Chile (36.5°S,73°W). Observations were taken from a twelve-year time series that included monthly sampling of the water at eight depths. CH4 concentration fluctuated between 1.75 and 100.9 nmol L-1 (or 67.11% and 3965% of saturation), with the highest levels at bottom waters, which increase as upwelling evolved. Three kind of CH4 profiles were identified; a classical diffusion–advection distribution, with bottom/surface CH4 concentration ratio > 2, was predominantly observed in ~ 54% of the all profiles and attributed to high CH4 production in the sediments during coastal upwelling season (austral spring-summer); a period of higher biological productivity, as well as in hypoxic/anoxic condition. In contrast, relatively homogeneous profiles (CH4 level ratio between bottom and surface depth < 2) was observed about ~ 46% of all profiles during periods of extreme vertical mixing (such as winter storms). Furthermore, irregular CH4 profile with superficial peaks occurring between the surface and 15–30 m depth was likely observed. These peaks indicated that local production rates exceed turbulent mixing rates, suggesting a rapid CH4 cycling due to microbial processes on the surface. Despite the fact that strong seasonality was observed in most oceanographic variables, according to favourable and non-favourable upwelling periods, only a weak seasonality was observed in CH4 content and its air-sea flux, the latter ranged from 1.27 to 47.02 µmol m−2 d-1 (mean ± SD: 10.94 ± 7.48). The annual weighted mean CH4 effluxes during upwelling (64%) and non-upwelling (36%) periods fluctuated from 1.66 to 6.22 mmol m−2 (mean ± SD: 3.40 ± 1.43), highlighting the importance of the continental shelf under the influence of coastal upwelling as a significant CH4 source toward the atmosphere. © 2021 | Progress in Oceanography | 00796611 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079661121000768 | art102589 | 195 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; mixing; storms; time series; biological productivity; coastal upwelling; concentration ratio; continental shelves; local production; microbial process; temporal distribution; turbulent mixing; bottom water; continental shelf; methane; microbial activity; pollutant source; seasonality; temporal variation; time series; upwelling; water column; coastal engineering, nan | Departmento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-ecología Costera (SECOS), Chile; Programa de Graduados en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Chile |
| Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Methane Over Extreme Oceanographic Gradients in the Subtropical Eastern South Pacific (17° to 37°S) | Farías L.; Troncoso M.; Sanzana K.; Verdugo J.; Masotti I. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1029/2020JC016925 | Methane (CH4) is one of the most powerful greenhouse gases with the capacity to influence the Earth's radiative budget as well as contribute to atmospheric chemistry. Natural oceanic production makes up to ∼4% of the overall global CH4 emissions, however, there is uncertainty around the accuracy of this value due to a lack of accurate measurements. Such is the case in the Subtropical Eastern South Pacific Ocean (SESP), a region with pronounced chlorophyll-a and oxygen gradients, which in turn affect the microbial CH4 cycling. This study was conducted during spring-summer (2014–2016) in the SESP. The region (∼17°–37°S/71°–110°W) is separated into (i) eutrophic, (ii) mesotrophic, and (iii) oligotrophic areas, according to oceanographic and biogeochemical criteria. The SESP presents high CH4 zonal variability with levels ranging from 0.63 to 33.4 nmol L−1, corresponding to 29% and 1,423% saturation, respectively. High CH4 concentrations (>1,000% saturation) are observed in the narrow eutrophic area subjected to coastal upwelling. These conditions clearly differ to those observed in the extended oligotrophic subtropical gyre (∼100% saturation). Furthermore, CH4 also tends to accumulate in the mesotrophic area (with upto 1,423% saturation), where oceanographic conditions as stratification, mesoscale eddies and island mass effect could trigger the presence of a microbial biomass that may be able to induce CH4 regeneration. The CH4 efflux is estimated to be between 0.13 and 19.1 µmol m−2 d−1 (mean ± SD = 4.72 ± 4.67) and the SESP has an emission rate of ∼87.9 Gg CH4 yr−1. © 2021. The Authors. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans | 21699275 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JC016925 | arte2020JC016925 | 126 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ch4 exchange acros air-sea interface; dissolved methane; mesoscale processes; spatial ch4 distribution; subtropical eastern south pacific, pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); accuracy assessment; atmospheric chemistry; biogeochemistry; biomass; chlorophyll a; concentration (composition); greenhouse gas; gyre; mesoscale eddy; methane; nutrient cycling; radiative transfer; saturation; spatial distribution; upwelling | Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera, Santiago, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile |
| Automated low-cost led-based sun photometer for city scale distributed measurements | Garrido C.; Toledo F.; Diaz M.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.3390/rs13224585 | We propose a monochromatic low-cost automatic sun photometer (LoCo-ASP) to perform distributed aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements at the city scale. This kind of network could fill the gap between current automatic ground instruments—with good temporal resolution and accuracy, but few devices per city and satellite products—with global coverage, but lower temporal resolution and accuracy-. As a first approach, we consider a single equivalent wavelength around 408 nm. The cost of materials for the instrument is around 220 dollars. Moreover, we propose a calibration transfer for a pattern instrument, and estimate the uncertainties for several units and due to the internal differences and the calibration process. We achieve a max MAE of 0.026 for 38 sensors at 408 nm compared with AERONET Cimel; a mean standard deviation of 0.0062 among our entire sensor for measurement and a calibration uncertainty of 0.01. Finally, we perform city-scale measurements to show the dynamics of AOD. Our instrument can measure unsupervised, with an expected error for AOD between 0.02 and 0.03. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Remote Sensing | 20724292 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4585 | art4585 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aerosol optical depth; led-based sun photometer; network measurements, aerosols; calibration; costs; optical properties; photometers; photometry; uncertainty analysis; aerosol optical depths; city scale; distributed aerosol; distributed measurements; led-based sun photometer; low-costs; monochromatics; network measurement; sun photometers; temporal resolution; light emitting diodes | Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory (SPEL), Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370448, Chile; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Ecole polytechnique-IP Paris, ENS-PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Palaiseau, 91128, France; Electrical Enginering Department, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370451, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Seasonal precipitation in south-central Chile: Trends in extreme events since 1900 | González-Reyes Á.; Jacques-Coper M.; Muñoz A.A. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.20937/ATM.52871 | We study a regional precipitation time series built upon seven meteorological records from south-central Chile (SCC; 37°–42° S), which altogether cover the period 1900–2019. As a first objective, we investigated changes in the return period (RP) of dry (< P20) and wet (> P80) seasonal extreme events of precipitation (SEE) for each season. We observed a reduction in the RP of wet SEE during 1900–1950 in all seasons. Moreover, the dry SEE RP shows a reduction from 1950 to the present in all seasons. This phenomenon is noteworthy since 1900 for summer and winter, and since 1930 for autumn. Spring registers a constant RP value from 1990 onwards. As a second objective, we study possible relationships between seasonal precipitation variability and climate modes, such as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the Tripole Index (TPI) of sea surface temperature (SST) over the Pacific Ocean. Summer and autumn precipitation showed a significant negative correlation with SAM activity at interannual and decadal scales, while winter and spring precipitation recorded a significant positive correlation with SST variability over multiple regions of the Pacific Ocean (including the tropics and New Zealand) and the Southern Ocean (Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea). Finally, we confirm that SAM strongly modulates precipitation in SCC, especially in autumn, and that SEE variability in SCC is considerably associated with climate modes of tropical and extra-tropical origin. © 2021. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). | Atmosfera | 01876236 | https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/atm/index.php/atm/article/view/52871 | 371-384 | 34 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; pacific coast [chile]; pacific coast [south america]; annual variation; climate modeling; extreme event; precipitation (climatology); regional climate; sea surface temperature; summer; trend analysis; winter, extreme seasonal precipitation events; south-central chile; southern annular mode (sam); tripole index of sea surface temperature of the pacific ocean (tpi) | Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, 8580745, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2362807, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2362807, Chile |
| Unveiling Ecological and Genetic Novelty within Lytic and Lysogenic Viral Communities of Hot Spring Phototrophic Microbial Mats | Guajardo-Leiva S.; Santos F.; Salgado O.; Regeard C.; Quillet L.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1128/Spectrum.00694-21 | Viruses exert diverse ecosystem impacts by controlling their host community through lytic predator-prey dynamics. However, the mechanisms by which lysogenic viruses influence their host-microbial community are less clear. In hot springs, lysogeny is considered an active lifestyle, yet it has not been systematically studied in all habitats, with phototrophic microbial mats (PMMs) being particularly not studied. We carried out viral metagenomics following in situ mitomycin C induction experiments in PMMs from Porcelana hot spring (Northern Patagonia, Chile). The compositional changes of viral communities at two different sites were analyzed at the genomic and gene levels. Furthermore, the presence of integrated prophage sequences in environmental metagenome-assembled genomes from published Porcelana PMM metagenomes was analyzed. Our results suggest that virus-specific replicative cycles (lytic and lysogenic) were associated with specific host taxa with different metabolic capacities. One of the most abundant lytic viral groups corresponded to cyanophages, which would infect the cyanobacteria Fischerella, the most active and dominant primary producer in thermophilic PMMs. Likewise, lysogenic viruses were related exclusively to chemoheterotrophic bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. These temperate viruses possess accessory genes to sense or control stress-related processes in their hosts, such as sporulation and biofilm formation. Taken together, these observations suggest a nexus between the ecological role of the host (metabolism) and the type of viral lifestyle in thermophilic PMMs. This has direct implications in viral ecology, where the lysogenic- lytic switch is determined by nutrient abundance and microbial density but also by the metabolism type that prevails in the host community. © 2021 Guajardo-Leiva et al. | Microbiology Spectrum | 21650497 | https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/Spectrum.00694-21 | arte00694-21 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | crispr; hot springs; lysogenic; lytic; phototrophic microbial mats; viral ecogenomics, bacteria; biodiversity; genetic variation; hot springs; lysogeny; metagenome; phototrophic processes; phylogeny; virus physiological phenomena; viruses; mitomycin; article; biofilm; controlled study; cyanophage; gene expression; gene sequence; lysogenization; metagenomics; microbial community; nonhuman; thermal spring; virus replication; bacterium; biodiversity; classification; genetic variation; genetics; isolation and purification; metagenome; phototrophy; phylogeny; radiation response; thermal spring; viral phenomena and functions; virology; virus | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physiology Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chile; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile |
| Intraseasonal teleconnections leading to heat waves in central Chile | Jacques-Coper M.; Veloso-Aguila D.; Segura C.; Valencia A. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1002/joc.7096 | The ability to anticipate meteorological extreme events beyond the synoptic range of ~1 week offers direct applications, for example, to limit their ecological and socioeconomical impacts. This study focuses on precursors of summer (December–February, DJF) warm events, particularly heat waves, in central Chile (CCh), which are typically induced by low-level anticyclonic anomalies located to the south of this region. Considering that such atmospheric configuration can be part of a large-scale wave-train circulation pattern located upstream of CCh, we investigate signals that might provide guidance concerning the genesis of warm events in CCh. For a historical period (DJF 1872–2010) based on the 20th century reanalysis version 2 (20CR), our results present teleconnections that indicate higher probabilities of occurrence of such warm events with respect to expected climatological values. These signals can be monitored at least ~2 weeks in advance. Specifically, we explore the relationship between warm events in CCh and (a) the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) as a tropical source of variability, and (b) an extra-tropical index (ETI), representative of the internal dynamics of the Southern Hemipshere mid-latitudes, presented as an original contribution from this study following a novel approach. Both signals, and apparently their constructive superposition, seem to contribute to the organization of the large-scale circulation anomalies leading ultimately to heat waves in CCh. We confirm these results for recent decades (DJF 1981–2020) using temperature observations and further data sets, namely the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis (NNR) and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis versions 1 and 2 (CFSR and CFSv2, respectively). Finally, we describe three recent heat wave events in CCh (DJF 2019–2020) to illustrate the suitability of this conceptualization. © 2021 Royal Meteorological Society | International Journal of Climatology | 08998418 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.7096 | 4712-4731 | 41 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; tropics; anticyclonic anomalies; circulation patterns; historical periods; large-scale circulation; madden-julian oscillation; meteorological extremes; provide guidances; temperature observations; atmospheric circulation; extreme event; heat wave; seasonal variation; teleconnection; temperature effect; weather forecasting; climatology, chile; extreme events; forecast; heat waves; south america; teleconnections; temperature | Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Contaminant emissions as indicators of chemical elements in the snow along a latitudinal gradient in southern Andes | Pizarro J.; Vergara P.M.; Cerda S.; Cordero R.R.; Castillo X.; Rowe P.M.; Casassa G.; Carrasco J.; Damiani A.; Llanillo P.J.; Lambert F.; Rondanelli R.; Huneeus N.; Fernandoy F.; Alfonso J.; Neshyba S. | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | 10.1038/s41598-021-93895-1 | The chemical composition of snow provides insights on atmospheric transport of anthropogenic contaminants at different spatial scales. In this study, we assess how human activities influence the concentration of elements in the Andean mountain snow along a latitudinal transect throughout Chile. The concentration of seven elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn and Zn) was associated to gaseous and particulate contaminants emitted at different spatial scales. Our results indicate carbon monoxide (CO) averaged at 20 km and nitrogen oxide (NOx) at 40 km as the main indicators of the chemical elements analyzed. CO was found to be a significant predictor of most element concentrations while concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mg and Zn were positively associated to emissions of NOx. Emission of 2.5 μm and 10 μm particulate matter averaged at different spatial scales was positively associated to concentration of Li. Finally, the concentration of Zn was positively associated to volatile organic compounds (VOC) averaged at 40 km around sampling sites. The association between air contaminants and chemical composition of snow suggests that regions with intensive anthropogenic pollution face reduced quality of freshwater originated from glacier and snow melting. © 2021, The Author(s). | Scientific Reports | 20452322 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93895-1 | art14530 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile; NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, United States; Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Physical Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Carretera Panamericana, Km 11, Altos de Pipe, Venezuela; Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, United States |
| Oceanography time series reveals annual asynchrony input between oceanic and estuarine waters in Patagonian fjords | Pérez-Santos I.; Díaz P.A.; Silva N.; Garreaud R.; Montero P.; Henríquez-Castillo C.; Barrera F.; Linford P.; Amaya C.; Contreras S.; Aracena C.; Pinilla E.; Altamirano R.; Vallejos L.; Pavez J.; Maulen J. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149241 | The postglacial Patagonian fjord system along the west coast of southern South America is one of the largest stretches of the southern hemisphere (SH) fjord belt, influenced by the SH westerly wind belt and continental freshwater input. This study reports a 3-year monthly time series (2017–2020) of physical and biogeochemical parameters obtained from the Reloncaví Marine Observatory (OMARE, Spanish acronym) at the northernmost embayment and fjord system of Patagonia. The main objective of this work was to understand the land–atmosphere–ocean interactions and to identify the mechanisms that modulate the density of phytoplankton. A key finding of this study was the seasonally varying asynchronous input of oceanic and estuarine water. Surface lower salinity and warmer estuarine water arrived in late winter to summer, contributing to water column stability, followed by subsurface higher salinity and less warmer oceanic water during fall–winter. In late winter 2019, an interannual change above the picnocline due to the record-high polarity of the Indian Ocean Dipole inhibited water column stability. The biogeochemical parameters (NO3−, NO2−, PO43−, Si(OH)4, pH, and dissolved oxygen) responded to the surface annual salinity variations, and oceanic water mass contributed greatly to the subsurface inorganic nutrient input. The water column N/P ratio indicated that no eutrophication occurred, even under intense aquaculture activity, likely because of the high ventilation dynamics of the Reloncaví Sound. Finally, a shift in phytoplankton composition, characterized by surface chlorophyll-a maxima in late winter and deepening of spring–summer blooms related to the physicochemical conditions of the water column, was observed. Our results support the ecosystem services provided by local oceanography processes in the north Patagonian fjords. Here, the anthropogenic impact caused by economic activities could be, in part, chemically reduced by the annual ventilation cycle mediated by the exchange of oceanic water masses into Patagonian fjords. © 2021 | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896972104314X | art149241 | 798 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ecosystem; environmental monitoring; estuaries; indian ocean; oceanography; phytoplankton; seawater; south america; biochemical oxygen demand; dissolved oxygen; economics; ecosystems; estuaries; eutrophication; observatories; oceanography; phytoplankton; time series; oxygen; picnocline; unclassified drug; water; sea water; atmospheric mode; biogeochemicals; column stability; estuarine waters; marine observatories; oceanic waters; patagonian fjord; southern hemisphere; times series; water columns; annual variation; biogeochemistry; estuarine dynamics; estuarine environment; eutrophication; fjord; land-atmosphere interaction; land-sea interaction; nearshore dynamics; physical oceanography; southern hemisphere; time series; water column; water mass; westerly; air conditioning; aquaculture; aquatic environment; article; atmosphere; biogeochemical cycle; cell polarity; controlled study; estuary; falling; inorganic nutrient; nonhuman; oceanography; ph; physical chemistry; phytoplankton; salinity; subsurface runoff; summer; time series analysis; water column stability; winter; ecosystem; environmental monitoring; indian ocean; oceanography; biogeochemistry, atmospheric mode; biogeochemistry; marine observatory; oceanography; patagonian fjords; time series | Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resilencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile; Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias & Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), CTPA-Putemún, Castro, Chile |
| Drivers of dinoflagellate benthic cyst assemblages in the NW Patagonian Fjords System and its adjacent oceanic shelf, with a focus on harmful species | Rodríguez-Villegas C.; Lee M.R.; Salgado P.; Figueroa R.I.; Baldrich Á.; Pérez-Santos I.; Tomasetti S.J.; Niklitschek E.; Díaz M.; Álvarez G.; Marín S.L.; Seguel M.; Farías L.; Díaz P.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147378 | In recent decades, the alteration of coastal food webs (via aquaculture, fishing, and leisure activities), nutrient loading, and an expansion of monitoring programs have prompted an apparent worldwide rise in Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs). Over this time, a parallel increase in HABs has also been observed in the Chilean southern austral region (Patagonia fjords). HAB species like Alexandrium catenella—responsible for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)—are of great public concern due to their negative socioeconomic impacts and significant northward geographical range expansion. Many toxic dinoflagellate species (like A. catenella) produce benthic resting cysts, yet a holistic understanding of the physical-chemical and biological conditions influencing the distributions of cysts in this region is lacking. In this study, we measured a combination of hydrographic (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) and sediment physical-chemical properties (temperature, pH and redox potential), in addition to meiofaunal abundances –as sediment bioturbators and potential cyst predators– to determine the factors influencing dinoflagellate cyst distribution, with emphasis on A. catenella in and around a “hotspot” area of southern Chile. An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) test revealed significant differences (p < 0.011) in cyst assemblages between the fjords and oceanic environments. Permutational Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) showed significant effects of sediment temperature and silt proportion in explaining differences in the cyst assemblages. A generalized linear model (GLM) indicated that sediment temperature, silt/sand, anoxic conditions, and low abundances of Harpacticoida —a meiofauna herbivore group and potential bioturbator— are associated with the higher resting cyst abundances of the harmful species A. catenella. The implications for A. catenella resting cysts dynamics are discussed, highlighting physical-chemical and biological interactions and their potential for PSP outbreak initiation. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721024499 | art147378 | 785 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; patagonia; alexandrium; alexandrium catenella; catenella; dinophyceae; harpacticoida; dissolved oxygen; expansion; leisure; ph; sediments; silt; ammonia; nitrite; river water; alexandrium catenellum; algae blooms; chemical and biologicals; chilean patagonium; dinoflagellate resting cyst; harmful algae; meiofauna; paralytic shellfish poisoning; redox potentials; redoxpotential; algal bloom; benthic foraminifera; dinoflagellate; meiofauna; physicochemical property; redox conditions; species diversity; species richness; alexandrium catenella; analysis of variance; article; dinoflagellate; harmful organism; hydrography; meiofauna; nonhuman; paralytic shellfish poisoning; ph; physical chemistry; population abundance; priority journal; salinity; sea; sea surface temperature; sediment; species composition; species distribution; redox reactions, alexandrium catenella; chilean patagonia; dinoflagellate resting cysts; meiofauna; redox potential | Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States; Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Regional de Análisis de Recursos y Medio Ambiente (CERAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Millennium Institute for Coastal Social Ecology (SECOS) and Center for Climate Research and Resilience (CR2), Universit... |
| Trace elements in Antarctic penguins and the potential role of guano as source of recycled metals in the Southern Ocean | Sparaventi E.; Rodríguez-Romero A.; Barbosa A.; Ramajo L.; Tovar-Sánchez A. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131423 | Penguins dominate the Antarctic avifauna. As key animals in the Antarctic ecosystem, they are monitored to evaluate the ecological status of this pristine and remote region and specifically, they have been used as effective bioindicators suitable for long-term monitoring of metals in the Antarctic environment. However, studies about the role of this emblematic organism could play in the recycling of trace metals (TMs) in the Antarctic ecosystem are very limited. In this study we evaluate, using the peer review research articles already published and our own findings, the distribution of metals (i.e., Ca, Fe, Al, Na, Zn, Mg, Cu, K, Cd, Mn, Sr, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, V, Ba, Co, La, Ag, Rb, Hf, Sc, Au and Cs) and metalloids (As and Sb), measured in different biotic matrices, with emphasis on guano, of the Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) penguins. Regarding bioactive metals, the high concentrations (μg g−1 dry weight) of Cu (2.0 ± 1.4) x 102, Fe (4.1 ± 2.9) x 102, Mn (30 ± 34) and Zn (210 ± 90) reported in the guano from all the penguin species studied including our data, are of the same order of magnitude as those reported for whale feces (μg g−1 dry weight): Cu (2.9 ± 2.4) x 102, Fe (1.5 ± 1.4) x 102, Mn (28 ± 17) and Zn (6.2 ± 4.3) x 102, and one order of magnitude higher than the metal contents in krill (μg g−1 dry weight) of Cu (10.2 ± 5.5), Fe (24 ± 29) and Zn (13.5 ± 1.7). This suggest that penguin's excretion products could be an important source of these essential elements in the surface water, with an estimated annual release on a breeding season for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn respectively of 28, 56, 4 and 29 tons, for the Chinstrap, Adélie and Gentoo penguins. The results provide evidence on the potential influence of penguins recycling TMs in the surface layer of the water column. © 2021 The Authors | Chemosphere | 00456535 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0045653521018956 | art131423 | 285 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctica; droppings; guano; metal concentration; penguin; southern ocean, animals; antarctic regions; ecosystem; oceans and seas; spheniscidae; trace elements; southern ocean; pygoscelis antarcticus; spheniscidae; ecosystems; recycling; surface waters; trace elements; aluminum; antimony; arsenic; barium; cadmium; calcium; cesium; chromium; cobalt; copper; gold; hafnium; iron; lanthanum; lead; magnesium; manganese; mercury; metalloid; nickel; potassium; rubidium; silver; sodium; strontium; trace element; vanadium; zinc; trace element; antarctica; dropping; dry weight; ecological status; metal concentrations; orders of magnitude; remote regions; southern ocean; trace metal; traces elements; avifauna; bioindicator; breeding season; concentration (composition); excretion; feces; guano; metalloid; recycling; seabird; trace element; whale; animal tissue; antarctica; article; breeding; cetacea; comparative study; concentration (parameter); controlled study; dry weight; environmental change; foraging; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; metal recovery; nonhuman; penguin; photosynthesis; pygoscelis adeliae; pygoscelis antarcticus; pygoscelis papua; southern ocean; surface property; animal; antarctica; ecosystem; sea; metals | Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, ICMAN (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Avenida Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile; , Universidad de Chile, Chile |
| Influence of Estuarine Water on the Microbial Community Structure of Patagonian Fjords | Tamayo-Leiva J.; Cifuentes-Anticevic J.; Aparicio-Rizzo P.; Arroyo J.I.; Masotti I.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.3389/fmars.2021.611981 | Fjords are sensitive areas affected by climate change and can act as a natural laboratory to study microbial ecological processes. The Chilean Patagonian fjords (41–56°S), belonging to the Subantarctic ecosystem (46–60°S), make up one of the world’s largest fjord systems. In this region, Estuarine Water (EW) strongly influences oceanographic conditions, generating sharp gradients of oxygen, salinity and nutrients, the effects of which on the microbial community structure are poorly understood. During the spring of 2017 we studied the ecological patterns (dispersal and oceanographic factors) underlying the microbial community distribution in a linear span of 450 km along the estuarine-influenced Chilean Patagonian fjords. Our results show that widespread microbial dispersion existed along the fjords where bacterioplankton exhibited dependence on the eukaryotic phytoplankton community composition. This dependence was particularly observed under the low chlorophyll-a conditions of the Baker Channel area, in which a significant relationship was revealed between SAR11 Clade III and the eukaryotic families Pyrenomonadaceae (Cryptophyte) and Coccomyxaceae (Chlorophyta). Furthermore, dissolved oxygen and salinity were revealed as the main drivers influencing the surface marine microbial communities in these fjords. A strong salinity gradient resulted in the segregation of the Baker Channel prokaryotic communities from the rest of the Patagonian fjords. Likewise, Microbacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae and SAR11 Clade III, commonly found in freshwater, were strongly associated with EW conditions in these fjords. The direct effect of EW on the microbial community structure and diversity of the fjords exemplifies the significance that climate change and, in particular, deglaciation have on this marine region and its productivity. © Copyright © 2021 Tamayo-Leiva, Cifuentes-Anticevic, Aparicio-Rizzo, Arroyo, Masotti and Díez. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.611981/full | art611981 | 8 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | bacterioplankton; estuarine water; eukaryotic phytoplankton; microbial indicator; patagonian fjords; subantarctic, nan | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTAR-UV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile |
| A source of isotopically light organic carbon in a low-pH anoxic marine zone | Vargas C.A.; Cantarero S.I.; Sepúlveda J.; Galán A.; De Pol-Holz R.; Walker B.; Schneider W.; Farías L.; D’Ottone M.C.; Walker J.; Xu X.; Salisbury J. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1038/s41467-021-21871-4 | Geochemical and stable isotope measurements in the anoxic marine zone (AMZ) off northern Chile during periods of contrasting oceanographic conditions indicate that microbial processes mediating sulfur and nitrogen cycling exert a significant control on the carbonate chemistry (pH, AT, DIC and pCO2) of this region. Here we show that in 2015, a large isotopic fractionation between DIC and POC, a DIC and N deficit in AMZ waters indicate the predominance of in situ dark carbon fixation by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification in addition to anammox. In 2018, however, the fractionation between DIC and POC was significantly lower, while the total alkalinity increased in the low-pH AMZ core, suggesting a predominance of heterotrophic processes. An isotope mass-balance model demonstrates that variations in the rates of sulfur- and nitrogen-mediated carbon fixation in AMZ waters contribute ~7–35% of the POC exported to deeper waters. Thus, dark carbon fixation should be included in assessments of future changes in carbon cycling and carbonate chemistry due to AMZ expansion. © 2021, The Author(s). | Nature Communications | 20411723 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21871-4 | art1604 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; carbon; carbonic acid; nitrogen; organic carbon; oxygen; sulfur; water; anoxic conditions; carbon fixation; carbonate system; denitrification; isotopic fractionation; organic carbon; particulate organic carbon; stable isotope; alkalinity; anaerobic ammonium oxidation; article; carbon cycling; carbon dioxide tension; carbon fixation; denitrification; fractionation; heterotrophy; inorganic nutrient; light; microbial community; ph; salinity; temperature | Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences & Environmental Sciences Center EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Coastal Social-Ecological Millennium Institute (SECOS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Departamento de Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Centro Regional de Estudios Ambientales (CREA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación GAIA-Antártica (CIGA) and Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, P. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Ocean Process Analysis Lab, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NC, United States |
| The chilean tornado outbreak of may 2019 synoptic, mesoscale, and historical contexts | Vicencio J.; Rondanelli R.; Campos D.; Valenzuela R.; Garreaud R.; Reyes A.; Padilla R.; Abarca R.; Barahona C.; Delgado R.; Nicora G. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2021 | 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0218.1 | In late May 2019, at least seven tornadoes were reported within a 24-h period in southern Chile (western South America, 36°-38°S), including EF1 and EF2 events causing substantial damage to infrastructure, dozens of injuries, and one fatality. Despite anecdotal evidence and chronicles of similar historical events, the threat from tornadoes in Chile was regarded with skepticism until the 2019 outbreak. Herein, we describe the synoptic-scale features instrumental in the development of these tornadic storms, including an extended southwest-northeast trough along the South Pacific, with a large postfrontal instability area. Tornadic storms appear to be embedded in a modestly unstable environment (positive convective available potential energy but less than 1,000 J kg−1) and strong low- and midlevel wind shear, with high near-surface storm-relative helicity values (close to −200 m2 s−2), clearly differing from the Great Plains tornadoes in North America (with highly unstable environments) but resembling cold-season tornadoes previously observed in the midlatitudes of North America, Australia, and Europe. Reanalyzing rainfall and lightning data from the last 10 years, we found that tornadic storms in our region occur associated with locally extreme values of both CAPE and low-level wind shear, where a combination of the two in a low-level vorticity generation parameter appears as a simple first-order discriminant between tornadic and nontornadic environments. Future research should thoroughly examine historical events worldwide to assemble a database of high-shear, low-CAPE midlatitude storms and help improve our understanding of these storms' underlying physics. © 2021 American Meteorological Society | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | 00030007 | https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/aop/BAMS-D-19-0218.1/BAMS-D-19-0218.1.xml | E611-E634 | 102 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | convective clouds; extreme events; mesoscale systems; south america; tornadoes, potential energy; storms; anecdotal evidences; convective available potential energies; lightning datum; low-level winds; mid-latitude storms; tornado outbreak; vorticity generation; western south america; tornadoes | Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile; Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; CEILAP, UNIDEF, (MINDEF-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Report to the Nations Climate Governance of the Elements. Towards an Integrated, anticipatory, socio- ecosystemic and evidence- based climate governance of water, air, fire and land. | Billi,M;Moraga,P;Aliste, E,E.;Maillet,A.;O'Ryan,R.;Sapiains A.,R.;Bórquez,R.;Aldunce,P.;Azócar,G.;Blanco,G.;Carrasco,N.;Galleguillos,M.;Hervé,D.;Ibarra,C.;Gallardo,L.;Inostroza,V.;Lambert,F.;Manuschevic,D.;Martínez,F.;Osses,M.;Rivas,N.;Rojas,M.;Seguel,R.;Tolvett,S.;Ugarte,A.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Humanity has become one of the greatest transformative forces of the planet, generating significant (and
sometimes irreversible) changes in geophysical and
ecological balances with potentially catastrophic and
partly still unknown consequences (Foster et al., 2017;
Rockström et al., 2009; Steffen et al, 2007). Among all
these alterations, climate change possesses predominant importance due to the magnitude and scale of
its potential consequences, as well as the complexity
and the controversies that have characterized the attempts to address it (Coninck et al, 2018; IPCC, 2018).
Contemplating this scenario entails a double dilemma.
On one hand, it implies the need for urgent, coordinated and transformative actions on multiple scales and
domains that address the drivers that cause climate
change, as well as its significant and unequal effects
on different territories and populations. On the other,
it faces the insufficiency, biases and limitations shown
by traditional governance models in dealing with these
challenges. | | | https://bit.ly/3JdvVbd | 69 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las Naciones Gobernanza Climática de los Elementos. Hacia una gobernanza climática del agua, el aire, el fuego y la tierra en Chile, integrada, anticipatoria, socio-ecosistémica y fundada en evidencia. | Billi,M;Moraga,P;Aliste, E,E.;Maillet,A.;O'Ryan,R.;Sapiains A.,R.;Bórquez,R.;Aldunce,P.;Azócar,G.;Blanco,G.;Carrasco,N.;Galleguillos,M.;Hervé,D.;Ibarra,C.;Gallardo,L.;Inostroza,V.;Lambert,F.;Manuschevic,D.;Martínez,F.;Osses,M.;Rivas,N.;Rojas,M.;Seguel,R.;Tolvett,S.;Ugarte,A.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | La humanidad se ha vuelto una de las mayores fuerzas transformadoras del planeta, generando cambios significativos (y en ocasiones irreversibles) en los
equilibrios geofísicos y ecológicos, con consecuencias
potencialmente catastróficas y en parte aún desconocidas (Foster et al., 2017; Rockström et al., 2009; Steffen
et al., 2007). Entre todas estas alteraciones, el cambio
climático adquiere una importancia preponderante
debido a la magnitud y escala de sus posibles consecuencias, así como por la complejidad y las controversias que ha caracterizado los intentos de hacerle frente
(de Coninck et al., 2018; IPCC, 2018). Contemplar este escenario implica un doble dilema. Por un lado, supone la
necesidad de acciones urgentes, concertadas y transformativas, en múltiples escalas y dominios, que lleven
a hacerse cargo de los forzantes que causan el cambio
climático, sus efectos significativos y desiguales en distintos territorios y poblaciones. Por el otro, se enfrenta
a la insuficiencia, parcialidad y limitación demostrada
por los modelos tradicionales de gobernanza para enfrentar estos desafíos. | | | https://bit.ly/3JdvVbd | 69 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Escuelas Seguras en tiempos del COVID-19 | Brevis,W.;Cortés,S.;Duarte,I.;Fica,D.;Förster,F.;Martínez,S.;Rojas,M.;Repetto,P.;Rondanelli,R.;Valdés,M.; | Ciudades Resilientes; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2021 | | v1.3 | | | https://portaluchile.uchile.cl/documentos/escuelas-seguras-en-tiempos-del-covid-19_176441_0_4940.pdf | | | v1.3 | | |
| Dissolved nitrous oxide distribution in the central South Pacific | Charpentier,J.;Farías,L.;Pizarro,O.; | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.928664 | Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important atmospheric trace gas involved in tropospheric warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. The ocean is a net source of this gas, contributing around 25% of global N2O sources, although this emission is highly variable. It is the case of eastern South Pacific, a region with marked zonal gradients, ranging from highly productive and suboxic conditions in coastal upwelling systems to oligotrophic and oxygenated conditions in the subtropical gyre. Indeed, South Pacific Ocean has the largest permanent anticyclonic oceanic gyre which has been described as the most oligotrophic zone in the world ocean. Nitrous oxide concentration in the water column was measured on a transect crossing the Subtropical South Pacific Gyre during the BIOSOPE cruise (austral spring, 2004). This dataset includes nitrous oxide and nutrient concentrations at different depths from French program BIOSOPE, funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the European Space Agency (ESA), The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Nitrous oxide measurements belong to Concepción University. | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928664 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Extreme zonal and vertical gradients of nutrients and greenhouse gases in the subtropical Eastern South Pacific basin | Farías, Laura,;Troncoso, Macarena,; | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.933734 | Between October 12 and November 5, 2015, the Cimar 21 “Ocean Islands” cruise was developed, organized and managed by the Navy's Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOA). This cruise covered the zonal transect in the subtropical region of the Eastern South Pacific Basin from Caldera (27.00°S; 70.88°W) to near Rapa Nui Island (27.04°S; 109.31°W). This region is characterized by presenting very contrasting trophic systems; from the coastal zone with eutrophic (rich in nutrients), colder and suboxic ([O2] <22 µM); to ultra-oligotrophic (with undetectable nutrient levels Raimbault et al., 2008), warmer and oxygenated waters that belong to South Pacific Subtropical Gyre, which has the clearest waters of the global ocean (Morel et al., 2010). In addition to trophic gradient, the Eastern South Pacific region presents an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ (Fuenzalida et al, 2009) with marked oxygen gradients where various biogeochemical processes can recycle greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) (Trocoso et al., 2018) and even methane (CH4) (Farías et al., 2021). From a total of 19 stations sampled, we present a set of data collected between 0 and 500 m depth using a CTD rosette for physicochemical variables such as temperature, salinity and oxygen (obtained from the CTD) and nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate) and greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 (obtained from Niskin bottles mounted in an oceanographic rosette). The gas samples were analyzed by gas chromatography through a gas chromatograph (Schimadzu 17A) using an electron capture detector at 350ºC and connected to an autoanalyzer, while the CH4 samples were analyzed manually in a chromatograph gas with flame ionization detector (Agilent Model 6850 GC-Fid) with a Restek RT QS-Bond column (30 meters 053 mm ID, 20 μm Film) with a temperature of 40ºC and a column flow of 4mL min-1. Meanwhile, nutrient samples with micromolar concentration (≥ 1 µM) were analyzed using standard colorimetric techniques (Grasshoff et al., 1983) in a Seal AA3 segmented flow auto-analyzer, whereas when the nutrient concentration was submicromolar (< 1 µM) for samples of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in the gyre, the Seal AA3 segmented flow autoanalyzer was used coupled to two 50 cm Liquid waveridge capillary cells (LWCC, Type II), which allowed to increase the sensitivity of the detection spectrophotometric (Troncoso et al., 2018). | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.933734 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Más de 20 años de monitoreo del sistema de surgencia costera de Chile central | Farías,L.;Manríquez,V.;De la Maza,L.; | Zonas Costeras | 2021 | 10.48665/udec/CMHMEQ | El océano actúa como el regulador del estado medio climático en el planeta Tierra, absorbiendo calor, controlando la concentración de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera
y manteniendo el ciclo hidrológico que suministra agua dulce al planeta. El monitoreo del océano es necesario para comprender su dinámica a diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales, así como para cuantificar el impacto de los procesos globales como el cambio climático (CC) en su funcionamiento. El monitoreo permite finalmente dimensionar impactos y evaluar la vulnerabilidad de sus ecosistemas y comunidades costeras. Los humanos dependen del océano, debido a los múltiples servicios ecosistémicos que este entrega, i.e., pesca, acuicultura, provisión de productos naturales, purificación/desalinización de agua, protección de la costa, transporte y recreación/turismo, entre algunos. Este es el caso de Chile, un país con vocación oceánica altamente vulnerable al CC, pero con escaso monitoreo de océano y, por lo tanto, con limitada capacidad para estimar la intensidad de las amenazas, y para predecir impactos, herramienta esencial para adaptarse al CC y otros fenómenos. | Universidad de Concepción | | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355484145_Mas_de_20_anos_de_monitoreo_del_sistema_de_surgencia_costera_de_Chile_central_final | | | Not Indexed | | |
| He Antropoceno i a Tire: he mata ꞌite he haka pūai | Gallardo,L.;Rudnick,A.;Barraza,J.;Fleming,Z.;Rojas,M.;Gayó,E.;Aguirre,C.;Farías,L.;Boisier,J. P.;Garreaud,R.;Barría,P.;Miranda,A.;Lara,A.;Gómez,S.;Arriagada,R.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia mew (CR)2, ta
iñ kvzawkan mew zujiyiñ fey ta nvxamkagelu Anxopozeno
zugu mew ta iñ inarumeael ka ta iñ gvnezuamael. Femgeci
ta cijkatuyiñ cumgeci cambio climático vñfitumapukey
kiñeke mapu mew Cile mew fanten mew, ta iñ kejuael
zugu mew cew ta cijkatugekey ka gvnezuamgekey weke
rvpv ta iñ kvme wimturpuael zugu mew mvlelu fanten
mew. Wvnelu ta inarumeyiñ ta pu registro geohistórico
pegeltulu cumgeci ta wizvmapukunurpukefuy kuyfi
mew ta cegen mapu mew Cile pigelu faciantv; fey mew
kvmeafuy wiñokintuliyiñ feyti mew kuyfi mew rupalu
ka kejuafulu sistemas socio-ecológicos zugu mew ta
kvpaialu. | | | https://bit.ly/3sAJOdv | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Anxopozeno Cile mew: Ta iñ inazuamfiel ka cumgeci amulerpuael | Gallardo,L.;Rudnick,A.;Barraza,J.;Fleming,Z.;Rojas,M.;Gayó,E.;Aguirre,C.;Farías,L.;Boisier,J. P.;Garreaud,R.;Barría,P.;Miranda,A.;Lara,A.;Gómez,S.;Arriagada,R.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia mew (CR)2, ta
iñ kvzawkan mew zujiyiñ fey ta nvxamkagelu Anxopozeno
zugu mew ta iñ inarumeael ka ta iñ gvnezuamael. Femgeci
ta cijkatuyiñ cumgeci cambio climático vñfitumapukey
kiñeke mapu mew Cile mew fanten mew, ta iñ kejuael
zugu mew cew ta cijkatugekey ka gvnezuamgekey weke
rvpv ta iñ kvme wimturpuael zugu mew mvlelu fanten
mew. Wvnelu ta inarumeyiñ ta pu registro geohistórico
pegeltulu cumgeci ta wizvmapukunurpukefuy kuyfi
mew ta cegen mapu mew Cile pigelu faciantv; fey mew
kvmeafuy wiñokintuliyiñ feyti mew kuyfi mew rupalu
ka kejuafulu sistemas socio-ecológicos zugu mew ta
kvpaialu. | | | https://bit.ly/3FyHHL0 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico de Cambio Climático: Informe previo de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo | Rojas,Maisa;Farías,Laura;González,Humberto;Marquet,Pablo;Muñoz,Juan Carlos;Palma,Rodrigo;Stehr,Alejandra;Vicuña,Sebastián; | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2021 | | | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Informe_Previo_ECLP_07.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico de Cambio Climático: La importancia de la ventilación | Tolvett,Sebastián;Rondanelli,Roberto;Brevis,Wernher;Valdes,Macarena;Rojas,Maisa; | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2021 | | | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Tolvett-ventilacion_11.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Low-cost ka-band cloud radar system for distributed measurements within the atmospheric boundary layer | Aguirre R.; Toledo F.; Rodríguez R.; Rondanelli R.; Reyes N.; Díaz M. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.3390/rs12233965 | Radars are used to retrieve physical parameters related to clouds and fog. With these measurements, models can be developed for several application fields such as climate, agriculture, aviation, energy, and astronomy. In Chile, coastal fog and low marine stratus intersect the coastal topography, forming a thick fog essential to sustain coastal ecosystems. This phenomenon motivates the development of cloud radars to boost scientific research. In this article, we present the design of a Ka-band cloud radar and the experiments that prove its operation. The radar uses a frequency-modulated continuous-wave with a carrier frequency of 38 GHz. By using a drone and a commercial Lidar, we were able to verify that the radar can measure reflectivities in the order of −60 dBZ at 500 m of distance, with a range resolution of 20 m. The lower needed range coverage imposed by our case of study enabled a significant reduction of the instrument cost compared to existent alternatives. The portability and low-cost of the designed instrument enable its implementation in a distributed manner along the coastal mountain range, as well as its use in medium-size aerial vehicles or balloons to study higher layers. The main features, limitations, and possible improvements to the current instrument are discussed. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Remote Sensing | 20724292 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3965 | art3965, 1-16 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | boundary layer; cloud radar; frequency modulated continuous wave radar; ka-band radar, agricultural robots; antennas; atmospheric boundary layer; climate models; costs; ecosystems; fog; optical radar; topography; application fields; cloud radar systems; coastal ecosystems; coastal topography; distributed measurements; frequency-modulated continuous waves; physical parameters; scientific researches; radar measurement | Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370451, Chile; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France; Institute of Electricity and Electronics, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad Austral, General Lagos 2086, Valdivia, 5110701, Chile; CePIA, Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, 4030000, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370451, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Auf dem Hugel 69, Bonn, 53121, Germany |
| Taxonomic Novelty and Distinctive Genomic Features of Hot Spring Cyanobacteria | Alcorta J.; Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Salgado O.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.3389/fgene.2020.568223 | Several cyanobacterial species are dominant primary producers in hot spring microbial mats. To date, hot spring cyanobacterial taxonomy, as well as the evolution of their genomic adaptations to high temperatures, are poorly understood, with genomic information currently available for only a few dominant genera, including Fischerella and Synechococcus. To address this knowledge gap, the present study expands the genomic landscape of hot spring cyanobacteria and traces the phylum-wide genomic consequences of evolution in high temperature environments. From 21 globally distributed hot spring metagenomes, with temperatures between 32 and 75°C, 57 medium- and high-quality cyanobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes were recovered, representing taxonomic novelty for 1 order, 3 families, 15 genera and 36 species. Comparative genomics of 93 hot spring genomes (including the 57 metagenome-assembled genomes) and 66 non-thermal genomes, showed that the former have smaller genomes and a higher GC content, as well as shorter proteins that are more hydrophilic and basic, when compared to the non-thermal genomes. Additionally, the core accessory orthogroups from the hot spring genomes of some genera had a greater abundance of functional categories, such as inorganic ion metabolism, translation and post-translational modifications. Moreover, hot spring genomes showed increased abundances of inorganic ion transport and amino acid metabolism, as well as less replication and transcription functions in the protein coding sequences. Furthermore, they showed a higher dependence on the CRISPR-Cas defense system against exogenous nucleic acids, and a reduction in secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters. This suggests differences in the cyanobacterial response to environment-specific microbial communities. This phylum-wide study provides new insights into cyanobacterial genomic adaptations to a specific niche where they are dominant, which could be essential to trace bacterial evolution pathways in a warmer world, such as the current global warming scenario. © Copyright © 2020 Alcorta, Alarcón-Schumacher, Salgado and Díez. | Frontiers in Genetics | 16648021 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.568223/full | art568223 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cyanobacteria; hot springs; mags; metagenomes; taxonomy; thermophiles, amino acid transporter; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase (quinone); rna 16s; amino acid metabolism; article; bacterium isolation; bioinformatics; bioremediation; comparative genomics; crispr cas system; cyanobacterium; dna base composition; dna extraction; gene cluster; gene sequence; genetic transcription; genome size; genomics; geographic distribution; haplotype; heat shock; human; hydrophilicity; hydrophobicity; ion transport; metagenome; metagenomics; microbial community; microbial diversity; molecular genetics; nonhuman; phylogenomics; polyphyly; prevalence; protein function; protein processing; secondary metabolism; taxonomy; thermal spring | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Influence of coastal upwelling on micro-phytoplankton variability at valparaíso bay (~33ºs), central chile; [Influencia de la surgencia costera en la variación del micro-fitoplancton en la bahía de valparaíso (~33ºs), chile central] | Aparicio-Rizzo P.; Masotti I.; Landaeta M.F. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.22370/rbmo.2020.55.1.2353 | In this work 10 years of data (1986-1996) from a fixed station located in the northern part of Valparaíso Bay (33°00’S; 71°35’W) were analysed to study the influence of coastal upwelling activity on the temporal variation of micro-phytoplankton (20-200 μm) and their relationship with oceanographic conditions. The upwelling activity at the bay was associated to semi-annual wind regime with an intensification of upwelling-favourable S-SW winds from September to March followed by a decrease and the occurrence of downwelling events from April to August. Oceanographic conditions showed the ascent of cold, nutrient-rich salty water in spring (September-November). However, during summertime under highest upwelling index, thermal stratification conditions were registered. This stratification might be associated to either the solar radiation or the presence of an upwelling shadow area in the bay. The upwelling period had the highest micro-phytoplankton abundance mainly dominated by diatoms. This period was associated with an increase in biomass and richness in the bay. Meanwhile during non-upwelling period —under homogenous conditions of temperature, salinity and nutrients— an increase in diversity (but low abundance and richness) associated to dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates was noted. Therefore, the results suggest the presence of a bi-modal regime of micro-phytoplankton in the bay in response to changes in oceanographic conditions related to local wind forcing and mixing/stratification. © 2020, Universidad De Valparaíso, Chile. All rights reserved. | Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia | 07173326 | https://revistas.uv.cl/index.php/rbmo/article/view/2353 | 11-25 | 55 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | micro-phytoplankton; stratification; upwelling; valparaíso bay; wind, chile; valparaiso bay; valparaiso [chile]; bacillariophyta; costera; dictyochophyceae; dinophyceae; coastal zone; phytoplankton; stratification; temporal variation; upwelling; wind forcing | Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Borgoño 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile |
| A multiscale analysis of the tornadoes of 30–31 May 2019 in south-central Chile | Barrett B.S.; Marin J.C.; Jacques-Coper M. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104811 | On 30 and 31 May 2019, tornadoes occurred in the cities of Los Angeles and Talcahuano/Concepción in south-central Chile, in a region where tornado activity is not common. The main goal of this study was to analyze these tornadoes across multiple scales: synoptic, mesoscale, and subseasonal. On the synoptic scale, the tornadoes were associated with an anomalous 500-hPa trough and associated surface cyclone to the west of Chile. A strong (20+ m s−1) low-level jet accompanied this trough, potentially enhanced by flow blocking by the Andes. A relatively warm and saturated surface layer combined with cold upper-level temperatures in the trough to yield 200–500 J kg−1 of CAPE on both days. This CAPE was accompanied by high levels of both deep-layer and low-level shear. Storm motions inferred by lightning swaths and GOES-IR imagery, along with estimates of storm motion and updraft helicity from a high-resolution WRF simulation, suggested this CAPE-shear combination was sufficient for the tornadic thunderstorms to be supercells. Finally, anomalies of sea level pressure, 500-hPa height, and surface dew point temperature from 27 to 31 May 2019 resembled long-term composite anomalies for MJO phases 1 and 2, suggesting a subseasonal link between the extreme event in Chile and convection in the tropics. © 2019 | Atmospheric Research | 01698095 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169809519310683 | art104811 | 236 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andes; bio bio; chile; concepcion [bio bio]; los angeles [bio bio]; talcahuano; sea level; storms; chile; dewpoint temperature; meso-scale modeling; multi scale analysis; sea level pressure; synoptic meteorology; tornadic thunderstorms; upper level temperatures; air temperature; atmospheric convection; cyclone; jet stream; mesoscale meteorology; sea level pressure; synoptic meteorology; thunderstorm; tornado; updraft; tornadoes, chile; mesoscale modeling; synoptic meteorology; tornadoes | Oceanography Department, U.S. Naval Academy, United States; Department of Meteorology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Estudios Atmosféricos y Astroestadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile |
| Late Quaternary climatic variability in northern Patagonia, Argentina, based on δ18O of modern and fossil shells of Amiantis purpurata (Bivalvia, Veneridae) | Bayer S.; Beierlein L.; Morán G.A.; Doldán M.S.; Morsan E.M.; Brey T.; Mackensen A.; Farias L.; García G.; Gordillo S. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110012 | Amiantis purpurata is a common warm-temperate water bivalve species distributed from southern Brazil to northern Patagonia, Argentina, which has a rich and well preserved fossil record in the San Matías Gulf (SMG) dating back to the late Quaternary. This study aims to establish A. purpurata shells as a new palaeoarchive of past marine conditions in South America. We compared the stable oxygen and carbon profiles (δ18Oshell; δ13Cshell) of eleven specimens of A. purpurata from different geological times (modern, Late Holocene and interglacial Late Pleistocene), and additionally present in situ oxygen isotope values of seawater within SMG (δ18Owater). Using both sets of information, we calculated and reconstructed palaeowater temperatures for the Late Holocene and compared them to modern water temperatures. Our findings indicate that A. purpurata records past environmental parameters such as water temperatures on a seasonal scale and can therefore be considered a suitable candidate for future palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in Northern Patagonia. This study is the first step towards further stable isotope analyses on fossil A. purpurata shells, which will show whether and if so, to what extent, important global climate events such as the Neoglacial (Early Holocene), the Hypsithermal (Middle Holocene) and the Little Ice Age (Late Holocene) occurred in South America. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. | Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | 00310182 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018220304570 | art110012 | 560 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | holocene; oxygen isotopes; palaeoarchives; palaeotemperatures; pleistocene; seasonality, argentina; atlantic ocean; brazil; san matias gulf; amiantis; bivalvia; veneridae; bivalve; climate variation; fossil record; global climate; hypsithermal; interglacial; little ice age; marine environment; neoglacial; oxygen isotope; pleistocene-holocene boundary; quaternary; shell; type specimen | Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, (CICTERRA), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Edificio CICTERRA, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos “Almirante Storni” (CIMAS-CONICET), Güemes 1030, R8520CXV, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; ESCiMar, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Martín 224, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Casilla 2407-10, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Museo de Antropología, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), Avda. Hipólito Yrigoyen 174, X5000JHO, Córdoba, Argentina |
| Recent Near-surface Temperature Trends in the Antarctic Peninsula from Observed, Reanalysis and Regional Climate Model Data | Bozkurt D.; Bromwich D.H.; Carrasco J.; Hines K.M.; Maureira J.C.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.1007/s00376-020-9183-x | This study investigates the recent near-surface temperature trends over the Antarctic Peninsula. We make use of available surface observations, ECMWF’s ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim, as well as numerical simulations, allowing us to contrast different data sources. We use hindcast simulations performed with Polar-WRF over the Antarctic Peninsula on a nested domain configuration at 45 km (PWRF-45) and 15 km (PWRF-15) spatial resolutions for the period 1991-2015. In addition, we include hindcast simulations of KNMI-RACMO21P obtained from the CORDEX-Antarctica domain (~50 km) for further comparisons. Results show that there is a marked windward warming trend except during summer. This windward warming trend is particularly notable in the autumn season and likely to be associated with the recent deepening of the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea low and warm advection towards the Antarctic Peninsula. On the other hand, an overall summer cooling is characterized by the strengthening of the Weddell Sea low as well as an anticyclonic trend over the Amundsen Sea accompanied by northward winds. The persistent cooling trend observed at the Larsen Ice Shelf station is not captured by ERA-Interim, whereas hindcast simulations indicate that there is a clear pattern of windward warming and leeward cooling. Furthermore, larger temporal correlations and lower differences exhibited by PWRF-15 illustrate the existence of the added value in the higher spatial resolution simulation. © 2020, The Author(s). | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences | 02561530 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00376-020-9183-x | 477-493 | 37 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | added value; amundsen/bellingshausen sea; cloud computing; dynamical downscaling; reanalysis; temperature trend; weddell sea; 宋米荣, nan | Department of Meteorology, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Polar Meteorology Group, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, United States; Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, 6200000, Chile; Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), University of Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile |
| Connection between antarctic ozone and climate: Interannual precipitation changes in the Southern Hemisphere | Damiani A.; Cordero R.R.; Llanillo P.J.; Feron S.; Boisier J.P.; Garreaud R.; Rondanelli R.; Irie H.; Watanabe S. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.3390/atmos11060579 | In this study, we explored the connection between anomalies in springtime Antarctic ozone and all-year precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere by using observations from 1960-2018 and coupled simulations for 1960-2050. The observations showed that this correlation was enhanced during the last several decades, when a simultaneously increased coupling between ozone and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) anomalies became broader, covering most of the following summer and part of the previous winter. For eastern Australia, the ozone-precipitation connection shows a greater persistence toward the following summer than for other regions. On the other hand, for South America, the ozone-precipitation correlation seems more robust, especially in the early summer. There, the correlation also covers part of the previous winter, suggesting that winter planetary waves could affect both parameters. Further, we estimated the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in Antarctic ozone. In both observations and simulations, we found comparable sensitivity values during the spring-summer period. Overall, our results indicate that ozone anomalies can be understood as a tracer of stratospheric circulation. However, simulations indicate that stratospheric ozone chemistry still contributes to strengthening the interannual relationship between ozone and surface climate. Because simulations reproduced most of the observed connections, we suggest that including ozone variability in seasonal forecasting systems can potentially improve predictions. © 2020 by the authors. | Atmosphere | 20734433 | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/6/579 | art579 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctica; ozone layer; coupled simulation; precipitation change; seasonal forecasting; sensitivity values; southern annular mode; southern hemisphere; stratospheric circulations; stratospheric ozone chemistry; annual variation; anomaly; atmospheric chemistry; computer simulation; ozone; precipitation (climatology); regional climate; southern hemisphere; ozone, climate; ozone hole; precipitation | Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan; Department of Physics, Santiago University, Santiago, 9170022, Chile; Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, 27515, Germany; School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 6511227, Chile; Department, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan |
| Significant decrease of photovoltaic power production by aerosols. The case of Santiago de Chile | Del Hoyo M.; Rondanelli R.; Escobar R. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.005 | Santiago de Chile frequently suffers from atmospheric pollution that contributes to the decrease of solar irradiance on the surface, leading to losses in the energy output of photovoltaic systems. In this study, a simple model is used to estimate the effect of aerosols on the solar irradiance over the city throughout the year, using as input AERONET sunphotometer data and other in-situ measurements. The results show reductions of 3.5% and 14.1% for global horizontal and direct normal irradiance respectively and an increase of 35.4% for diffuse horizontal irradiance between the actual condition in Santiago and a hypothetical atmosphere free of aerosols. These effects translate approximately to an annual difference in the energy output of −7.2% and −8.7% for monocrystalline and amorphous silicon PV technologies respectively, and an annual difference of −16.4% for a CPV technology, showing that aerosols can have a significant effect on the photovoltaic energy production. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd | Renewable Energy | 09601481 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096014811931496X | 1137-1149 | 148 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; metropolitana; santiago [metropolitana]; aerosols; amorphous silicon; photovoltaic cells; photovoltaic effects; solar power generation; solar radiation; aeronet; chile; photovoltaics; santiago; solar irradiances; aeronet; aerosol; atmospheric pollution; data set; irradiance; photovoltaic system; silicon; air pollution, aeronet; aerosols; air pollution; chile; photovoltaics; santiago; solar irradiance | Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Av. Blanco Encalada, Santiago, 2002, Chile; Centro de Energía UC, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, 4860, Chile |
| Temporal dynamics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the aphotic layer of a coastal upwelling system with variable dissolved oxygen | Farías L.; Faúndez J.; Sanhueza-Guevara S. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.06.001 | Dissolved O2 (DO) concentration is critical to determining ecosystem functions such as organic matter respiration, which can favor fixed nitrogen loss and the accumulation of compounds such as NH4+. This dynamic is observed in central Chile's coastal upwelling system (36 °S), which presents seasonally O2 deficient waters and high biological productivity. Temporal dynamics for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN: NO3−, NO2− and NH4+) are analyzed based on a ten year time series of monthly measurements of DO and DIN and a three year record of absolute DIN uptake rates (ρDIN), respective turnover rates (νDIN), and O2 utilization rates (OUR). Observed O2 deficit gradually increases from hypoxia to near anoxia as the system becomes more productive, favoring the accumulation of NO2− and NH4+. Three temporal phases within the aphotic layer were distinguished: (I) DO > 62 μmol L−1 (May to August), (II) 5 < DO < 62 μmol L−1 (September to December) and (III) DO < 5 μmol L−1 (January to April). From phase I to III, DO and NO3− inventories decreased by eight and two times, respectively, while NH4+ and NO2 inventories increased two- and five-fold, respectively. Uptake rates for NH4+ varied from 0.23 to 450 nmol N L−1 d−1 and from 1.42 to 184 nmol N L−1 d−1 for NO3−. Notably, integrated ρNH4+ increased during phase III, generating a NH4+ turnover time of 12–29 days; whereas integrated ρNO3− peaked during phase II, and removed the NO3− pool over an extended turnover time (>820 days). Integrated OUR gradually increased from phase I to III (from 225 to 422 mmol m−2 d−1), with DO pools replenished over 2.3 to 26 days. NH4+ regeneration rates ranged from 34 to 62 mmol m−2 d−1 and NH4+ pools were replenished within a few days. Variation in DO, which regulates N cycling, may explain the accumulation of N-species within the aphotic layer. Observed trends could be extrapolated to scenarios of upwelling-favorable winds, eutrophication and hypoxia. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Journal of Marine Systems | 09247963 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924796317302075 | art103087 | 209 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aphotic layer; coastal upwelling; microbial din metabolism; oxygen utilization rate, chile; coastal engineering; dissolution; eutrophication; lakes; nitrogen; nitrogen oxides; aphotic layer; biological productivity; coastal upwelling; dissolved inorganic nitrogens; ecosystem functions; oxygen utilization; regeneration rate; temporal dynamics; coastal zone; dissolved inorganic nitrogen; dissolved oxygen; eutrophication; hypoxia; nitrogen cycle; temporal variation; time series analysis; upwelling; dissolved oxygen | Department of Oceanography and Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepcion, Chile |
| South Pacific Subtropical High from the late Holocene to the end of the 21st century: insights from climate proxies and general circulation models | Flores-Aqueveque V.; Rojas M.; Aguirre C.; Arias P.A.; González C. | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2020 | 10.5194/cp-16-79-2020 | The South Pacific Subtropical High (SPSH) is a predominant feature of the South American climate. The variability of this high-pressure center induces changes in the intensity of coastal alongshore winds and precipitation, among others, over southwestern South America. In recent decades, strengthening and expansion of the SPSH have been observed and attributed to the current global warming. These changes have led to an intensification of the southerly winds along the coast of northern to central Chile and a decrease in precipitation from central to southern Chile. Motivated by improving our understanding about the regional impacts of climate change in this part of the Southern Hemisphere, we analyzed SPSH changes during the two most extreme climate events of the last millennium, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Current Warm Period (CWP: 1970-2000), based on paleoclimate records and CMIP5/PMIP3 model simulations. In order to assess the level of agreement of general circulation models, we also compare them with ERA-Interim reanalysis data for the 1979-2009 period as a complementary analysis. Finally, with the aim of evaluating future SPSH behavior, we include 21st century projections under a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) scenario in our analyses. Our results indicate that during the relative warm (cold) period, the SPSH expands (contracts). Together with this change, alongshore winds intensify (weaken) south (north) of ∼ 35° S; also, southern westerly winds become stronger (weaker) and shift southward (northward). Model results generally underestimate reanalysis data. These changes are in good agreement with paleoclimate records, which suggest that these variations could be related to tropical climate dynamics but also to extratropical phenomena. However, although models adequately represent most of the South American climate changes, they fail to represent the Intertropical Convergence Zone-Hadley cell system dynamics, emphasizing the importance of improving tropical system dynamics in simulations for a better understanding of its effects on South America. Climate model projections indicate that changes recently observed will continue during the next decades, highlighting the need to establish effective mitigation and adaptation strategies against their environmental and socioeconomic impacts. © Author(s) 2020. | Climate of the Past | 18149324 | https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/16/79/2020/ | 79-99 | 16 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, chile; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); south america; climate change; general circulation model; holocene; little ice age; paleoclimate; proxy climate record; twenty first century | Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nuclei for Paleoclimate, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2 FONDAP 15110009), Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Oceánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Valparaíso, Chile; Grupo de Ingeniería y Gestión Ambiental (GIGA), Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia |
| The Central Chile Mega Drought (2010–2018): A climate dynamics perspective | Garreaud R.D.; Boisier J.P.; Rondanelli R.; Montecinos A.; Sepúlveda H.H.; Veloso-Aguila D. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.1002/joc.6219 | Central Chile, home to more than 10 million inhabitants, has experienced an uninterrupted sequence of dry years since 2010 with mean rainfall deficits of 20–40%. The so-called Mega Drought (MD) is the longest event on record and with few analogues in the last millennia. It encompasses a broad area, with detrimental effects on water availability, vegetation and forest fires that have scaled into social and economical impacts. Observations and reanalysis data reveal that the exceptional length of the MD results from the prevalence of a circulation dipole-hindering the passage of extratropical storms over central Chile—characterized by deep tropospheric anticyclonic anomalies over the subtropical Pacific and cyclonic anomalies over the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Sea. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major modulator of such dipole, but the MD has occurred mostly under ENSO-neutral conditions, except for the winters of 2010 (La Niña) and 2015 (strong El Niño). Climate model simulations driven both with historical forcing (natural and anthropogenic) and observed global SST replicate the south Pacific dipole and capture part of the rainfall anomalies. Idealized numerical experiments suggest that most of the atmospheric anomalies emanate from the subtropical southwest Pacific, a region that has experienced a marked surface warming over the last decade. Such warming may excite atmospheric Rossby waves whose propagation intensifies the circulation pattern leading to dry conditions in central Chile. On the other hand, anthropogenic forcing (greenhouse gases concentration increase and stratospheric ozone depletion) and the associated positive trend of the Southern Annular Mode also contribute to the strength of the south Pacific dipole and hence to the intensity and longevity of the MD. Given the concomitance of the seemingly natural (ocean sourced) and anthropogenic forcing, we anticipate only a partial recovery of central Chile precipitation in the decades to come. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society | International Journal of Climatology | 08998418 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.6219 | 421-439 | 40 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | amundsen sea; bellingshausen sea; chile; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (south); pacific ocean (subtropical); southern ocean; atmospheric pressure; climate change; deforestation; drought; greenhouse gases; mechanical waves; oceanography; ozone layer; rain; tropics; anthropogenic forcing; anticyclonic anomalies; chile; climate model simulations; enso; numerical experiments; south america; stratospheric ozone depletion; antarctic oscillation; anthropogenic effect; atmospheric dynamics; climate change; climate forcing; drought; el nino-southern oscillation; pacific decadal oscillation; precipitation (climatology); rossby wave; climate models, chile; climate change; drought; enso; pdo; sam; south america | Geophysics Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y Minería, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Evidence of climate-driven changes on atmospheric, hydrological, and oceanographic variables along the Chilean coastal zone | Grez P.W.; Aguirre C.; Farías L.; Contreras-López M.; Masotti Í. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1007/s10584-020-02805-3 | The Chilean coastal zone (CCZ) is subjected to a complex spectrum of anthropogenic, geophysical, biogeochemical, and climate-driven perturbations. Potentially affected variables including atmospheric sea level pressure (Pa), alongshore wind, sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a, rainfall, river discharge, relative mean sea level (RMSL), and wave climate are studied using in situ and satellite records, hindcasts, and reanalysis datasets. Linear temporal trends and correlations of anomalies are estimated between 18°S and 55°S along the CCZ. The comparison of some of the variables is achieved by means of a strict homogenization procedure on a monthly basis for 35 years. Our findings show that the poleward drift and strengthening of the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone (SPSA) partially explains the increase in Pa and reduction in rainfall and river discharge. The enhancement of alongshore winds, also attributable to changes in the SPSA, increases coastal upwelling, which in turn could reduce SST and increase chlorophyll-a. Despite differential latitudinal responses, increasing wave heights and a southward rotation are evidenced. RMSL does not show significant variation as it is presumably affected by seafloor changes during the seismic cycle. Though some correlations are evidenced, the influence of climate variability at decadal scale (PDO, SAM) may be affecting the detected trends due to the short length of available data. Impacts on coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems are discussed, aiming to highlight that coastal vulnerabilities and risk management should be based on the cumulative impacts of these variables. © 2020, The Author(s). | Climatic Change | 01650009 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-020-02805-3 | 633-652 | 163 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); chlorophyll; coastal zones; ocean currents; rain; risk management; surface waters; climate variability; coastal communities; coastal upwelling; cumulative impacts; homogenization procedure; sea level pressure; sea surface temperature (sst); subtropical anticyclone; anthropogenic effect; biogeochemistry; climate change; coastal zone; complexity; geophysical method; mantle upwelling; perturbation; rainfall; river discharge; satellite data; sea level pressure; sea surface temperature; wave climate; sea level, climate change; coastal processes; decadal trends | Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Oceánica, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Desastres Naturales (CIGIDEN-PUC), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTAR-UV), Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile |
| Metagenomic insights into the sewage RNA virosphere of a large city | Guajardo-Leiva S.; Chnaiderman J.; Gaggero A.; Díe B. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.3390/v12091050 | Sewage-associated viruses can cause several human and animal diseases, such as gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and respiratory infections. Therefore, their detection in wastewater can reflect current infections within the source population. To date, no viral study has been performed using the sewage of any large South American city. In this study, we used viral metagenomics to obtain a single sample snapshot of the RNA virosphere in the wastewater from Santiago de Chile, the seventh largest city in the Americas. Despite the overrepresentation of dsRNA viruses, our results show that Santiago's sewage RNA virosphere was composed mostly of unknown sequences (88%), while known viral sequences were dominated by viruses that infect bacteria (60%), invertebrates (37%) and humans (2.4%). Interestingly, we discovered three novel genogroups within the Picobirnaviridae family that can fill major gaps in this taxa's evolutionary history. We also demonstrated the dominance of emerging Rotavirus genotypes, such as G8 and G6, that have displaced other classical genotypes, which is consistent with recent clinical reports. This study supports the usefulness of sewage viral metagenomics for public health surveillance. Moreover, it demonstrates the need to monitor the viral component during the wastewater treatment and recycling process, where this virome can constitute a reservoir of human pathogens. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). | Viruses | 19994915 | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/9/1050 | art1050 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | animals; chile; humans; invertebrates; metagenome; metagenomics; picobirnavirus; rna viruses; rotavirus; sewage; viral proteins; viruses; waste water; protein e6; rna; rna 16s; rna directed rna polymerase; viral protein; acute gastroenteritis; aedes aegypti; amino acid substitution; animal disease; antibiotic resistance; article; bioinformatics; bromoviridae; caudovirales; chile; cystoviridae; dna extraction; escherichia coli; feces analysis; flocculation; gastroenteritis; genetic variability; genome analysis; genotype; greenhouse effect; health survey; high throughput sequencing; hospitalization; human; human rotavirus; illumina sequencing; intestine flora; metagenome; metagenomics; microbial community; microbial diversity; nonhuman; norovirus; nucleotide sequence; open reading frame; phage therapy; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; picobirnaviridae; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; prevalence; public health; real time polymerase chain reaction; recycling; retroposon; rotavirus; rotavirus c; sequence analysis; sewage; taxonomy; ultracentrifugation; vaccination; viral gastroenteritis; virosphere; virus detection; virus genome; virus particle; wart virus; waste water management; water availability; animal; classification; genetics; invertebrate; metagenome; metagenomics; picobirnavirus; procedures; rna virus; sewage; virology; virus; wastewater, picobirnavirus; rotavirus; sewage rna virosphere; viral metagenomics; wastewater | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile |
| Assessment of ECMWF SEAS5 seasonal forecast performance over South America | Gubler S.; Sedlmeier K.; Bhend J.; Avalos G.; Coelho C.A.S.; Escajadillo Y.; Jacques-Coper M.; Martinez R.; Schwierz C.; de Skansi M.; Spirig C. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1175/WAF-D-19-0106.1 | Seasonal predictions have a great socioeconomic potential if they are reliable and skillful. In this study, we assess the prediction performance of SEAS5, version 5 of the seasonal prediction system of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), over South America against homogenized station data. For temperature, we find the highest prediction performances in the tropics during austral summer, where the probability that the predictions correctly discriminate different observed outcomes is 70%. In regions lying to the east of the Andes, the predictions of maximum and minimum temperature still exhibit considerable performance, while farther to the south in Chile and Argentina the temperature prediction performance is low. Generally, the prediction performance of minimum temperature is slightly lower than for maximum temperature. The prediction performance of precipitation is generally lower and spatially and temporally more variable than for temperature. The highest prediction performance is observed at the coast and over the highlands of Colombia and Ecuador, over the northeastern part of Brazil, and over an isolated region to the north of Uruguay during DJF. In general, Niño-3.4 has a strong influence on both air temperature and precipitation in the regions where ECMWF SEAS5 shows high performance, in some regions through teleconnections (e.g., to the north of Uruguay). However, we show that SEAS5 outperforms a simple empirical prediction based on Niño-3.4 in most regions where the prediction performance of the dynamical model is high, thereby supporting the potential benefit of using a dynamical model instead of statistical relationships for predictions at the seasonal scale. © 2020 American Meteorological Society. | Weather and Forecasting | 08828156 | http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/WAF-D-19-0106.1 | 561-584 | 35 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | argentina; brazil; chile; colombia; ecuador; uruguay; climatology; empirical predictions; european centre for medium-range weather forecasts; maximum and minimum temperatures; minimum temperatures; prediction performance; seasonal prediction; statistical relationship; temperature prediction; air temperature; climate prediction; performance assessment; precipitation (climatology); summer; teleconnection; weather forecasting; weather forecasting, nan | Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zurich, Switzerland; Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Peru; Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil; Departamento de Geofísica and (CR) 2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Soil microbial community responses to labile organic carbon fractions in relation to soil type and land use along a climate gradient | Ramírez P.B.; Fuentes-Alburquenque S.; Díez B.; Vargas I.; Bonilla C.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107692 | There has been a growing interest in studying the labile C pool in order to promote the sequestration and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Although labile SOC fractions have emerged as standardized indicators because of their potential to detect early SOC trends over time, the relationships between microbial attributes and labile SOC remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored the influence of labile SOC fractions on the topsoil bacteria-archaea community across 28 sites with different land use, climate aridity, and soil types across a wide range of SOC content (0.6–12%) in central Chile. We applied Illumina sequencing to the 16S rRNA to examine shifts in the diversity and composition of these soil microbial communities. Additionally, labile SOC fractions such as the permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) and light fraction organic matter (LFOM), along with the soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results demonstrated that among all of the environmental factors tested, the pH, POXC/SOC ratio and LFOM were key drivers of microbial community structure (β-diversity). The α-diversity metrics exhibited a decreasing trend when aridity increased, and community structure was found to vary, with high POXC/SOC in sites associated with drier conditions. In addition, POXC/SOC ratios and LFOM were clearly related to shifts in the relative abundances of specific taxonomic groups at genera level. When there was high POXC/SOC and low LFOM content, members of Bacteroidetes (Adhaeribacter, Flavisolibacter, and Niastella), Proteobacteria (Skermanella, Ramlibacter, and Sphingomonas), and Archaea (Thaumarchaeota) were found to be the most dominant groups; however, the microbial taxa responded differently to both labile C fraction types. These results have implications for understanding how labile C content can potentially be used to predict shifts in the microbial community, thus facilitating the development of predictive ecosystem models, as well as early warning indicators for soil degradation. © 2019 | Soil Biology and Biochemistry | 00380717 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071719303566 | art107692 | 141 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; adhaeribacter; bacteria (microorganisms); bacteroidetes; niastella; proteobacteria; ramlibacter; skermanella; sphingomonas; land use; microorganisms; organic carbon; physicochemical properties; rna; soils; 16s rrna gene; archaea; bacterial diversity; light fraction; soil ph; bacterium; climate change; community response; community structure; environmental factor; geodiversity; microbial activity; microbial community; odor; ph; relative abundance; soil carbon; soil microorganism; soil organic matter; soil type; species diversity; topsoil; stabilization, 16s rrna gene; archaea; bacterial diversity; light fraction; permanganate oxidizable carbon; soil ph | Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Departamento Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research - CR2, Universidad de, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable CONICYT/FONDAP/15110020, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, 7520245, Santiago, Chile |
| Local perceptions of fires risk and policy implications in the hills of Valparaiso, Chile | Sapiains R.; Ugarte A.M.; Aldunce P.; Marchant G.; Romero J.A.; González M.E.; Inostroza-Lazo V. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.3390/su12104298 | Climate change is increasing the occurrence of natural disasters worldwide, and more frequent and intense fires represent one of the most destructive expressions of this trend. Chile is highly vulnerable to climate change, and fires are a recurrent phenomenon affecting many people each year. To reduce fire risk, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests reducing both exposure and vulnerability through multiple initiatives, which demand increased community engagement. In such a context, this study explores local perceptions of fire in a sample of inhabitants in a wildland-urban interface (WUI) in Valparaiso, a city that is affected by numerous fires each year. The ultimate goal was to identify psychological and community factors that should be taken into consideration to develop prevention plans and safer environments for people living in a context of poverty and social inequity. Using a qualitative approach, 28 interviews were conducted and analyzed following grounded theory principles. Results identified multiple causes, impacts, and characteristics of the problem perceived by people who permanently cohabit with fire risk, showing that for many of them, fire risk is not about the probability of occurrence of a disaster, but a question about when and how the next fire will happen. However, in such a complex scenario, psychological, community, and structural barriers deter people from implementing more effective actions. Conversely, in emergency situations, such barriers are irrelevant and cooperative actions prevail, suggesting the existence of resources and capacities within the community that could lessen exposure and vulnerability if activated on a day-to-day basis. Overall, reducing fire risk cannot be achieved by local communities alone nor without their support. To build, maintain, and consolidate fire prevention actions, it is critical to activate community strengths and cooperation and engage the resources and management capacity of local governments. © 2020 by the authors. | Sustainability (Switzerland) | 20711050 | https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4298 | art4298 | 12 | Thomson Reuters SCIE, SSCI | chile; climate change; disasters risk reduction; fire risk perceptions; fires prevention, valparaiso; fire management; intergovernmental panel on climate change; local government; local planning; natural disaster; policy implementation; probability; qualitative analysis; risk assessment; vulnerability | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7800284, Chile; Department of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile; REDLAMA (Latinoamerican Educational Network for the Environment), Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7800284, Chile; Faculty of Forestry Sciences and Natural Resources, Conservation, Biodiversity and Territory Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile |
| Fermentation and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Carbon in the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Upwelling Ecosystem Off Concepción, in Central Chile | Srain B.M.; Sobarzo M.; Daneri G.; González H.E.; Testa G.; Farías L.; Schwarz A.; Pérez N.; Pantoja-Gutiérrez S. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.3389/fmars.2020.00533 | We studied the dynamics of fermentation and anaerobic degradation of organic matter at a fixed station in the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) within the Humboldt Current System off Concepción, central Chile. Products of the main anaerobic microbial reactions [fermentation, denitrification, and reduction of Fe(OH)3 and SO42–] were analyzed during laboratory incubations of OMZ waters. Fermentation of glucose and amino acids resulted in the production of volatile fatty acids, mainly acetate; these compounds were detected year-round in in situ water samples and were associated with high primary production rates and presence of O2-deficient waters at the sampling site. In contrast, whilst ethanol was produced from glucose fermentation by OMZ water microorganisms under laboratory conditions, it was not detected in the water column during the annual cycle. Evidence of acetate oxidation (which is thermodynamically feasible), with Fe(OH)3 as an electron acceptor, suggests that microbial activity could reduce solid-phase Fe carried by rivers using fermented metabolites in oxygen-depleted water, thus releasing dissolved bioavailable Fe. Here we present evidence for productivity-driven seasonality of biogeochemical cycles in the Humboldt system, supported by fermentation and anaerobic consumption of fermentation products oxidized by a variety of electron acceptors including NO3–, Fe(OH)3, and SO42–. Our results suggest that products of fermentation in the OMZ may provide a source of labile organics for advection to oxygenated waters of subantarctic origin during austral winter. Fermentation, anaerobic oxidation and associated advection of fermentation products are likely to be enhanced during the twenty-first century due both to temperature increase and decrease in dissolved O2 in the water column. © Copyright © 2020 Srain, Sobarzo, Daneri, González, Testa, Farías, Schwarz, Pérez and Pantoja-Gutiérrez. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00533/full | art533 | 7 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | acetate; anaerobic respiration; chile; fermentation; oxygen minimum zone; south east pacific; volatile fatty acids, nan | Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación, Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Programa de Postgrado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigacion Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL) and Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
| Ideas and perspectives: A strategic assessment of methane and nitrous oxide measurements in the marine environment | Wilson S.T.; Al-Haj A.N.; Bourbonnais A.; Frey C.; Fulweiler R.W.; Kessler J.D.; Marchant H.K.; Milucka J.; Ray N.E.; Suntharalingham P.; Thornton B.F.; Upstill-Goddard R.C.; Weber T.S.; Arévalo-Martínez D.L.; Bange H.W.; Benway H.M.; Bianchi D.; Borges A.V.; Chang B.X.; Crill P.M.; Del Valle D.A.; Fariás L.; Joye S.B.; Kock A.; Labidi J.; Manning C.C.; Pohlman J.W.; Rehder G.; Sparrow K.J.; Tortell P.D.; Treude T.; Valentine D.L.; Ward B.B.; Yang S.; Yurganov L.N. | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.5194/bg-17-5809-2020 | In the current era of rapid climate change, accurate characterization of climate-relevant gas dynamics-namely production, consumption, and net emissions-is required for all biomes, especially those ecosystems most susceptible to the impact of change. Marine environments include regions that act as net sources or sinks for numerous climateactive trace gases including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The temporal and spatial distributions of CH4 and N2O are controlled by the interaction of complex biogeochemical and physical processes. To evaluate and quantify how these mechanisms affect marine CH4 and N2O cycling requires a combination of traditional scientific disciplines including oceanography, microbiology, and numerical modeling. Fundamental to these efforts is ensuring that the datasets produced by independent scientists are comparable and interoperable. Equally critical is transparent communication within the research community about the technical improvements required to increase our collective understanding of marine CH4 and N2O. A workshop sponsored by Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) was organized to enhance dialogue and collaborations pertaining to marine CH4 and N2O. Here, we summarize the outcomes from the workshop to describe the challenges and opportunities for near-future CH4 and N2O research in the marine environment. © 2020 Author(s). | Biogeosciences | 17264170 | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/17/5809/2020/ | 5809-5828 | 17 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, biogeochemistry; gas exchange; marine ecosystem; methane; nitrous oxide; numerical model; strategic approach | University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; University of South Carolina, School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Environmental Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Geological Sciences, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Liège, Chemical Oceanography Unit, Liège, Belgium; University of Washington, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, Seattle, WA, United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric ... |
| Learning from Each Other: An Experience of Capturing Learning for Adaptation to Climate Change | Aldunce P.; Lillo-Ortega G.; Araya-Valenzuela D.; Adler C.; Ugarte A.M. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | 10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v13i01/75-90 | Local communities are the populations most exposed and the first to respond to the impacts of climate change, and their response capacity depends on several factors. Knowledge acquired about adaptation is one of the most relevant of such determinants. The present study advances an understanding of what people know (or do not know) about climate change adaptation, adaptation measures, and criteria for evaluating adaptation. The applied case study, related to the Chilean Mega Drought, involved a series of workshops carried out to evaluate adaptation practices. Questionnaires, including open questions, applied both before and after the workshop the observation of new learning results from the workshop participation. Results indicate a major knowledge gap in regard to relevant variables for evaluating adaptation practices. New knowledge was gained by the workshop participants, primarily regarding those variables but also related to adaptation practices implemented by other participants. This study provides helpful insights for identifying knowledge gaps and directing efforts to inform adaptation theory and strengthen adaptation practice. © Common Ground Research Networks, Paulina Aldunce, Gloria Lillo-Ortega, Dámare Araya-Valenzuela, Carolina Adler, Ana María Ugarte, All Rights Reserved. | International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses | 18357156 | https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/learning-from-each-other | 75-90 | 13 | Not Indexed | nan, adaptation practices; climate change; local knowledge | University of Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Chile; Heinrich Böll Foundation Cono Sur, Chile; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; Mountain Research Initiative, University of Bern, Switzerland; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Chile |
| Informe de devolución Valle del Aconcagua: Percepción y prácticas de adaptación. Segunda Parte: cambio climático, lluvias extremas y aumento de la temperatura (segunda edición) | Aldunce,P.;Sapiains,R.;Fuentes,C.;Marchant,G.;Moreau,A.;Velden,F.;Ugarte,A.M.; | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2020 | | El cambio climático es uno de los mayores desafíos
que enfrenta la sociedad actual. El Valle de Aconcagua, ubicado en la Región de Valparaíso, no es ajeno
a esta situación y donde se presentan desafíos que
necesitan de un trabajo permanente, comprometido
e informado por parte de todos los actores del territorio, para asegurar el bienestar presente y futuro.
El presente documento resume los resultados del trabajo realizado con distintos actores sociales del Valle
de Aconcagua, entre los años 2015 a 2018, respecto
de lo que significa el cambio climático para ellos, los
impactos que han experimentado, y las estrategias y
prácticas que han desarrollado para enfrentarlo.
Lo aquí presentado contribuye a la reflexión sobre
qué podemos hacer para fortalecer las prácticas de
adaptación y aumentar las capacidades para anticiparse, resistir y recuperarse de los efectos del cambio
climático de manera oportuna y eficaz. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Aconcagua_2020.pdf | 1-16 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Gobernanza policéntrica para la resiliencia al cambio climático: análisis legislativo comparado y Ley Marco de Cambio en Chile | Billi,Marco;Delgado,Verónica;Jiménez,Guadalupe;Morales,Bárbara;Neira,Claudio Ignacio;Silva,María Ignacia;Urquiza,Anahí; | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Ciudades Resilientes | 2020 | 10.38178/07183089/1028191015 | Una gobernanza capaz de dar respuestas eficaces, proactivas y adaptativas frente al cambio climático requiere hacer frente al menos a tres órdenes de desafíos: (1) deberá prestar atención a las particularidades de los contextos locales, sin perder de vista interdependencias globales; (2) deberá coordinar de manera coherente una multiplicidad de perspectivas y actores autónomos; y (3) deberá fomentar la innovación y el aprendizaje mientras mantiene un grado mínimo de estabilidad necesaria para realizar predicciones y tomar decisiones. El artículo argumenta que el enfoque de gobernanza policéntrica, especialmente en su interpretación sistémica, ofrece respuestas efectivas para estos tres desafíos, y emplea dicho enfoque para evaluar las actuales normativas de cambio climático, por medio de un análisis comparado de legislaciones internacionales, y de un estudio de caso del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático de Chile. Se finaliza identificando oportunidades y retos, así como proponiendo recomendaciones de política pública. | Estudios Públicos | 0718-3089, 0716-1115 | https://www.estudiospublicos.cl/index.php/cep/article/view/1937 | 7-53 | | Erih, Latindex | | |
| Vertical profiles of nitrous oxide, methane and nutrients in coastal water of eastern South Pacific | Farías,Laura;Faúndez,Juan; | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.922967 | Between February 8th and March 4th 2007 an oceanographic cruise (Galathea 3 expedition) on board of Research Vessel Vædderen (Denmark) was performed Legs 13 and 14 of that expedition were devoted to the study of the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile and Peru The cruise track covered the area between Valparaiso-Chile (32°S) and northern Peru (7.5°S) from total amount of 18 stations visited, we present 21 station with relatively high vertical resolution of Nitrous oxide and other variables. The main objective of the cruise was to study of low oxygen conditions over microbial communities and metabolic pathways related to the N and C cycles. In this region, an emblematic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), mainly defined by the presence of Subsurface Equatorial Waters (ESSW) between 50 and 400 m depth. These waters determine an important role of the eastern South Pacific in global climate related to the production of green house gases such as CO2, CH4 and N2O. During the cruise researcher was focused on several mechanisms of N and C transformation in the OMZ such as Fixation of molecular nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in surface waters and the core of the oxygen minimum zone and production and consumption of N2O by denitrificion and even nitrification.Continuously sampled variables:Temperature, salinity and disolved oxygen were obtained unsing a CTD-O probe (SeaBird)Discretely sampled variables:Water samples were collected using Niskin bottles attached to rosette sampler, in order to obtain discrete measurementsof dissolver oxygen (O2) and nutrients (NO3, NO2, SiO4 and PO43). Discrete samples of DO (in triplicate) were analyzed using the AULOX measurement system, an automatic Winkler method. Samples for NO2, NO3 and PO4 (15 mL in triplicate) were filtered (using a 0.45 μm GF/F glass filter) and stored (frozen) until analysis, using standard colorimetric techniques (Grasshoff, 1983). Measurements of NH4 (40 mL, in triplicate) were carried out using the fluorometric method proposed by Holmes et al. (1999). N2O and CH4 samples were taken in triplicate in 20 mL vials and carefully sealed to avoid air bubbles. They were then preserved with 50 μL of saturated HgCl2 and stored in darkness until analysis. N2O and CH4 was analyzed by creating a 5 mL headspace of ultrapure Helium and then equilibrated to 40◦C. Mesurements were carried out through gas chromatography using an electron capture detector (Varian 3380) and Flame Ionization detector (Shimadzu 17A), respectively. The calibration curves used 0.1, 0.5, and 1 ppm of N2O standards and 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm of CH4 standards, both curves used pure He as 0 value. The analytical error for N2O measurements was ~3% and ~5% for CH4. CH4 was manually analyzed through a capillary column GS-Q (J&W, 0.53 mm×30 m) and 30°C oven temperature The uncertainty of the measurements was calculated from the standard deviation of the triplicate measurements by depth. Samples with a variation coefficient above 10% were not considered. | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.922967 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Nitrous oxide distribution in the continental shelf off Central Chile (2005-2009) | Farías,Laura;Faúndez,Juan; | Zonas Costeras | 2020 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.916020 | Continental shelves tend to have high standing stocks of organic carbon and high rates of primary production relative to the open ocean and serve as important link between land and the ocean interior and between the sediment and the water column, playing a key role in the N and C balance, and accounting for up to 50% of the total N loss. One of the widest continental shelves in the eastern South Pacific (ESP) is present off central Chile (36°S). This is an important geographic feature in terms of physical and biological interactions owing to the large area available for coupling between the benthic and pelagic systems. In addition, this area is subjected to a strong coastal upwelling during austral spring and summer; when winds shift to a predominantly northward direction, stressing the sea surface layer and producing an intense cross-shelf transport and uplift of Equatorial Subsurface waters (ESSW) over the shelf. The ESSW, characterized by high NO3- and low O2 content, promotes surface fertilization and, subsequently, intense organic matter respiration and remineralization at depth, along with an efflux of subsurface-accumulated N2O (Farías et al. 2009, Cornejo & Farías, 2012). Thus, periods of maximum productivity and intense suboxia, or even anoxia, when diverse electron donors (e.g., organic matter, NH4+, NO2-, H2S) are present, represent a potential hotspot for fixed N removal processes.We present a data set that has been obtained during different FIP cruises (Fondo de Investigaciones Pesqueras) (2005-2009) which consisted of several transects perpendicular to the coast between 35° and 40°S and from the coast to 77.8° W (central Chile). Data collected include classical oceanographic variables including N2O and important greenhouse gas. | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.916020 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las naciones: Incendios en Chile: causas, impactos y resiliencia. | González,M. E.;Sapiains A.,R.;Gómez-González,S.;Garreaud,R. D.;Miranda,A.;Galleguillos,M.;Jacques-Coper,M.;Pauchard,A.;Hoyos-Santillan,J.;Cordero,L.;Vasquez-Lavin,F.;Lara,A.;Aldunce,P.;Delgado,V.;Arriagada,R.;Ugarte,A. M.;Sepulveda-Jauregui,A.;Farías,L.;Garcia,R.;Rondanelli,R.;Ponce,R.;Vargas,F.;Rojas,M.;Boisier,J. P.;Carrasco,C.;Little,C.;Osses,M.;Zamorano,C.;Días-Hormazábal,I.;Ceballos,A.;Guerra,E.;Moncada,M.;Castillo,I.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2020 | | Los resultados presentados en este informe son parte del trabajo interdisciplinario que realiza el Centro de Ciencia
del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2.
El (CR)2 es un centro de excelencia financiado por el programa FONDAP de CONICYT (Proyecto 15110009) en el cual
participan cerca de 60 científicos asociados a la Universidad de Chile, la Universidad de Concepción y la Universidad
Austral de Chile.
La versión electrónica de este documento está disponible en el sitio web www.cr2.cl/incendios | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Informe-CR2-IncendiosforestalesenChile.pdf | 84 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe Final Identificación de Reformas Legales para alcanzar la meta de carbono neutralidad en Chile al 2050 | Moraga,P.;Hervé,Dominique;Delgado,V.;Morales,B.;Silva,Maria Ignacia;Jiménez,Guadalupe; | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2020 | | El Acuerdo de París (AP) establece como objetivo que el aumento de la temperatura
global del planeta no sobrepase los 2°C, comprometiendo a los países firmantes a esforzarse para limitarla a 1.5°C (CMNUCC, 2015). En la misma línea, el Informe especial sobre
el Calentamiento Global del 1.5° (2018) del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre
el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés), destaca una serie de impactos que
podrían evitarse limitando el calentamiento global a 1.5°C en lugar de 2°C, o más. Para
no sobrepasar el umbral recomendado, es fundamental mitigar los forzantes climáticos de vida media corta (SLCF, por sus siglas en inglés), particularmente metano (CH4) y
carbono negro (BC), al mismo tiempo que conseguir emisiones globales netas nulas de
dióxido de carbono (CO2), o neutralidad carbónica, hacia 2050 (IPCC, 2018a). | | | https://www.cr2.cl/informe-identificacion-de-reformas-legales-para-alcanzar-la-meta-de-carbono-neutralidad-en-chile-al-2050/ | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe de resultados Encuesta Internacional de Cambio Climático 2019 | Sapiains,R.;Ruette,J.A.;Urquiza,A.;Ugarte,A. M.;Rudnick,A.;Inostroza-Lazo,V.;García,M. E.;Bravo,M. T.;Sánchez,G.;Acevedo,J.; | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2020 | | La Encuesta Internacional de Cambio Climático 2019 fue un esfuerzo conjunto entre StatKnows y el Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, (CR)2.
El estudio es estadísticamente representativo de la población mayor de 18 años de América Latina a noviembre de 2019,
La encuesta incluyó percepciones sobre los siguientes temas: temas prioritarios para cada país; problemas ambientales que más afectan personalmente; relación entre el cambio climático y aspectos de justicia social; causas del cambio climático; emociones predominantes asociadas al concepto de cambio climático; niveles de preocupación por el cambio climático; capacidad de incidencia; responsabilidad por sus causas y solución; nivel de preparación de cada país para hacer frente al cambio climático; y fuentes de información. | | | https://www.statknows.com/sk-and-cr2-cclatam-resultsreport | 30 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Results Report International Survey on Climate Change 2019 | Sapiains,R.;Ruette,J.A.;Urquiza,A.;Ugarte,A. M.;Rudnick,A.;Inostroza-Lazo,V.;García,M. E.;Bravo,M. T.;Sánchez,G.;Acevedo,J.; | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2020 | | The International Survey on Climate Change 2019 was a joint effort between StatKnows and the Center for Climate and Resilience Research, (CR)2.
The study is statistically representative of the population over the age of 18 in Latin America as of November 2019,
The survey included perceptions on the following topics: priority issues for each country; environmental issues that most affect personally; relationship between climate change and aspects of social justice; causes of climate change; predominant emotions associated with the concept of climate change; levels of concern about climate change; advocacy capacity; responsibility for its causes and solution; level of preparation of each country to deal with climate change; and information sources. | | | https://www.statknows.com/sk-and-cr2-cclatam-resultsreport | 30 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Role of synoptic activity on projected changes in upwelling-favourable winds at the ocean’s eastern boundaries | Aguirre C.; Rojas M.; Garreaud R.D.; Rahn D.A. | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | 10.1038/s41612-019-0101-9 | The climate of the ocean’s eastern boundaries is strongly influenced by subtropical anticyclones, which drive a surface wind stress that promotes coastal upwelling of nutrient-rich subsurface water that supports high primary productivity and an abundance of food resources. Understanding the projected response of upwelling-favourable winds to climate change has broad implications for coastal biogeochemistry, ecology, and fisheries. Here we use a reanalysis, an ensemble of global climate simulations, and an objective algorithm to track anticyclones to investigate the projected changes in upwelling-favourable wind events at the California, Canary, Humboldt, and Benguela coastal upwelling systems. Except for the north Pacific, we find consistent poleward shifts of mean and upper percentile daily winds over the ocean basins. We propose that extratropical, synoptic-scale migratory anticyclones that force intense coastal upwelling events—which become more frequent at higher latitudes and less frequent at lower latitudes in the future—play an important role in the projected changes in upwelling-favourable wind events in these coastal upwelling systems. These changes complement large-scale processes such as the poleward shift of the subtropical ridge (STR) and stationary subtropical highs. Hence, both extratropical and tropical processes need to be considered to fully explain projected changes at the coastal upwelling systems under anthropogenic climate change. © 2019, The Author(s). | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science | 23973722 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-019-0101-9 | art44 | 2 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, angola; benguela; california; canada; canary islands; humboldt; saskatchewan; spain; united states; anthropogenic effect; anticyclone; climate change; climate modeling; computer simulation; ensemble forecasting; extratropical environment; marine atmosphere; numerical model; synoptic meteorology; tropical environment; weather forecasting; wind field; wind stress | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Civil Oceánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para estudios de Riesgos del ambiente costero, COSTAR, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States |
| Elucidating viral communities during a phytoplankton bloom on the west Antarctic Peninsula | Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Guajardo-Leiva S.; Antón J.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01014 | In Antarctic coastal waters where nutrient limitations are low, viruses are expected to play a major role in the regulation of bloom events. Despite this, research in viral identification and dynamics is scarce, with limited information available for the Southern Ocean (SO). This study presents an integrative-omics approach, comparing variation in the viral and microbial active communities on two contrasting sample conditions from a diatom-dominated phytoplankton bloom occurring in Chile Bay in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) in the summer of 2014. The known viral community, initially dominated by Myoviridae family (∼82% of the total assigned reads), changed to become dominated by Phycodnaviridae (∼90%), while viral activity was predominantly driven by dsDNA members of the Phycodnaviridae (∼50%) and diatom infecting ssRNA viruses (∼38%), becoming more significant as chlorophyll a increased. A genomic and phylogenetic characterization allowed the identification of a new viral lineage within the Myoviridae family. This new lineage of viruses infects Pseudoalteromonas and was dominant in the phage community. In addition, a new Phycodnavirus (PaV) was described, which is predicted to infect Phaeocystis antarctica, the main blooming haptophyte in the SO. This work was able to identify the changes in the main viral players during a bloom development and suggests that the changes observed in the virioplankton could be used as a model to understand the development and decay of blooms that occur throughout the WAP. © 2019 Alarcón-Schumacher, Guajardo-Leiva, Antón and Díez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01014/full | art1014 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | environmental genomics; phytoplankton blooms; southern ocean; viral ecology; viruses, capsid protein; chlorophyll a; dna polymerase; ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase; rna 16s; transcriptome; algal bloom; alteromonadales; antarctica; article; asfarviridae; bayes theorem; bootstrapping; chlorophyll content; cryptophyta; diatom; dna base composition; environmental factor; flavobacteriales; gammaproteobacteria; gene sequence; genetic correlation; genetic similarity; genome analysis; haptophyta; maximum likelihood method; metagenome; metagenomics; microbial community; monte carlo method; myoviridae; nonhuman; oxygen concentration; phycodnaviridae; phylogeny; population abundance; pseudoalteromonas phage pm2; quality control; rna sequence; rna virus; seasonal variation; single-stranded rna virus; siphoviridae; taxonomy; virus cell interaction; virus identification | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Fischerella thermalis: a model organism to study thermophilic diazotrophy, photosynthesis and multicellularity in cyanobacteria | Alcorta J.; Vergara-Barros P.; Antonaru L.A.; Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Nürnberg D.J.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1007/s00792-019-01125-4 | The true-branching cyanobacterium Fischerella thermalis (also known as Mastigocladus laminosus) is widely distributed in hot springs around the world. Morphologically, it has been described as early as 1837. However, its taxonomic placement remains controversial. F. thermalis belongs to the same genus as mesophilic Fischerella species but forms a monophyletic clade of thermophilic Fischerella strains and sequences from hot springs. Their recent divergence from freshwater or soil true-branching species and the ongoing process of specialization inside the thermal gradient make them an interesting evolutionary model to study. F. thermalis is one of the most complex prokaryotes. It forms a cellular network in which the main trichome and branches exchange metabolites and regulators via septal junctions. This species can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions, with its photosynthetic apparatus remaining active in a temperature range from 15 to 58 °C. Together with its nitrogen-fixing ability, this allows it to dominate in hot spring microbial mats and contribute significantly to the de novo carbon and nitrogen input. Here, we review the current knowledge on the taxonomy and distribution of F. thermalis, its morphological complexity, and its physiological adaptations to an extreme environment. © 2019, Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. | Extremophiles | 14310651 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00792-019-01125-4 | 635-647 | 23 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | biological; trichomes; acclimatization; biological model; cyanobacterium; evolution; heat; microbiology; physiology; thermal spring; trichome, distribution; fischerella; hot springs; mastigocladus; multicellularity; nitrogen fixation; photosynthesis; thermophile, acclimatization; biological evolution; cyanobacteria; hot springs; hot temperature; models | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’higgins 340, Casilla 144-D, C.P. 651, Santiago, 3677, Chile; Department of Life Science, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Oceanography, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, Berlin, 14195, Germany |
| Inter-annual variability of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton in Valparaíso Bay (~33°S), central Chile; [Variabilidad inter-anual de las condiciones oceanográficas y del fitoplancton en la bahía Valparaíso (~33°S), Chile central] | Aparicio-Rizzo P.; Masotti I. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.22370/rbmo.2019.54.1.1495 | The inter-annual variability of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton abundance and biomass was studied using 10 years (1986-1996) of in situ observations at a fixed station in Valparaíso Bay (~33°S). The time series analysis revealed that strong S-SW winds drive a quasi-permanent upwelling activity that maintain the nutrients availability in the water column to fuel the phytoplankton in the bay. The most important changes in bio-oceanographic conditions were observed during 1987 El Niño event, which was characterized by higher temperatures but lower values for salinity, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations, together with a decrease of phytoplankton biomass compared to 1988 La Niña event when colder, saltier, and nutrient-rich upwelled water were observed. High Aconcagua River discharges were observed during the El Niño conditions (1987-1988 and 1993), which led to a decrease in surface salinity and a high abundance of dinoflagellates. Two periods with differences in bio-oceanographic conditions were observed; 1988-1992 showed lower temperatures but higher nutrients (nitrate), phytoplankton biomass and abundance of diatoms than 1993-1996 period. Throughout the study period, positive trends in upwelling activity was registered accompanied by a fall in phytoplankton biomass and dinoflagellate abundance. This paper provides new evidences concerning the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in phytoplankton and oceanographic conditions in the coastal upwelling off central Chile. © 2019, University of Valparaiso. All rights reserved. | Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia | 07173326 | https://revistas.uv.cl/index.php/rbmo/article/view/1495 | 70-81 | 54 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aconcagua river; enso; phytoplankton; upwelling; valparaíso bay, aconcagua river; chile; valparaiso bay; valparaiso [chile]; bacillariophyta; dinophyceae; abundance; annual variation; biomass; dinoflagellate; el nino-southern oscillation; environmental factor; phytoplankton; surface temperature; time series analysis; upwelling | Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Borgoño 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile |
| A new method to evaluate the vulnerability of watersheds facing several stressors: A case study in mediterranean Chile | Arriagada L.; Rojas O.; Arumí J.L.; Munizaga J.; Rojas C.; Farias L.; Vega C. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.237 | Freshwater systems are subjected to multiple anthropogenic stressors and natural disturbances that act as debilitating agents and modifiers of river systems, causing cumulative and synergistic effects that deteriorate their health and result in watershed vulnerability. This study proposes an easy-to-apply spatial method of watershed vulnerability evaluation using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Andalién River watershed, located in the Chilean mediterranean. A watershed vulnerability index (WVI) based on three sub-indices – anthropogenic stressors, environmental fragility and natural disturbances – was developed. To determine the index grouping weights, expert surveys were carried out using the Delphi method. We subsequently normalized and integrated the factors of each sub-index with relative weights. The ranges of each thematic layer were re-classified to establish vulnerability scores. The watershed was divided into three sections: headwaters zone, transfer zone and depositional zone. The watershed vulnerability index showed that 41% of the watershed had very low vulnerability and 42% had medium vulnerability, while only 1% – in the depositional zone – had high vulnerability. A one-way ANOVA was carried out to analyze the vulnerability differences among the three sections of the watershed; it showed significant differences (F (2, 16) = 8.15: p < 0.05). The a posteriori test showed differences between the headwaters and depositional zones (Tukey test, p = 0.005) and between the transfer and depositional zones (Tukey test, p = 0.014). To validate the WVI, water quality was measured at 16 stations in the watershed; there was a significant correlation between vulnerability level and NO2 − levels (r = 0.8; p = 0.87; α = 0.05) and pH (r = 0.8; p = 0.80; α = 0.05). The WVI showed the cumulative effects of multiple stressors in the depositional zone of the watershed. This is the first study to evaluate and validate non-regulated watershed vulnerability with GIS using multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969718336817 | 1517-1533 | 651 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | anthropogenic stressors; environmental fragility; geographic information system; integrated management; natural disturbances, andalien river; bio bio; chile; deposition; geographic information systems; information management; information systems; information use; water quality; anthropogenic stressors; environmental fragility; freshwater systems; integrated management; multiple stressors; natural disturbance; vulnerability evaluations; vulnerability index; anthropogenic effect; disturbance; environmental assessment; gis; headwater; integrated approach; vulnerability; watershed; article; chile; controlled study; environmental erosion; environmental impact; geographic information system; landfill; priority journal; spatial analysis; thematic analysis; water analysis; water management; water pollution; water quality; water supply; watershed; watersheds | Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA Chile Center, Department of Territorial Planning, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Water Resources, CHRIAM Water Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; School of Architecture, Urban Planning and Geography, Department of Geography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Oceanography, , Chile |
| A harmonized nitrous oxide (N 2 O) ocean observation network for the 21st century | Bange H.W.; Arévalo-Martínez D.L.; Paz M.; Farías L.; Kaiser J.; Kock A.; Law C.S.; Rees A.P.; Rehder G.; Tortell P.D.; Upstill-Goddard R.C.; Wilson S.T. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.3389/fmars.2019.00157 | Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is an important atmospheric trace gas involved in tropospheric warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Estimates of the global ocean contribution to N 2 O emissions average 21% (range: 10 to 53%). Ongoing environmental changes such as warming, deoxygenation and acidification are affecting oceanic N 2 O cycling and emissions to the atmosphere. International activities over the last decades aimed at improving estimates of global N 2 O emissions, including (i) the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide database (MEMENTO) for archiving of quality-controlled data, and (ii) a recent large-scale inter-laboratory comparison by Working Group 143 of the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR). To reduce uncertainties in oceanic N 2 O emission estimates and to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in N 2 O distributions in a changing ocean, we propose the establishment of a harmonized N 2 O Observation Network (N 2 O-ON) combining discrete and continuous data from various platforms. The network will integrate observations obtained by calibrated techniques, using time series measurements at fixed stations and repeated hydrographic sections on voluntary observing ships and research vessels. In addition to exploiting existing oceanographic infrastructure, we propose the establishment of central calibration facilities in selected international laboratories to improve accuracy, and ensure standardization and comparability of N 2 O measurements. Final data products will include a harmonized global N 2 O concentration and emission fields for use in model validation and projections of future oceanic N 2 O emissions, to inform the global research community and policy makers. © 2019 Bange, Arévalo-Martínez, de la Paz, Farías, Kaiser, Kock, Law, Rees, Rehder, Tortell, Upstill-Goddard and Wilson. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00157/full | art157 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, calibration; nitrous oxide; observation network; oceanic distribution; oceanic emissions | GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain; Department of Oceanography, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany; Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States |
| Dynamical downscaling over the complex terrain of southwest South America: present climate conditions and added value analysis | Bozkurt D.; Rojas M.; Boisier J.P.; Rondanelli R.; Garreaud R.; Gallardo L. | Ciudades Resilientes; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1007/s00382-019-04959-y | This study evaluates hindcast simulations performed with a regional climate model (RCM, RegCM4) driven by reanalysis data (ERA-Interim) over the Pacific coast and Andes Cordillera of extratropical South America. A nested domain configuration at 0. 44 ∘ (∼ 50 km) and 0. 09 ∘ (∼ 10 km) spatial resolutions is used for the simulations. RegCM4 is also driven by a global climate model (GCM, MPI-ESM-MR) on the same domain configuration to asses the added values for temperature and precipitation (historical simulations). Overall, both 10 km hindcast and historical simulation results are promising and exhibit a better representation of near-surface air temperature and precipitation variability compared to the 50 km simulations. High-resolution simulations suppress an overestimation of precipitation over the Andes Cordillera of northern Chile found with the 50 km simulations. The simulated daily temperature and precipitation extreme indices from 10 km hindcast simulation show a closer estimation of the observed fields. A persistent warm bias (∼+4∘C) over the Atacama Desert in 10 km hindcast simulation reveals the complexity in representing land surface and radiative processes over the desert. Difficulties in capturing the temperature trend in northern Chile are notable for both hindcast simulations. Both resolutions exhibit added values for temperature and precipitation over large parts of Chile, in particular, the 10 km resolves the coastal-valley Andes transitions over central Chile. Our results highlight that resolutions coarser than 50 km (e.g., GCMs and reanalysis) miss important climate gradients imposed by complex topography. Given that the highest spatial resolution of the current regional simulations over the South America is about 50 km, higher resolutions are important to improve our understanding of the dynamical processes that determine climate over complex terrain and extreme environments. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-019-04959-y | 6745-6767 | 53 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | atacama desert; chile; climate variability; model evaluation; patagonia; temporal-spatial scale analysis, andes; atacama desert; chile; patagonia; equus asinus; climate conditions; climate modeling; climate variation; complex terrain; downscaling; regional climate; spatial analysis; temporal analysis | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Bacterial community structure in a sympagic habitat expanding with global warming: brackish ice brine at 85–90 °N | Fernández-Gómez B.; Díez B.; Polz M.F.; Arroyo J.I.; Alfaro F.D.; Marchandon G.; Sanhueza C.; Farías L.; Trefault N.; Marquet P.A.; Molina-Montenegro M.A.; Sylvander P.; Snoeijs-Leijonmalm P. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1038/s41396-018-0268-9 | Larger volumes of sea ice have been thawing in the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) during the last decades than during the past 800,000 years. Brackish brine (fed by meltwater inside the ice) is an expanding sympagic habitat in summer all over the CAO. We report for the first time the structure of bacterial communities in this brine. They are composed of psychrophilic extremophiles, many of them related to phylotypes known from Arctic and Antarctic regions. Community structure displayed strong habitat segregation between brackish ice brine (IB; salinity 2.4–9.6) and immediate sub-ice seawater (SW; salinity 33.3–34.9), expressed at all taxonomic levels (class to genus), by dominant phylotypes as well as by the rare biosphere, and with specialists dominating IB and generalists SW. The dominant phylotypes in IB were related to Candidatus Aquiluna and Flavobacterium, those in SW to Balneatrix and ZD0405, and those shared between the habitats to Halomonas, Polaribacter and Shewanella. A meta-analysis for the oligotrophic CAO showed a pattern with Flavobacteriia dominating in melt ponds, Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria in solid ice cores, Flavobacteriia, Gamma- and Betaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria in brine, and Alphaproteobacteria in SW. Based on our results, we expect that the roles of Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the CAO will increase with global warming owing to the increased production of meltwater in summer. IB contained three times more phylotypes than SW and may act as an insurance reservoir for bacterial diversity that can act as a recruitment base when environmental conditions change. © 2018, International Society for Microbial Ecology. | ISME Journal | 17517362 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-018-0268-9 | 316-333 | 13 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, actinobacteria; alphaproteobacteria; antarctic regions; arctic regions; bacteria; ecosystem; flavobacteriaceae; gammaproteobacteria; global warming; ice cover; salinity; seasons; seawater; arctic and antarctic; arctic ocean; actinobacteria; alphaproteobacteria; bacteria (microorganisms); balneatrix; betaproteobacteria; flavobacterium; gammaproteobacteria; halomonas; polaribacter; shewanella; sea water; bacterium; brackish water; brine; community structure; dominance; environmental conditions; extremophile; generalist; global warming; meltwater; oligotrophic environment; sea ice; seawater; specialist; actinobacteria; alphaproteobacteria; antarctica; arctic; bacterium; classification; ecosystem; flavobacteriaceae; gammaproteobacteria; greenhouse effect; ice cover; isolation and purification; microbiology; salinity; season | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical University Catholic of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Concepción, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; Department of Ecology, Pontifical University Catholic of Chile, Santiago, Chile; GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; INTA-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Summer phyto- and bacterioplankton communities during low and high productivity scenarios in the Western Antarctic Peninsula | Fuentes S.; Arroyo J.I.; Rodríguez-Marconi S.; Masotti I.; Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Polz M.F.; Trefault N.; De la Iglesia R.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1007/s00300-018-2411-5 | Phytoplankton blooms taking place during the warm season drive high productivity in Antarctic coastal seawaters. Important temporal and spatial variations exist in productivity patterns, indicating local constraints influencing the phototrophic community. Surface water in Chile Bay (Greenwich Island, South Shetlands) is influenced by freshwater from the melting of sea ice and surrounding glaciers; however, it is not a widely studied system. The phyto- and bacterioplankton communities in Chile Bay were studied over two consecutive summers; during a low productivity period (chlorophyll a < 0.05 mg m−3) and an ascendant phototrophic bloom (chlorophyll a up to 2.38 mg m−3). Microbial communities were analyzed by 16S rRNA—including plastidial—gene sequencing. Diatoms (mainly Thalassiosirales) were the most abundant phytoplankton, particularly during the ascendant bloom. Bacterioplankton in the low productivity period was less diverse and dominated by a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs), related to Colwellia and Pseudoalteromonas. Alpha diversity was higher during the bloom, where several Bacteroidetes taxa absent in the low productivity period were present. Network analysis indicated that phytoplankton relative abundance was correlated with bacterioplankton phylogenetic diversity and the abundance of several bacterial taxa. Hubs—the most connected OTUs in the network—were not the most abundant OTUs and included some poorly described taxa in Antarctica, such as Neptunomonas and Ekhidna. In summary, the results of this study indicate that in Antarctic Peninsula coastal waters, such as Chile Bay, higher bacterioplankton community diversity occurs during a phototrophic bloom. This is likely a result of primary production, providing a source of fresh organic matter to bacterioplankton. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Polar Biology | 07224060 | https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-018-2411-5 | 159-169 | 42 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctic peninsula; antarctica; chilean margin; pacific ocean; west antarctica; bacillariophyta; bacteria (microorganisms); bacteroidetes; colwellia; neptunomonas; otus; pseudoalteromonas; thalassiosirales; algal bloom; bacterioplankton; community composition; genetic analysis; organic matter; phylogenetics; phytoplankton; relative abundance; rna; sea ice; seasonality; seawater; summer, 16s rrna gene sequencing; antarctic peninsula; bacterioplankton; phytoplankton | Departament of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile; Programa de Magister en Oceanografía, Universidad de Valparaíso - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile |
| Summertime precipitation deficits in the southern Peruvian highlands since 1964 | Imfeld N.; Barreto Schuler C.; Correa Marrou K.M.; Jacques-Coper M.; Sedlmeier K.; Gubler S.; Huerta A.; Brönnimann S. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1002/joc.6087 | Precipitation deficits remain a concern to the rural population in the southern Peruvian highlands and knowledge about their occurrence is lacking because of scarce data availability. For mountainous regions with sparse station networks, reanalyses can provide valuable information; however, known limitations in reproducing precipitation are aggravated due to unresolved topographical effects. In this study, we assess in a first step the representation of precipitation during the rainy season (January–February–March) in seven reanalysis data sets in comparison to a newly generated gridded precipitation data set for Peru. In a second step, we assess summer precipitation deficits in Peru during the second half of the 20th century. In the reanalyses data sets, we find biases strongly influenced by the topography of the models and low correlations for the rainy season. Thus, reanalyses do not solve the problem of data scarcity for this region either. Furthermore, we confirm that El Niño is not a sufficient stratification criterion for precipitation deficits during the rainy season (JFM) in the southern Peruvian highlands. Based on observational records and reanalyses, a considerable fraction of inter-annual variability of precipitation can be explained through upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomalies. Westerly wind anomalies, often related to the warming of the troposphere during an El Niño event, lead to dry conditions, but not all El Niño events produce these westerly wind anomalies. Atmospheric simulations indicate differences between precipitation deficits in central Pacific and eastern Pacific El Niño flavours, which cannot be addressed in observations due to reduced record length: Droughts in the southern Peruvian Andes during eastern Pacific El Niño events seem to be related to a stronger warming in the troposphere above the central Pacific ocean, whereas this is not the case for droughts during central Pacific El Niño events. These results, however, need to be further corroborated by model studies and palaeoclimatological research. © 2019 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society. | International Journal of Climatology | 08998418 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.6087 | 4497-4513 | 39 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | peru; drought; rain; topography; troposphere; atmospheric simulations; enso; interannual variability; mountain; peru; precipitation deficits; reanalysis; topographical effects; annual variation; atmospheric modeling; data assimilation; drought; el nino-southern oscillation; mountain region; precipitation (climatology); rainfall; summer; population statistics, drought; enso; era-20cm; mountain; peru; rainfall; reanalysis; spi | Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research and Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Analysis and Forecasting Division, Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zurich, Switzerland; Dirección de Meteorología y Evaluación Ambiental Atmosférica. Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru; Departamento de Geofisica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; Dirección de Hidrología. Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru |
| Validation of cryogenic vacuum extraction of pore water from volcanic soils for isotopic analysis | Rivera D.; Gutierrez K.; Valdivia-Cea W.; Zambrano-Bigiarini M.; Godoy-Faúndez A.; Álvez A.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.3390/w11112214 | Andean headwater catchments are key components of the hydrological cycle, given that they capture moisture, store water and release it for Chilean cities, industry, agriculture, and cities in Chile. However, knowledge about within-Andean catchment processes is far from clear. Most soils in the Andes derive from volcanic ash Andosols and Arenosols presenting high organic matter, high-water retention capacity and fine pores; and are very dry during summer. Despite their importance, there is little research on the hillslope hydrology of Andosols. Environmental isotopes such as Deuterium and 18-O are direct tracers for water and useful on analyzing water-soil interactions. This work explores, for the first time, the efficiency of cryogenic vacuum extraction to remove water from two contrasting soil types (Arenosols, Andosols) at five soil water retention energies (from 1500 to 33 kPa). Two experiments were carried out to analyse the impact of extraction time, and initial water content on the amount of extracted water, while a third experiment tested whether the cryogenic vacuum extraction changed the isotopic ratios after extraction. Minimum extraction times to recover over 90% of water initially in the soil samples were 40-50 min and varied with soil texture. Minimum volume for very dry soils were 0.2 mL (loamy sand) and 1 mL (loam). After extraction, the difference between the isotope standard and the isotopic values after extraction was acceptable. Thus, we recommend this procedure for soils derived from volcanic ashes. © 2019 by the authors. | Water (Switzerland) | 20734441 | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2214 | art2214 | 11 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | cryogenic vacuum extraction; isotopic analysis; volcanic soils, andes; chile; catchments; cryogenics; isotopes; runoff; soil moisture; textures; volcanoes; cryogenic vacuum; environmental isotopes; hillslope hydrology; initial water contents; isotopic analysis; soil water retention; volcanic soils; water-soil interaction; catchment; deuterium; equipment component; extraction method; hillslope; isotopic analysis; soil water potential; tracer; volcanic ash; volcanic soil; water content; water retention; water-rock interaction; extraction | Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y la Minería, CONICYT/FONDAP 15130015, Chillán, 3812120, Chile; Department ofWater Resources, Laboratory of Comparative Policy in Water Resources Management, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, 3812120, Chile; Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4780000, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, CONICYT/FONDAP 15110009, Concepción, 4070386, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Sustentabilidad y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7610658, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile |
| Strongest MJO on Record Triggers Extreme Atacama Rainfall and Warmth in Antarctica | Rondanelli R.; Hatchett B.; Rutllant J.; Bozkurt D.; Garreaud R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | 10.1029/2018GL081475 | Tropical perturbations have been shown theoretically and observationally to excite long-range atmospheric responses in the form of Rossby wave teleconnections that result from the equator to pole gradient of planetary vorticity. An extreme teleconnection event occurred during March 2015 in the Southeastern Pacific. As a result, extreme high temperatures were observed in Southwestern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula simultaneously with an extreme rainfall and flood event in the hyperarid Atacama desert. We show that the origin of these seemingly disconnected extreme events can be traced to a Rossby wave response to the strongest Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on record in the tropical central Pacific. A barotropic wave number 3 to 4 perturbation with group velocity between 15 and 30 m/s is consistent with the trajectory and timing followed by the upper-level anomalies radiating away from the tropics after the MJO episode. © 2019. The Authors. | Geophysical Research Letters | 00948276 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL081475 | 3482-3491 | 46 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | antarctica; atmospheric rivers; climate dynamics; extremes; flooding; rossby waves, antarctic peninsula; antarctica; atacama desert; chile; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (central); pacific ocean (southeast); south america; west antarctica; flood control; floods; mechanical waves; oil well flooding; rain; tropics; antarctic peninsula; antarctica; atmospheric response; climate dynamics; extremes; madden-julian oscillation; rossby wave; rossby wave response; air-sea interaction; barotropic wave; climate change; extreme event; flood; flooding; high temperature; madden-julian oscillation; rainfall; rossby wave; teleconnection; wave velocity; climatology | Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Centro de Estudios de Zonas Aridas, La Serena, Chile |
| Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow in the Chilean Andes | Rowe P.M.; Cordero R.R.; Warren S.G.; Stewart E.; Doherty S.J.; Pankow A.; Schrempf M.; Casassa G.; Carrasco J.; Pizarro J.; MacDonell S.; Damiani A.; Lambert F.; Rondanelli R.; Huneeus N.; Fernandoy F.; Neshyba S. | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | 10.1038/s41598-019-39312-0 | Vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) and other light-absorbing impurities were measured in seasonal snow and permanent snowfields in the Chilean Andes during Austral winters 2015 and 2016, at 22 sites between latitudes 18°S and 41°S. The samples were analyzed for spectrally-resolved visible light absorption. For surface snow, the average mass mixing ratio of BC was 15 ng/g in northern Chile (18–33°S), 28 ng/g near Santiago (a major city near latitude 33°S, where urban pollution plays a significant role), and 13 ng/g in southern Chile (33–41°S). The regional average vertically-integrated loading of BC was 207 µg/m 2 in the north, 780 µg/m 2 near Santiago, and 2500 µg/m 2 in the south, where the snow season was longer and the snow was deeper. For samples collected at locations where there had been no new snowfall for a week or more, the BC concentration in surface snow was high (~10–100 ng/g) and the sub-surface snow was comparatively clean, indicating the dominance of dry deposition of BC. Mean albedo reductions due to light-absorbing impurities were 0.0150, 0.0160, and 0.0077 for snow grain radii of 100 µm for northern Chile, the region near Santiago, and southern Chile; respective mean radiative forcings for the winter months were 2.8, 1.4, and 0.6 W/m 2 . In northern Chile, our measurements indicate that light-absorption by impurities in snow was dominated by dust rather than BC. © 2019, The Author(s). | Scientific Reports | 20452322 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39312-0 | art4008 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, United States; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Puget Sound, Department of Chemistry, Tacoma, WA, United States; Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hannover, Germany; Unidad de Glaciología y Nieves, Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile; Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Physical Geography, Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Análisis Isotópico, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile |
| The influence of temperature and pH on bacterial community composition of microbial mats in hot springs from Costa Rica | Uribe-Lorío L.; Brenes-Guillén L.; Hernández-Ascencio W.; Mora-Amador R.; González G.; Ramírez-Umaña C.J.; Díez B.; Pedrós-Alió C. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1002/mbo3.893 | We used the 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing approach to investigate the microbial diversity and community composition in several Costa Rican hot springs alongside the latitudinal axis of the country, with a range of temperatures (37–63°C), pH (6–7.5) and other geochemical conditions. A principal component analyses of the physicochemical parameters showed the samples were separated into three geochemically distinct habitats associated with the location (North, Central, and South). Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi comprised 93% of the classified community, the former being the most abundant phylum in all samples except for Rocas Calientes 1, (63°C, pH 6), where Chloroflexi and Deinococcus-Thermus represented 84% of the OTUs. Chloroflexi were more abundant as temperature increased. Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Deinococcus-Thermus comprised 5% of the OTUs represented. Other Phyla were present in very small percentages (<1%). A LINKTREE analysis showed that the community structure of the mats was shaped primarily by pH, separating samples with pH > 6.6 from samples with pH < 6.4. Thus, both pH and temperature were relevant for community composition even within the moderate ranges of variables studied. These results provide a basis for an understanding of the physicochemical influences in moderately thermophilic microbial mats. © 2019 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | MicrobiologyOpen | 20458827 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mbo3.893 | arte893 | 8 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ribosomal, dna; temperature; bacterial dna; ribosome dna; rna 16s; 16s rrna gene; article; bacteriodetes; chloroflexi; controlled study; costa rica; cyanobacterium; deinococcus; geochemical analysis; high throughput sequencing; microbial community; microbial diversity; microbial gene; microbial mat; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; ph; physical chemistry; population abundance; priority journal; proteobacteria; pyrosequencing; temperature; thermal spring; thermus; bacterium; chemistry; classification; cluster analysis; dna sequence; drug effect; genetics; microbiology; microflora; ph; phylogeny; radiation response; sediment; temperature; thermal spring, 16s; sequence analysis, chloroflexi; cyanobacteria; hot springs; phototrophic mats; pyrosequencing, ribosomal; geologic sediments; hot springs; hydrogen-ion concentration; microbiota; phylogeny; rna, bacteria; cluster analysis; costa rica; dna, bacterial; dna | Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica; Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain |
| Greenhouse gases, nutrients and the carbonate system in the Reloncaví Fjord (Northern Chilean Patagonia): Implications on aquaculture of the mussel, Mytilus chilensis, during an episodic volcanic eruption | Yevenes M.A.; Lagos N.A.; Farías L.; Vargas C.A. | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.037 | This study investigates the immediate and mid-term effects of the biogeochemical variables input into the Reloncaví fjord (41°40′S; 72°23′O) as a result of the eruption of Calbuco volcano. Reloncaví is an estuarine system supporting one of the largest mussels farming production within Northern Chilean-Patagonia. Field-surveys were conducted immediately after the volcanic eruption (23–30 April 2015), one month (May 2015), and five months posterior to the event (September 2015). Water samples were collected from three stations along the fjord to determine greenhouse gases [GHG: methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O)], nutrients [NO 3 − , NO 2 − , PO 4 3− , Si(OH) 4 , sulphate (SO 4 2− )], and carbonate systems parameters [total pH (pHT), temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (O 2 ), and total alkalinity (AT)]. Additionally, the impact of physicochemical changes in the water column on juveniles of the produced Chilean blue mussel, Mytilus chilensis, was also studied. Following the eruption, a large phytoplankton bloom led to an increase in pH T , due to the uptake of dissolved-inorganic carbon in photic waters, potentially associated with the runoff of continental soil covered in volcanic ash. Indeed, high surface SO 4 2− and GHG were observed to be associated with river discharges. No direct evidence of the eruption was observed within the carbonate system. Notwithstanding, a vertical pattern was observed, with an undersaturation of aragonite (Ω Ar < 1) both in brackish surface (<3 m) and deep waters (>10 m), and saturated values in subsurface waters (3 to 7 m). Simultaneously, juvenile mussel shells showed maximized length and weight at 4 m depth. Results suggest a localized impact of the volcanic eruption on surface GHG, nutrients and short-term effects on the carbonate system. Optimal conditions for mussel calcification were identified within a subsurface refuge in the fjord. These specific attributes can be integrated into adaptation strategies by the mussel aquaculture industry to confront ocean acidification and changing runoff conditions. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. | Science of the Total Environment | 00489697 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969719310150 | 49-61 | 669 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbonates system; chilean patagonian fjord; mussel farming; nutrients; volcanic event, animals; aquaculture; body constitution; carbonates; chile; environmental monitoring; greenhouse gases; methane; mytilus; nitrous oxide; nutrients; seasons; seawater; volcanic eruptions; calbuco volcano; chile; los lagos; reloncavi fjord; mytilus chilensis; mytilus edulis; alkalinity; aquaculture; biomineralization; carbonation; dissolved oxygen; greenhouse gases; molluscs; nitrogen oxides; nutrients; runoff; sulfur compounds; surface discharges; calcium carbonate; carbonic acid; dissolved oxygen; methane; nitrous oxide; sulfate; surface water; carbonic acid; methane; nitrous oxide; sea water; adaptation strategies; aquaculture industry; chilean patagonian fjord; dissolved inorganic carbon; mussel farming; ocean acidifications; physico-chemical changes; volcanic event; adaptive management; biogeochemical cycle; carbonate system; chemical oceanography; greenhouse gas; mussel culture; nutrient; ocean acidification; volcanic eruption; alkalinity; aquaculture; article; biogeochemical cycle; chilean; estuary; greenhouse gas; mussel; mytilus chilensis; nonhuman; ph; physical chemistry; phytoplankton; priority journal; runoff; salinity; temperature; volcanic ash; volcano; water sampling; analysis; animal; aquaculture; body constitution; chemistry; chile; environmental monitoring; greenhouse gas; mytilus; physiology; season; volcano; volcanoes | Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y la Minería (CRHIAM), Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning Lab (LAFE), Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences & Environmental Sciences Center EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Chile |
| Informe de Síntesis Simulaciones climáticas regionales para el continente Antártico | Bozkurt,D.;Rondanelli,R;Carrasco,J;Boisier,J.P.;Morales,B;Muñoz,F;Valdebenito,N;Del Hoyo,M.;Troncoso,M.;Bustos,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | | | | https://cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-sintesis-simulacionesantartica.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe de Síntesis Simulaciones climáticas regionales para el territorio insular Chileno | Bozkurt,D;Rondanelli,R;Carrasco,J.;Boisier,J;Morales,B;Muñoz,F;Valdebenito,N;Del Hoyo,M.;Troncoso,M.;Bustos,S.; | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | | | | https://cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-sintesis-simulaciones-territorio-insular.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comentarios Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 a la consulta ciudadana de primera actualización 2019 de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) de Chile. Diciembre 2019 | Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2,; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Resumen-Comentarios-CR2_NDC-2019_02122019.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Océano y Cambio Climático. 50 preguntas y respuestas | Farías,L.;Aguilera,V.;Aguirre,C.;Barbieri,M. A.;Castillo-Silva,M.;Contreras-López,M.;Dewitte,B.;Echeveste,P.;Fernández,C.;Gómez-Canchong,P.;Lagos,N. A.;Lara,L. E.;Marquet,P.;Miquel,J. C.;Molina,M.;Montecino,V.;Morales,M. C.;Narváez,D.;Navarrete,S.;Oliveros-Clavijo,V.;Quiroga,E.;Ramajo,L.;Rojas,M.;Saavedra,L.;Salinas,X.;Silva,C.;Urbina,M.;Vargas,C.;Vidal,G.;von Dassow,P.;Winckler,P.;Yañez,E.; | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | | Todos los que habitamos el planeta dependemos directa o indirectamente del océano. Este provee alimento, transporte,
cultura y, a través del intercambio de agua, energía y carbono; asimismo, es sustento de hábitats únicos que han sido dañados
progresivamente por los efectos del cambio climático.
A nivel global 680 millones de personas habitan zonas costeras. En Chile, nuestra relación es todavía más estrecha. Debido a
nuestra extensa geografía, un cuarto de la población se distribuye en 100 comunas costeras donde más de 500 caletas dan sustento a 90 mil trabajadores vinculados a la pesca artesanal.
La creciente y cada vez más contundente evidencia científica sobre el impacto del cambio climático en los ecosistemas
marinos revela la vulnerabilidad a la que se exponen los habitantes y otros seres vivos de estos territorios, y, por lo mismo, es un llamado urgente que nos moviliza a la acción.
Como Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación trabajamos activamente con la comunidad científica
para utilizar la evidencia en el diseño de políticas que nos permitan sobreponernos y anticiparnos a los efectos del cambio
climático.
En esta búsqueda, y con motivo de la cumbre de acción climática COP25, hemos impulsado la organización del Comité
Científico que reúne a más de 550 investigadores nacionales del cambio climático. Este trabajo busca contribuir directamente
al tránsito que necesitamos desde la evidencia a la acción climática ambiciosa y factible.
Las siguientes páginas son el resultado del esfuerzo colectivo de los investigadores e investigadoras de la mesa Océanos
de este comité. Este documento es un aporte al debate ciudadano y a la necesaria sensibilización sobre la importancia de nuestro océano.
Solo si logramos comprender en profundidad procesos como el aumento del nivel del mar, sus cambios de temperatura,
acidificación, oxigenación, eventos extremos asociados al océano y la pérdida de biodiversidad que enfrenta, podremos
impulsar medidas de adaptación y mitigación que apunten a un desarrollo sostenible e integral en beneficio de las personas
y el medioambiente que lo permite. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/El-ABC-del-Océano-y-el-cambio-Cimático.pdf | 1-107 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Propuesta para la actualización de Plan de Adaptación en Pesca y Acuicultura | Farías,Laura;Acuña,Enzo;Aguirre,Catalina;Álvarez,Sandra;Barbieri,María Angela;Delgado,Verónica;Dewitte,Boris;Espinoza,Óscar;Fernández,Camila;Garrido,Pablo;Jacob,Bárbara;Lagos,Nelson;Masotti,Italo;Narváez,Diego;Navarrete,Sergio;Pérez-Santos,Iván;Pinilla,Elías;Ramajo,Laura;Saavedra,Luisa;Silva,Claudio;Soto,Doris;Troncoso,Lilian;Vargas,Cristian A.;Veas,Camilo;Winckler,Patricio;Yañez,Eleuterio;Yévenes,Ariel; | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | | El Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en Pesca y Acuicultura (PACCPA) es un instrumento articulador
que delinea acciones y medidas relativas a políticas públicas y gestión pesquera y acuícola, con el objetivo de
fortalecer la capacidad de adaptación del sector al cambio climático. La Mesa Océanos del Comité Científico
COP25 presenta esta propuesta para la actualización y mejoramiento del PACCPA a la luz de los cambios
físicos, químicos y biológicos que afectan al océano, sean estos observados o proyectados; para la evaluación
de diferentes tipos de riesgos en la zona costera y otros antecedentes socioeconómicos, jurídicos, normativos
y de gobernanza que impactan positiva o negativamente sobre la actividad pesquera y acuícola.
El presente documento entrega observaciones y argumentos relativos a los 5 objetivos específicos y 29
acciones delineadas en el primer PACCPA (2015-2020); además, introduce 16 nuevas acciones asociadas a
tres de los objetivos ya planteados y agrega dos nuevos objetivos específicos relativos a fomentar e incentivar
la economía circular y fortalecer el rol de la mujer, para una mejor adaptación de las comunidades costeras.
Se introducen los nuevos antecedentes de: gobernanza climática internacional, en los cuales Chile tiene
compromisos, institucionalidad nacional y del marco normativo y jurídico con el cual administra y gestiona los
recursos marinos y la zona costera. Se releva la necesidad de reformar el concepto de enfoque ecosistémico y
principio precautorio de la Ley de Pesca y Acuicultura en un contexto de cambio climático y, explícitamente,
de incorporar la actividad acuícola bajo estos conceptos. Existe consenso de que la armonización de las estructuras de gobernanza local y/o macrozonas proporcionarán una política general de acción y asignación de
recursos necesarios para la adaptación.
Se analizan, además, los procesos y las variables oceanográficas y climáticas que afectan a las pesquerías
y a la acuicultura (no todas consideradas en el primer PACCPA), como acidificación, desoxigenación, estratificación, aumento de la intensidad de la surgencia y de la frecuencia de eventos El Niño, entre otros, además
de riesgos e impactos del aumento del nivel del mar y marejadas para el sector. Se resalta la necesidad de
profundizar en el conocimiento de parámetros biológicos relacionados con la reproducción, la alimentación y
la sobrevivencia de los recursos pesqueros y de cultivo a diferentes edades.
Con el análisis de planes existentes y nuevas evidencias, se levantaron brechas de conocimiento, gobernanza, ambientales y socioeconómicas; estas últimas importantes de ponderar, pues los trabajadores de este
sector son los que reciben los más bajos ingresos, poseen un menor nivel de educación y de salud y, por ello,
son más vulnerables. En este contexto, el cambio climático profundiza las desigualdades y es un multiplicador
de amenazas.
Se indica que muchas variables/procesos que afectan a los recursos biológicos (amenazas) no deben
ser analizados individualmente, sino como multi-amenazas, debido a la correlación que existe entre ellos;
asimismo, se debe realizar un fortalecimiento institucional, sistematizar y profundizar el conocimiento científico. Relativo a esto último, se repite una y otra vez la necesidad de un Sistema Integrado de Observación del
Océano Chileno (SIOOC) y el uso y mejoramiento de modelos regionales propios; donde se acoplen modelos
oceanográficos con los pesqueros con fines de predicción y comprensión de los mecanismos que entran en
juego, entre los recursos pesqueros y el efecto antrópico (como la sobrepesca), separando así la variabilidad
ambiental del cambio climático y la capacidad de adaptación.
Respecto a la acuicultura, también se requiere por una parte una evaluación profunda y analítica del impacto a nivel macro y microbiológico que ejercen los centros de cultivo sobre su entorno y cómo estos pueden
exacerbar la crisis climática en curso; además de cuantificar cómo los efectos del cambio climático (aumento
de temperatura, cambios en corrientes, acidificación, salinidad, oxigenación, etc.) impactan la sostenibilidad
y productividad del sector.
Finalmente, se concluye y recomienda que es vital incluir los aspectos socioeconómicos, de gobernanza y
financiamiento al nuevo PACCPA, considerando la diversidad de amenazas, pero también las oportunidades
que se presentan para el sector | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Propuesta-de-actualización-para-Plan-de-Adaptación.pdf | 1-87 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Nitrous oxide and biogeochemical variables related to Intermediate Waters into Eastern South Pacific Ocean, supplement to: Carrasco, Cristina; Karstensen, Johannes; Farías, Laura (2017): On the Nitrous Oxide Accumulation in Intermediate Waters of the Eastern South Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4 | Farías,Laura;Carrasco,Cristina;Faúndez,Juan; | Zonas Costeras | 2019 | 10.1594/PANGAEA.906231 | Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas principally produced by nitrification and denitrification in the marine environment. Observations were made in the eastern South Pacific (ESP), between 10º and 60°S, and ~75° to 88°W, from intermediate waters targeting Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) at potential density of 27.0-27.1 kg m-3. Between 60° to 20°S, a gradual equatorward increase of N2O from 8 to 26 nmol L-1 was observed at density 27.0-27.1 kg m-3 where AAIW penetrates. Positive correlations were found between apparent N2O production (∆N2O) and O2 utilization (AOU), and between ∆N2O and NO3-, which suggested that local N2O production is predominantly produced by nitrification. Closer to the equator, between 20° and 10°S at AAIW core, a strong N2O increase up to 75 nmol L-1 was observed. Because negative correlations were found between ∆N2O vs. NO3- and ∆N2O vs. N* (a Nitrogen deficit index) and because ∆N2O and AOU do not follow a linear trend, we suspect that, in addition to nitrification, denitrification also takes place in N2O cycling. By making use of water mass mixing analyses, we show that an increase in N2O occurs in the region where high oxygen from AAIW merges with low oxygen from Equatorial Subsurface Water (ESSW), creating favorable conditions for local N2O production. We conclude that the non-linearity in the relationship between N2O and O2 is a result of mixing between two water masses with very different source characteristics, paired with the different time frames of nitrification and denitrification processes that impact water masses en route before they finally meet and mix in the ESP region. | | | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.906231 | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Propuesta de un Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno | Farías,Laura;Fernández,Camila;Garreaud,René;Guzmán,Leonardo;Hormazábal,Samuel;Morales,Carmen;Narváez,Diego;Pantoja,Silvio;Pérez,Iván;Soto,Doris;Winckler,Patricio; | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | Chile ocupa el décimo puesto a nivel mundial con mayor territorio marítimo y el primer lugar en Latinoamérica con mayor superficie de mar. El país es dependiente del océano en términos económicos, sociales y
culturales, que incluyen actividades en la zona costera y oceánica. Al mismo tiempo, los procesos climáticos
y oceanográficos constituyen constantes fuentes de riesgo e incertidumbre, aumentando la vulnerabilidad
en los socio-ecosistemas marinos. Chile está declarado un país altamente vulnerable al cambio climático,
basado en estudios derivados de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas. Esto
obliga a buscar propuestas y soluciones para abordar esta vulnerabilidad.
A nivel internacional, varios países han desarrollado e implementado sistemas integrados de observación
del océano basados en información continua sobre su estado y sus recursos, con el objetivo de abordar de
forma operacional la vulnerabilidad. Estos sistemas de observación tienen propósitos, tales como, mejorar la
seguridad en operaciones marinas, fortalecer la seguridad alimentaria, apoyar las actividades económicas de
pequeña y gran escala, reducir el riesgo frente a desastres naturales y disminuir la incertidumbre económica
junto con la conflictividad social y ambiental derivada de esta. El océano chileno está afecto a una serie de
procesos globales asociados al cambio climático, regionales y locales que necesitan, ser estudiados y monitoreados. Por lo tanto, se requiere de la existencia de un sistema de registro continuo de variables atmosféricas
y oceanográficas, que provea la información necesaria para la toma de decisiones, tanto públicas como privadas, y permita realizar análisis retrospectivos y predictivos del estado del océano.
Actualmente, existen en Chile algunas iniciativas de observación y monitoreo del océano, incluyendo
aportes de servicios públicos, instituciones académicas y organizaciones privadas. Sin embargo, estas no son
sistémicas y carecen de continuidad, principalmente por falta de instrumentos financieros de largo aliento y
de la valoración política de la información. En el compromiso nacional e internacional, el Comité Científico
COP25 releva la importancia de contar con información basada en la evidencia para planificar estratégicamente el desarrollo sostenible y la equidad intergeneracional respecto del uso y la conservación del océano,
de los ecosistemas marinos y sus servicios a la humanidad.
En este escenario, académicos, servidores públicos y agentes del sector privado con competencia en la
materia proponen gestar un Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno (SIOOC), que permita
disponer de datos de calidad, estandarizados y de acceso público para el estudio, monitoreo, manejo y vigilancia del océano y sus recursos.
Se contemplan para la implementación del SIOOC, basado en la experiencia existente y las necesidades o
brechas del Chile, tres fases en un horizonte de 6 a 8 años:
› Primero, consolidar la integración de los sistemas existentes en una red asociativa y bajo una gobernanza apropiada, con recursos humanos y financiamiento de fuentes múltiples, e incluyendo
la participación del sector privado, productivo y de la sociedad civil.
› Segundo, incorporar al sistema de nuevos equipamientos e infraestructura (primario y secundario), con un análisis de las capacidades habilitantes y la transferencia tecnológica necesaria para
aumentar el tipo, número y cobertura de las observaciones, además de fortalecer las capacidades
de predicción.
› Tercero, incorporar en pleno del SIOOC a otras redes internacionales, especialmente en zonas de
alto interés, como la zona antártica, aguas internacionales e islas oceánicas.
Las universidades y los servicios del Estado participantes en esta propuesta comprometen la infraestructura y los conocimientos existentes para dar lanzamiento al SIOOC. A su vez, esperan que el Estado tome esta
iniciativa y un compromiso nacional e internacional como una acción para proteger nuestros mares. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Propuesta-de-sistema-integrado-de-observación-del-océano.pdf | 1-27 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Nueve medidas basadas en el océano para las Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional de Chile | Farías,Laura;Ubilla,Karen;Aguirre,Catalina;Bedriñana,Luis;Cienfugos,Rodrigo;Delgado,Verónica;Fernández,Camila;Fernández,Miriam;Gaxiola,Aurora;González,Humberto;Hucke-Gaete,Rodrigo;Marquet,Pablo;Montencino,Vivian;Morales,Carmen;Narváez,Diego;Osses,Mauricio;Peceño,Begoña;Quiroga,Eduardo;Ramajo,Laura;Sepúlveda,Hector H.;Soto,Doris;Vargas,Enrique;Viddi,Francisco;Valencia,Javiera; | Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | | Las Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) se han convertido en un
instrumento clave para comprometer principalmente metas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.
Gestadas en el Acuerdo de París (2015) aspiran a cumplir dos de sus objetivos más ambiciosos: mantener el
incremento de la temperatura global muy por debajo de los 2°C, respecto a la era preindustrial, y fortalecer y
aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.
La actualización de las NDC el año 2020 las llevará a convertirse en un instrumento ambicioso y con trazabilidad, luego de la declaración de limitar a 1.5 °C el incremento de temperatura al 2030 (IPCC, 2018) y la
cumbre del clima de Katowice (COP24). Chile, ejerciendo la presidencia de la COP25, se debe comprometer
a metas más ambiciosas, transparentes y progresivas, entre ellas, la carbono- neutralidad, la COP azul y la
economía circular.
La mesa Océanos del Comité Científico COP25, a partir de una metodología participativa y colaborativa,
propone nueve medidas basadas en el océano, para contribuir a la meta de reducción de sus emisiones, y
realiza un análisis de los alcances que tiene la primera propuesta de actualización de las NDC (2020) en el
tema océano. Las medidas propuestas en este informe colindan con acciones que: 1) favorecen el secuestro
de carbono, como soluciones basada en naturaleza (carbono azul); 2) reducen las emisiones de gases con
efecto invernadero (GEI) en la economía del océano; y 3) abordan la vulnerabilidad, riesgos e impactos del
cambio climático en el sector pesca y acuicultura, enfocándose en la inequidad social y de género, y la construcción de capacidades relativa a implementar un sistema observación del océano y reducir brechas en su
conocimiento, gestión y administración.
Se refuerza en el concepto de entierro de carbono como el resultado del funcionamiento a largo plazo
de una compleja red de procesos del ciclo del carbono, donde los sedimentos marinos y suelos costeros se
constituyen como el mayor reservorio de largo aliento de carbono en el planeta. Al respecto, se reúnen antecedentes de la ventaja competitiva que tiene Chile respecto a la protección de fondos marinos, marismas y
bosques de algas pardas; ecosistemas de fundamental importancia para la mitigación del cambio climático,
pero, específicamente, vulnerables a su impacto y a la acción humana.
Respecto a la economía del océano, la reducción de la emisión de GEI por parte de actividades como
el transporte marítimo, acuicultura y el uso de energías marinas son medidas muy factibles e internacionalmente comprobadas, cuyos costos-beneficios van en directa relación con los compromisos y mercados
internacionales. Este es especialmente relevante para la acuicultura y la economía circular. Finalmente, para
adaptarse deben existir capacidades en un Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno (SIOOC)
que incluya alertas ambientales tempranas y proyecciones, de modo de reducir riesgos y conflictividades
ambientales y sociales, y disminuir las brechas de conocimiento, de gobernanza y económicas respecto al
océano.
Lo que importa es transformar los compromisos en acciones/medidas trazables, y al respecto, dada su
vocación oceánica y su dependencia a este medio, Chile debe tener unas NDC ambiciosas que incluyan los
hábitats y ecosistemas marinos (carbono azul) en los presupuestos de carbono nacional (además de las
contribuciones en materia de cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura, UTCUTS), declarar co-beneficios, dar
valoración económica de los servicios ecosistémicos ambientales, y formular políticas públicas dirigidas a la
conservación.
El presente informe releva la necesidad de generar voluntad política para fortalecer el marco normativo
y/o legislativo que permita proteger a los sistemas costeros que cumplen importantes funciones para el cambio climático; fortalecer la capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades pesqueras y acuicultoras, y comprometer Áreas Marinas Protegidas con planes de manejo al corto plazo de modo de aumentar el nivel de ambición
y alcanzar la carbono neutralidad. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Nueve-soluciones-para-NDC.pdf | 1-93 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe a las naciones: El Antropoceno en Chile: evidencias y formas de avanzar | Gallardo,Laura;Rudnick,Andrea;Barraza,José;Fleming,Zoë L.;Rojas,Maisa;Gayo,Eugenia M.;Aguirre,Catalina;Farías,Laura;Boisier,Juan Pablo;Garreaud,René;Barría,Pilar;Miranda,Alejandro;Lara,Antonio;Gómez-González,Susana;Arriagada,Rodrigo; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | | En el siglo XXI, el desarrollo de Chile está en juego debido a las amenazas planteadas por el Antropoceno. Esta época se caracteriza por la influencia humana sobre el sistema terrestre. Sin embargo, si se enfrenta con audacia, ofrece una oportunidad para un desarrollo sostenible. Independientemente de si hemos entrado en una nueva era geológica, el Antropoceno cuestiona nuestra forma de vivir en el planeta azul del sistema solar. O, dicho de otra manera, la forma de entender el progreso y el desarrollo. En un país con grandes desigualdades sociales, altamente vulnerable al cambio global, enfrentar este desafío es de crucial importancia y puede ofrecer nuevas oportunidades. | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Informe-Antropoceno-castellano.pdf | 40 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Chilean NDC mitigation proposal: Methodological approach and supporting ambition. Mitigation and energy working group report | Palma-Behnke,R.;Barría,C.;Basoa,K.;Benavente,D.;Benavides,C.;Campos,B.;de la Maza,N.;Farías,L.;Gallardo,L.;García,M. J.;Gonzales,L. E.;Guarda,F.;Guzmán,R.;Jofré,A.;Mager,J.;Martínez,R.;Montedonico,M.;Morán,L.;Muñoz,L.;Osses,M.;Pica,A.;Rojas,M.;Rudnick,A.;SanMartín,J. P.;Santander,A.;Silva,C.;Tolvett,S.;Torres,R.;Urquiza,A.;Valdivia,P.;Vicuña,S.; | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes | 2019 | | This paper analyses the Chilean Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) proposal for the mitigation component. The methodological approach and the supporting ambition of a process carried out by the Chilean Government are assessed based on the scientific evidence available and local context. The analysis is developed by representatives of four ministries and a group of 21 researchers from six universities and research centers throughout the country. This exchange experience between the Government and the scientific community enables the identification of future challenges and opportunities for the Chilean transition in terms of mitigation. This process emerges from a bridging approach led by the recently assumed Minister of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation under the presidency of the Government of Chile in the Conference of the Parties (COP25) for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). After a description of the methodological approach, key topics that have an impact on the NDC definition are identified and analyzed. These topics include technical, economical, and socio-environmental issues along with a description of the current socio-political context in the country. Additionally, the major uncertainties that would have the highest potential to modify the results and conclusions of this work are identified. Finally, a summary with the main conclusions and recommendations is presented. The analysis framework and key aspects identified in this exercise may be of value for other countries with similar institutional contexts. | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/The_Chilean_Potential_for_Exporting_Renewable_Energy_web.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Evidencia científica y cambio climático en Chile. Resumen para tomadores de decisiones. | Rojas,Maisa;Aldunce,Paulina;Farías,Laura;González,Humberto;Marquet,Pablo;Muñoz,Juan Carlos;Palma-Behnke,Rodrigo;Stehr,Alejandra;Vicuña,Sebastian; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | | Los resúmenes están basados en los informes y los talleres
del Comité Científico COP25, a los que contribuyeron
investigadores de una red de más de 600 científicos de
todas las disciplinas y regiones de Chile, primordialmente de
universidades y centros de investigación académicos, pero
también de institutos públicos y privados. | | | https://comitecientifico.minciencia.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Evidencia-cientifica-y-cambio-climatico-en-Chile-Resumen.pdf | 1-68 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Informe de Devolución Trabajando juntos por Placeres Alto: Prevención comunitaria de incendios forestales | Sapiains,R.;Aldunce,P.;Ugarte,A.;Marchant,G.;Inostroza,V.;Romero,J.; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2019 | | El incremento en la frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios es una de las consecuencias esperadas del cambio climático a nivel global. En Chile, se trata de una problemática que cada año cobra mayor importancia considerando sus múltiples impactos humanos, económicos y ambientales | | | https://www.cr2.cl/informe-valparaiso/ | 16 | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Recursos hídricos en Chile: Impactos y adaptación al cambio climático. Informe de la mesa de Agua. | Stehr,A.;Álvarez,C.;Álvarez,P.;Arumí,J. L.;Baeza,C.;Barra,R.;Berroeta,C. A.;Castillo,Y.;Chiang,G.;Cotoras,D.;Crespo,S. A.;Delgado,V.;Donoso,G.;Dussaillant,A.;Ferrando,F.;Figueroa,R.;Frêne,C.;Fuster,R.;Godoy,A.;Gómez,T.;Holzapfel,E.;Huneeus,C.;Jara,M.;Little,C.;Lizama,K.;Musalem,M.;Olivares,M.;Parra,O.;Ponce,R. D.;Rivera,D.;Rodríguez,I.;Sepúlveda,A.;Somos,M.;Ugalde,F.;Urrutia,R.;Valenzuela,M.;Vargas,C.;Vargas,X.;Vásquez,S.;Vera,I. L.;Vicuña,S.;Vidal,G.;Yévenes,M.; | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | La comparación entre el período 1985-2015 y el período 2030-2060 indica una disminución generalizada de las precipitaciones en comparación con la media histórica, pues se proyectan disminuciones promedio de entre 5% y 15% para la zona comprendida entre las cuencas de los ríos Elqui (región de Coquimbo) y el Baker (región de Aysén). Estas proyecciones se acentuarían hacia la zona sur del país, sobre todo entre la cuenca del río Biobío y el límite sur de la región de Los Lagos (Rojas, 2012). De acuerdo con trabajos como Boisier et al. (2016), se han detectado tendencias climáticas recientes en precipitación que siguen la misma dirección proyectada hacia el futuro y que han sido además atribuidas a una manifestación temprana del cambio climático | | | https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/comitecientifico/documentos/mesa-agua/19.Agua-Recursos-Hidricos-Stehr.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Comité Científico COP25: Lineamientos para el desarrollo de planes de adaptación: Aplicación de recursos hídricos. Informe de las mesas Adaptación y Agua | Vicuña,S.;Aldunce,P.;Stehr,A.;Cid,F.;Rivera,A.;Alencar,K.;Álvarez,C.;Barton,J.J.;,;Berroeta,C.;Boisier,J.P.;Bustos,E.;Bustos,S.;Correa,T.;Cortés,S.;Cubillos,L.;De la Barrera,F.;Donoso,F.;Farías,L.;Farías,D.;Fuster,R.;Gese,P.;Godoy,A.;Guerra,L.;Guida,C.;Ibarra,C.;Jadrijevic,M.;Jiliberto,R.;Lillo,G.;Medel,E.;Meruane,C.;Meza,F.;Montedónico,M.;Muñoz,J.C.;Muñoz,L.;Musalem,M.;Navarro,A.;Ovalle,C.;Palma,R.;Pelano,C.;Pica,A.;Piquer,J.;Poblete,D.;Ponce,R.;Repetto,P.;Rojas,M.;Rudnick,A.;Santis,G.;Selles,J... | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2019 | | La planificación y sus instrumentos de aplicación, como los planes de adaptación, son herramientas fundamentales para abordar los desafíos de la adaptación a distintas escalas espaciales y sectoriales. El uso real de estas herramientas aún es limitado. Su aplicación es dispar, especialmente en el contexto de la región de América Latina. Pocos países han iniciado sus procesos de desarrollo de este tipo de herramientas, y donde se ha hecho, como en Chile, existen vacíos y brechas importantes para desarrollar su potencial. A través de un proceso participativo a lo largo del año basado en talleres con la comunidad científica, se generó una propuesta de lineamientos para el diseño, implementación y seguimiento de planes de adaptación, la que además fue implementada de manera práctica en un ejercicio hipotético de desarrollo de un Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PACC) para los Recursos Hídricos. Un lineamiento relevante tiene relación con los antecedentes y el proceso de diseño del plan. El explicitar el proceso de diseño utilizado es fundamental para otorgar transparencia y, por lo tanto, validez al plan. En el trabajo de diseño resulta crítico contar con procesos participativos que permitan identificar las principales vulnerabilidades, desafíos y objetivos hacia el futuro. En el contexto de los recursos hídricos esta necesidad es más patente, por lo que se requiere un proceso de participación lo más amplio posible, pero teniendo en cuenta que no es factible —ni deseable— que se incluyan en el desarrollo del plan medidas de adaptación muy específicas en virtud de las necesidades en cada territorio. Estas medidas se deben desarrollar, por ejemplo, en el contexto de planes de acción a una escala regional. Se propone que este proceso se desarrolle al alero de las discusiones que se van a generar respecto de los lineamientos generales de la gestión de recursos hídricos en el país, y en paralelo de las gestiones que actualmente se tienen que desarrollar para resolver los desafíos de la actual megasequía | | | https://cdn.digital.gob.cl/filer_public/f3/56/f3566a93-a46c-49cf-a73d-86d4a807a5b5/2adaptacion-lineamientosrrhh-vicuna.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Insight into anthropogenic forcing on coastal upwelling off south-central Chile | Aguirre C.; García-Loyola S.; Testa G.; Silva D.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1525/elementa.314 | Coastal upwelling systems off the coasts of Peru and Chile are among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, sustaining a significant percentage of global primary production and fishery yields. Seasonal and interannual variability in these systems has been relatively well documented; however, an understanding of recent trends and the influence of climate change on marine processes such as surface cooling and primary productivity is limited. This study presents evidence that winds favorable to upwelling have increased within the southern boundary of the Humboldt Current System (35°-42°S) in recent decades. This trend is consistent with a poleward movement of the influence of the Southeast Pacific Anticyclone and resembles the spatial pattern projected by Global Circulation Models for warming scenarios. Chlorophyll a levels (from 2002 to present) determined by satellite and field-based time-series observations show a positive trend, mainly in austral spring-summer (December-January-February), potentially explained by observed increments in nutrient flux towards surface waters and photosynthetically active radiation. Both parameters appear to respond to alongshore wind stress and cloud cover in the latitudinal range of 35°S to 42°S. In addition, net annual deepening of the mixed layer depth is estimated using density and temperature profiles. Changes in this depth are associated with increasing winds and may explain cooler, more saline, and more productive surface waters, with the latter potentially causing fluctuations in dissolved oxygen and other gases, such as nitrous oxide, sensitive to changes in oxygenation. We argue that these recent changes represent, at least in part, a regional manifestation of the Anthropocene along the Chilean coast. © 2018 The Author(s). | Elementa | 23251026 | https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.314/ | art59 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; humboldt current; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); peru; annual variation; anthropocene; anthropogenic effect; anticyclone; climate change; cloud cover; coastal zone; cooling; dissolved oxygen; estimation method; marine ecosystem; mixed layer; oxygenation; primary production; satellite data; seasonal variation; upwelling; wind stress, decadal environmental observations and estimates; south-central chile; wind-driven coastal upwelling systems | Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; School of Oceanic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Chile |
| Microbial activity during a coastal phytoplankton bloom on the Western Antarctic Peninsula in late summer | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Farías L.; Verdugo J.; Alarcón-Schumacher T.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1093/femsle/fny090 | Phytoplankton biomass during the austral summer is influenced by freezing and melting cycles as well as oceanographic processes that enable nutrient redistribution in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Microbial functional capabilities, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic activities as well as inorganic 13C- and 15N-assimilation rates were studied in the surface waters of Chile Bay during two contrasting summer periods in 2014. Concentrations of Chlorophyll a (Chla) varied from0.3 mg m-3 in February to a maximum of 2.5 mg m-3 in March, together with a decrease in nutrients; however, nutrients were never depleted. The microbial community composition remained similar throughout both sampling periods; however, microbial abundance and activity changed with Chla levels. An increased biomass of Bacillariophyta, Haptophyceae and Cryptophyceae was observed along with night-grazing activity of Dinophyceae and ciliates (Alveolates). During high Chla conditions, HCO3- uptake rates during daytime incubations increased 5-fold ( > 2516 nmol C L-1 d-1), and increased photosynthetic transcript numbers that were mainly associated with cryptophytes; meanwhile night time NO3- ( > 706 nmol N L-1 d-1) and NH4+ (41.7 nmol N L-1 d-1) uptake rates were 2- and 3-fold higher, respectively, due to activity from Alpha-/Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriia). Due to a projected acceleration in climate change in the WAP, this information is valuable for predicting the composition and functional changes in Antarctic microbial communities. © FEMS 2018. | FEMS Microbiology Letters | 03781097 | https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/doi/10.1093/femsle/fny090/4961137 | artfny090 | 365 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | development and aging; metabolism; microbiology; microflora; photosynthesis; phytoplankton; season, antarctic microbial communities; bacterioplankton; c and n assimilation pathways; metatranscriptomics; phytoplankton bloom, antarctic regions; bacteria; bacterial proteins; ecosystem; eukaryota; microbiota; photosynthesis; phytoplankton; seasons; seawater; ammonia; bicarbonate; carbon 13; chlorophyll a; nitrate; nitrogen 15; surface water; bacterial protein; sea water; algal bloom; alphaproteobacteria; antarctica; bacteroidetes; biomass; carbon fixation; coastal waters; concentration (parameters); cryptophyta; diatom; dinoflagellate; gammaproteobacteria; haptophyta; incubation time; metagenomics; metatranscriptomics; microbial activity; microbial community; nitrogen fixation; nonhuman; omics; population abundance; priority journal; salinity; short survey; species composition; summer; water sampling; water temperature; bacterium; chemistry; classification; ecosystem; eukaryote; genetics; growth | Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370448, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany |
| Diurnal changes in active carbon and nitrogen pathways along the temperature gradient in porcelana hot spring microbial mat | Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Pedrós-Alió C.; Tamames J.; Fernández C.; Pérez-Pantoja D.; Vásquez M.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02353 | Composition, carbon and nitrogen uptake, and gene transcription of microbial mat communities in Porcelana neutral hot spring (Northern Chilean Patagonia) were analyzed using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and isotopically labeled carbon (H13CO3) and nitrogen (15NH4Cl and K15NO3) assimilation rates. The microbial mat community included 31 phyla, of which only Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi were dominant. At 58°C both phyla co-occurred, with similar contributions in relative abundances in metagenomes and total transcriptional activity. At 66°C, filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic Chloroflexi were >90% responsible for the total transcriptional activity recovered, while Cyanobacteria contributed most metagenomics and metatranscriptomics reads at 48°C. According to such reads, phototrophy was carried out both through oxygenic photosynthesis by Cyanobacteria (mostly Mastigocladus) and anoxygenic phototrophy due mainly to Chloroflexi. Inorganic carbon assimilation through the Calvin-Benson cycle was almost exclusively due to Mastigocladus, which was the main primary producer at lower temperatures. Two other CO2 fixation pathways were active at certain times and temperatures as indicated by transcripts: 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) bi-cycle due to Chloroflexi and 3-hydroxypropionate-4-hydroxybutyrate (HH) cycle carried out by Thaumarchaeota. The active transcription of the genes involved in these C-fixation pathways correlated with high in situ determined carbon fixation rates. In situ measurements of ammonia assimilation and nitrogen fixation (exclusively attributed to Cyanobacteria and mostly to Mastigocladus sp.) showed these were the most important nitrogen acquisition pathways at 58 and 48°C. At 66°C ammonia oxidation genes were actively transcribed (mostly due to Thaumarchaeota). Reads indicated that denitrification was present as a nitrogen sink at all temperatures and that dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) contributed very little. The combination of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis with in situ assimilation rates, allowed the reconstruction of day and night carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways together with the contribution of keystone microorganisms in this natural hot spring microbial mat. © 2007 - 2018 Frontiers Media S.A. All Rights Reserved. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02353/full | art2353 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | carbon and nitrogen assimilation; cyanobacteria; metagenomics; metatranscriptomics; microbial mat; neutral hot spring; photosynthesis, nan | Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Universités, Laboratoire D'Océanographie Microbienne Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Universidad Austral de Chile, Fondap IDEAL, Valdivia, Chile; Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile |
| Temperature modulates Fischerella thermalis ecotypes in Porcelana Hot Spring | Alcorta J.; Espinoza S.; Viver T.; Alcamán-Arias M.E.; Trefault N.; Rosselló-Móra R.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.05.006 | In the Porcelana Hot Spring (Northern Patagonia), true-branching cyanobacteria are the dominant primary producers in microbial mats, and they are mainly responsible for carbon and nitrogen fixation. However, little is known about their metabolic and genomic adaptations at high temperatures. Therefore, in this study, a total of 81 Fischerella thermalis strains (also known as Mastigocladus laminosus) were isolated from mat samples in a thermal gradient between 61–46 °C. The complementary use of proteomic comparisons from these strains, and comparative genomics of F. thermalis pangenomes, suggested that at least two different ecotypes were present within these populations. MALDI-TOF MS analysis separated the strains into three clusters; two with strains obtained from mats within the upper temperature range (61 and 54 °C), and a third obtained from mats within the lower temperature range (51 and 46 °C). Both groups possessed different but synonymous nifH alleles. The main proteomic differences were associated with the abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins. Three F. thermalis metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were described from 66, 58 and 48 °C metagenomes. These pangenomes indicated a divergence of orthologous genes and a high abundance of exclusive genes at 66 °C. These results improved the current understanding of thermal adaptation of F. thermalis and the evolution of these thermophilic cyanobacterial species. © 2018 Elsevier GmbH | Systematic and Applied Microbiology | 07232020 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0723202018302297 | 531-543 | 41 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | ribosomal, 16s; spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization; bacterial dna; proteome; rna 16s; allele; article; bacterial genome; bacterial strain; ecotype; fischerella; fischerella thermalis; genetic variability; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; metagenome; nitrogen fixation; nonhuman; photosynthesis; priority journal; proteomics; temperature; temperature acclimatization; thermal spring; thermophilic bacterium; chile; cyanobacterium; genetics; heat; isolation and purification; matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry; microbiology; molecular evolution; phylogeny; thermal spring, mass, molecular; hot springs; hot temperature; metagenome; phylogeny; proteome; rna, bacterial; ecotype; evolution, chile; cyanobacteria; dna, ani; ecotypes; fischerella; hot spring; maldi-tof ms; metagenomic assembled genomes | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Casilla 144-D, Santiago, 651 3677, Chile; Marine Microbiology Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), Esporles, E-07190, Spain; Department of Oceanography, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, Santiago, 5750, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile |
| Gene fusion of heterophyletic gamma-globin genes in platyrrhine primates | Arroyo J.I.; Nery M.F. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1007/s12041-018-1039-0 | We performed phylogenetic analyses of HBG genes to assess its origin and interspecific variation among primates. Our analyses showed variation in HBG genes copy number ranging from one to three, some of them pseudogenes. For platyrrhines HBG genes, phylogenetic reconstructions of flanking regions recovered orthologous clades with distinct topologies for 5′ and 3′ flanking regions. The 5′ region originated in the common ancestor of platyrrhines but the 3′ region had an anthropoid origin. We hypothesize that the platyrrhine HBG genes of 5′ and 3′ heterophyletic origins arose from subsequent fusions of the (earlier) platyrrhine 5′ portion and the (later) anthropoid 3′ portion. © 2018, Indian Academy of Sciences. | Journal of Genetics | 00221333 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12041-018-1039-0 | 1473-1478 | 97 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | molecular; gamma-globins; gene duplication; gene fusion; genetic variation; models, animals; evolution, gene conversion; gene duplication; gene fusion; globins; primates; recombination, genetic; phylogeny; primates; pseudogenes; hemoglobin gamma chain; animal; biological model; classification; gene duplication; gene fusion; genetic variation; genetics; molecular evolution; phylogeny; primate; pseudogene | Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, 7800003, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, 8370449, Chile; Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13148-252, Brazil |
| Anthropogenic drying in central-southern Chile evidenced by long-term observations and climate model simulations | Boisier J.P.; Alvarez-Garreton C.; Cordero R.R.; Damiani A.; Gallardo L.; Garreaud R.D.; Lambert F.; Ramallo C.; Rojas M.; Rondanelli R. | Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Zonas Costeras; Ciudades Resilientes; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1525/elementa.328 | The socio-ecological sensitivity to water deficits makes Chile highly vulnerable to global change. New evidence of a multi-decadal drying trend and the impacts of a persistent drought that since 2010 has affected several regions of the country, reinforce the need for clear diagnoses of the hydro-climate changes in Chile. Based on the analysis of long-term records (50+ years) of precipitation and streamflow, we confirm a tendency toward a dryer condition in central-southern Chile (30-48°S). We describe the geographical and seasonal character of this trend, as well as the associated large-scale circulation patterns. When a large ensemble of climate model simulations is contrasted to observations, anthropogenic forcing appears as the leading factor of precipitation change. In addition to a drying trend driven by greenhouse gas forcing in all seasons, our results indicate that the Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion has played a major role in the summer rainfall decline. Although average model results agree well with the drying trend's seasonal character, the observed change magnitude is two to three times larger than that simulated, indicating a potential underestimation of future projections for this region. Under present-day carbon emission rates, the drying pathway in Chile will likely prevail during the next decades, although the summer signal should weaken as a result of the gradual ozone layer recovery. The trends and scenarios shown here pose substantial stress on Chilean society and its institutions, and call for urgent action regarding adaptation measures. © 2018 The Author(s). | Elementa | 23251026 | https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.328/ | art74 | 6 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; anthropogenic effect; carbon emission; climate modeling; drought; greenhouse gas; long-term change; ozone depletion; simulation; streamflow; trend analysis; vulnerability, chile; climate change; drought; drying trends; greenhouse gas and ozone depletion; southern annular mode | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, FONDAP 15110009, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Environment Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Physical Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Foehn Event Triggered by an Atmospheric River Underlies Record-Setting Temperature Along Continental Antarctica | Bozkurt D.; Rondanelli R.; Marín J.C.; Garreaud R. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.1002/2017JD027796 | A record-setting temperature of 17.5°C occurred on 24 March 2015 at the Esperanza station located near the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). We studied the event using surface station data, satellite imagery, reanalysis data, and numerical simulations. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Antarctic Ice Shelf Image Archive provides clear evidence for disintegration and advection of sea ice, as well as the formation of melt ponds on the ice sheet surface at the base of the AP mountain range. A deep low-pressure center over the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea and a blocking ridge over the southeast Pacific provided favorable conditions for the development of an atmospheric river with a northwest-southeast orientation, directing warm and moist air toward the AP, and triggering a widespread foehn episode. A control simulation using a regional climate model shows the existence of local topographically induced warming along the northern tip of the AP (∼60% of the full temperature signal) and the central part of the eastern AP (90% of the full temperature signal) with respect to a simulation without topography. These modeling results suggest that more than half of the warming experienced at Esperanza can be attributed to the foehn effect (a local process), rather than to the large-scale advection of warm air from the midlatitudes. Nevertheless, the local foehn effect also has a large-scale advection component, since the atmospheric river provides water vapor for orographic precipitation enhancement and latent heat release, which makes it difficult to completely disentangle the role of local versus large-scale processes in explaining the extreme event. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres | 2169897X | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017JD027796 | 3871-3892 | 123 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | amundsen sea; antarctic peninsula; antarctica; bellingshausen sea; pacific ocean; pacific ocean (southeast); southern ocean; west antarctica; esperanza; advection; atmospheric moisture; climate change; climate modeling; extreme event; foehn; high temperature; ice shelf; meteorology; modis; regional climate; temperature, atmospheric river; climate variability; extreme high temperature; foehn wind; meteorology; regional climate modeling | Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Meteorology, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Atmospheric and Astro-statistical Studies, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile |
| Teleconnection stationarity, variability and trends of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) during the last millennium | Dätwyler C.; Neukom R.; Abram N.J.; Gallant A.J.E.; Grosjean M.; Jacques-Coper M.; Karoly D.J.; Villalba R. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1007/s00382-017-4015-0 | The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of atmospheric interannual variability in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extra-tropics. Here, we assess the stationarity of SAM spatial correlations with instrumental and paleoclimate proxy data for the past millennium. The instrumental period shows that temporal non-stationarities in SAM teleconnections are not consistent across the SH land areas. This suggests that the influence of the SAM index is modulated by regional effects. However, within key-regions with good proxy data coverage (South America, Tasmania, New Zealand), teleconnections are mostly stationary over the instrumental period. Using different stationarity criteria for proxy record selection, we provide new austral summer and annual mean SAM index reconstructions over the last millennium. Our summer SAM reconstructions are very robust to changes in proxy record selection and the selection of the calibration period, particularly on the multi-decadal timescale. In contrast, the weaker performance and lower agreement in the annual mean SAM reconstructions point towards changing teleconnection patterns that may be particularly important outside the summer months. Our results clearly portend that the temporal stationarity of the proxy-climate relationships should be taken into account in the design of comprehensive regional and hemispherical climate reconstructions. The summer SAM reconstructions show no significant relationship to solar, greenhouse gas and volcanic forcing, with the exception of an extremely strong negative anomaly following the AD 1257 Samalas eruption. Furthermore, reconstructed pre-industrial summer SAM trends are very similar to trends obtained by model control simulations. We find that recent trends in the summer SAM lie outside the 5–95% range of pre-industrial natural variability. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. | Climate Dynamics | 09307575 | http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-017-4015-0 | 2321-2339 | 51 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | climate change; climate reconstruction; holocene; paleoclimate; southern hemisphere, australia; new zealand; south america; tasmania; annual variation; climate variation; holocene; paleoclimate; reconstruction; southern hemisphere; teleconnection; trend analysis | Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Research School of Earth Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, 3800, VIC, Australia; Departamento de Geofísica and Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; School of Earth Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina |
| Distribution of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide in Chilean coastal systems of the Magellanic Sub-Antarctic region (50°–55°S) | Farías L.; Bello E.; Arancibia G.; Fernandez J. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1016/j.ecss.2018.10.020 | Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are greenhouse gases and active in the depletion of the ozone layer. These gases, originating from both anthropogenic and natural sources, are mainly released to the atmosphere from coastal areas, including continental shelves, estuaries and fjords. Surface distribution of dissolved N2O and CH4 during the austral spring were described within the Magellanic Sub-Antarctic region (50–55°S, Chile) with a coastal area that has a complex system of fjords, channels, gulf and, bays. A narrow range of N2O concentrations were observed from under-saturations (∼65%), as result of freshwater/glacial flow into fjord heads, to slight super-saturations (∼120–150%) in fjord mouths and adjacent marine zones. One exception was Otway Sound, where a penguin colony is situated, with N2O levels of up to 218%. In contrast, CH4 concentrations presented a wide range of saturations between 47.9% and 483%, with a spatial distribution that mainly corresponded to the type of hydrographic/geomorphologic basin; in the southern Patagonian Andes (mostly covered by the southern Ice Fields) CH4 levels varied between 65 and 80% in the marine area, and 180% saturation in the channels and fjords; whereas in the southern Patagonian tableland (Magellan Strait) higher CH4 concentrations, up to 483% saturation, were observed apparently associated with continental inputs (peatland and tundra vegetation). N2O concentrations were positively correlated with salinity and nutrients, indicating that the majority of N2O and nutrients (except silicate) originated from the Sub-Antarctic Water Mass (SAAW), which mixes with N2O-depleated freshwater. However, CH4 concentrations did not correlate with any oceanographic variables, suggesting that they originate from local marine/terrestrial interactions. The Magellanic Sub-Antarctic region acts as a modest source of N2O and CH4, to the atmosphere with effluxes of 6.20 ± 10.13 and 16.88 ± 27.04 μmol m−2 d−1 respectively. Due to climate change and a growth in anthropogenic activities such as salmon farming, future emissions of N2O and CH4 within this remote region remain uncertain. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd | Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | 02727714 | https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272771418304785 | 229-240 | 215 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | andes; antarctica; australia; chile; magellan strait; otway range; patagonia; victoria [australia]; spheniscidae; coastal zone; concentration (composition); dissolved gas; fjord; freshwater; greenhouse gas; methane; nitrous oxide; ozone depletion; saturation; spring (season); subantarctic region, chilean fjords; magellanic sub-antarctic region; methane; nitrous oxide | Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; , Chile; Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Servicio Nacional de Pesca, Chile |
| Active crossfire between cyanobacteria and cyanophages in phototrophic mat communities within hot springs | Guajardo-Leiva S.; Pedrós-Alió C.; Salgado O.; Pinto F.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02039 | Cyanophages are viruses with a wide distribution in aquatic ecosystems, that specifically infect Cyanobacteria. These viruses can be readily isolated from marine and fresh waters environments; however, their presence in cosmopolitan thermophilic phototrophic mats remains largely unknown. This study investigates the morphological diversity (TEM), taxonomic composition (metagenomics), and active infectivity (metatranscriptomics) of viral communities over a thermal gradient in hot spring phototrophic mats from Northern Patagonia (Chile). The mats were dominated (up to 53%) by cosmopolitan thermophilic filamentous true-branching cyanobacteria from the genus Mastigocladus, the associated viral community was predominantly composed of Caudovirales (70%), with most of the active infections driven by cyanophages (up to 90% of Caudovirales transcripts). Metagenomic assembly lead to the first full genome description of a T7-like Thermophilic Cyanophage recovered from a hot spring (Porcelana Hot Spring, Chile), with a temperature of 58°C (TC-CHP58). This could potentially represent a world-wide thermophilic lineage of podoviruses that infect cyanobacteria. In the hot spring, TC-CHP58 was active over a temperature gradient from 48 to 66°C, showing a high population variability represented by 1979 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). TC-CHP58 was associated to the Mastigocladus spp. by CRISPR spacers. Marked differences in metagenomic CRISPR loci number and spacers diversity, as well as SNVs, in the TC-CHP58 proto-spacers at different temperatures, reinforce the theory of co-evolution between natural virus populations and cyanobacterial hosts. Considering the importance of cyanobacteria in hot spring biogeochemical cycles, the description of this new cyanopodovirus lineage may have global implications for the functioning of these extreme ecosystems. © 2018 Guajardo-Leiva, Pedrós-Alió, Salgado, Pinto and Díez. | Frontiers in Microbiology | 1664302X | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02039/full | art2039 | 9 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | crispr associated protein; aquatic environment; article; cyanobacterium; cyanophage; high throughput sequencing; mastigocladus; metagenomics; microbial diversity; nonhuman; phototrophy; phylogeny; rna extraction; rna sequence; single nucleotide polymorphism; thermal spring; transmission electron microscopy, crispr; cyanophages; hot-springs; phototrophic microbial mat; thermophilic cyanobacteria | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile |
| The influence of river discharge on nutrient export and phytoplankton biomass off the Central Chile Coast (33°-37°S): Seasonal cycle and interannual variability | Masotti I.; Aparicio-Rizzo P.; Yevenes M.A.; Garreaud R.; Belmar L.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras; Agua y Extremos | 2018 | 10.3389/fmars.2018.00423 | Using in situ hydro-chemical data and MODIS-SeaWiFS ocean color images as a proxy of river plumes and phytoplankton biomass from 2000 to 2014, this study documents the temporal co-variability of river discharge, plume area, nitrate and phosphate export and phytoplankton biomass in the coastal waters off Central Chile (33°-37°S). Five major rivers (Maipo, Mataquito, Maule, Itata, and Biobío) drain into this region with annual mean discharge ranging from 120 to 1000 m3 s-1. River discharge and coastal plume area present a marked seasonal cycle, reaching maximum values during the winter rainy season (June-September). Export of riverine nutrients also peaks in winter, leading to an increase in phytoplankton biomass within the plumes that can be twice larger than the background values in coastal areas away from the river mouths. Wintertime river discharge, plume area and nutrient export are also correlated at interannual time scales. During a recent extended dry period (2010-2014), river discharges, plume areas and nutrient export clearly decreased by about 50% compared to historical values, reducing significantly the size of the chlorophyll pool within plumes off Central Chile during winter. The potential impacts of droughts are discussed in terms of coastal ecology and primary production, a highly relevant issue considering the projections of a dry climate over Central Chile in the future. Systematic evidence of mega-drought effects upon coastal productivity still does not exist, but it remains a priority to further investigate and quantify these impacts. © 2018 Masotti, Aparicio-Rizzo, Yevenes, Garreaud, Belmar and Farías. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00423 | art423 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, central chile; drought; nutrient export; phytoplankton biomass; river discharge; satellite remote sensing | Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Sentencia Corte Suprema de 27 de agosto de 2018: Protección de Humedales Artificiales | Moraga,Pilar;Delgado,Verónica; | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2018 | | | Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental | 1989-5666 | http://www.actualidadjuridicaambiental.com/jurisprudencia-al-dia-iberoamerica-chile-humedales-artificiales/ | | | Thomson Reuters ESCI | | |
| The meanings of participation for climate change in Chile | Sapiains Arrué,Rodolfo;Ugarte Caviedes,Ana María;Aldunce,Paulina; | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2018 | 10.11144/Javeriana.ayd21-41.spcc | This article analyzes the different meanings of the concept of participation, to move towards a more inclusive model of climate change governance in Chile. For this, a bibliographic review is presented that discusses different epistemologies, theories and definitions of participation, with emphasis on the difficulties for its implementation in the Chilean context. Subsequently, the citizen participation mechanisms deployed in the development of existing climate change governance instruments in Chile are reviewed. Types of participation used are distinguished and experiences conducted from civil society and academia are identified. Finally, the scope and limitations of the participation models implemented are discussed and the importance of increasing the influence of civil society and improving existing mechanisms is highlighted. This is explained by a climate change scenario that will possibly require a greater number of actors involved in decision-making, to anticipate possible divisions in the face of the development of more radical adaptation or mitigation actions, and that at the same time will demand higher levels of responsibility. , commitment and action of citizenship. | Ambiente y Desarrollo | 2346-2876, 0121-7607 | http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/ambienteydesarrollo/article/view/22189 | 43-60 | 21 | Thomson Reuters ISI | | |
| Temporal variability in net primary production in an upwelling area off central Chile (36°S) | Testa G.; Masotti I.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.3389/fmars.2018.00179 | The temporal variability of Net Primary Production (NPP) off central Chile (36°S, 73°W), an area subjected to seasonal coastal upwelling, was analyzed using monthly in situ 13C incubations within the photic zone, along with bio-oceanographic variables from a fixed time series station; and satellite NPP estimations (NPPE) from the Vertically Generalized Production Model between 2006 and 2015. NPP and NPPE rates varied from 0.03 to 18.29 and from 0.45 to 9.07 g C m-2 d-1, respectively. Both rates were fairly well correlated with each other (r2 = 0.61), but when these data were separated into two periods, higher r2 value was found during winter (r2 = 0.70) with respect to the rest of the year (r2 = 0.24); the latter correlation was partially due to increased weekly NPPE variability during active and relaxed upwelling events. NPP rates along with other biophysical variables allowed for a division of the annual cycle into three distinct periods: September to January (high productivity, mean integrated NPP rates of 4.0 g C m-2 d-1), February to March (intermediate productivity, mean integrated NPP rates of 1.4 g C m-2 d-1), and May to August (basal level, mean integrated NPP rates of 0.5 g C m-2 d-1). NPP appeared to be partially controlled by nutrient inputs, either from upwelling (September-April) and river discharge (May-August), maintaining high NPP rates throughout the entire year, with an annual mean NPP rate of 1.1 kg C m-2 yr-1. In this region, El Niño Southern Oscillation events did not appear to impact the NPP interannual variability. © 2018 Testa, Masotti and Farías. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00179/full | art179 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | central chile; coastal upwelling; el niño southern oscillation; primary production rates; river discharge, nan | Graduate Program in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile |
| AOT Retrieval Procedure for Distributed Measurements With Low-Cost Sun Photometers | Toledo F.; Garrido C.; Díaz M.; Rondanelli R.; Jorquera S.; Valdivieso P. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.1002/2017JD027309 | We propose a new application of inexpensive light-emitting diode (LED)-based Sun photometers, consisting of measuring the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with high resolution within metropolitan scales. Previously, these instruments have been used at continental scales by the GLOBE program, but this extension is already covered by more expensive and higher-precision instruments of the AERONET global network. For this we built an open source two-channeled LED-based Sun photometer based on previous developments, with improvements in the hardware, software, and modifications on the calibration procedure. Among these we highlight the use of MODTRAN to characterize the effect introduced by using LED sensors in the AOT retrieval, an open design available for the scientific community and a calibration procedure that takes advantage of a CIMEL Sun photometer located within the city, enables the intercomparison of several LED Sun photometers with a common reference. We estimated the root-mean-square error in the AOT retrieved by the prototypes as 0.006 at the 564 nm and 0.009 at the 408 nm. This error is way under the magnitude of the AOT daily cycle variability measured by us in our campaigns, even for distances closer than 15 km. In addition to inner city campaigns, we also show aerosol-tracing applications by measuring AOT variations from the city of Santiago to the Andes glaciers. Measuring AOT at high spatial resolution in urban areas can improve our understanding of urban scale aerosol circulation, providing information for solar energy planning, health policies, and climatological studies, among others. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres | 2169897X | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017JD027309 | 1113-1131 | 123 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | aot; distributed measurement; sun photometer, andes; chile; metropolitana; aeronet; aerosol; calibration; electrode; energy planning; glacier; metropolitan area; photometer; solar power; spatial resolution; urban area | Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
| Toward high-resolution vertical measurements of dissolved greenhouse gases (Nitrous Oxide and Methane) and nutrients in the Eastern South Pacific | Troncoso M.; Garcia G.; Verdugo J.; Farías L. | Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.3389/fmars.2018.00148 | In this study, in situ, real-time and high-resolution vertical measurements of dissolved greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) and nutrients are reported for the eastern South Pacific (ESP); a region with marked zonal gradients, ranging from highly productive and suboxic conditions in coastal upwelling systems to oligotrophic and oxygenated conditions in the subtropical gyre. Four high-resolution vertical profiles for gases (N2O and CH4) and nutrients (NO3- and PO43-) were measured using a Pumped Profiling System (PPS), connected with a liquid degassing membrane coupled with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and a nutrient auto-analyzer, respectively. The membrane-CRDS system maintains a linear response over a wide range of gas concentrations, detecting N2O and CH4 levels as low as 0.0774 ± 0.0004 and 0.1011 ± 0.001 ppm, respectively. Continuous profiles for gases and nutrients were similar to those reported throughout the ESP, with pronounced N2O and CH4 peaks at the upper oxycline and at the base of the euphotic zone and pycnocline, respectively, in the coastal zone; but almost constant depth profiles in the subtropical gyre. Additionally, other vertical gas and nutrient structures were observed using continuous sampling, which would not have been detected by discrete sampling. Our results demonstrate that continuous measurements can be a potentially useful methodology for future GHGs cycle studies. © 2018 Troncoso, Garcia, Verdugo and Farías. | Frontiers in Marine Science | 22967745 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00148/full | art148 | 5 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, continuous profiles; eastern south pacific; methane; nitrous oxide; nutrients | Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Isotópica, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany |
| An intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements | Wilson S.T.; Bange H.W.; Arévalo-Martínez D.L.; Barnes J.; Borges A.V.; Brown I.; Bullister J.L.; Burgos M.; Capelle D.W.; Casso M.; De La Paz M.; Farías L.; Fenwick L.; Ferrón S.; Garcia G.; Glockzin M.; Karl D.M.; Kock A.; Laperriere S.; Law C.S.; Manning C.C.; Marriner A.; Myllykangas J.-P.; Pohlman J.W.; Rees A.P.; Santoro A.E.; Tortell P.D.; Upstill-Goddard R.C.; Wisegarver D.P.; Zhang G.-L.; Rehder G. | Zonas Costeras | 2018 | 10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018 | Large-scale climatic forcing is impacting oceanic biogeochemical cycles and is expected to influence the water-column distribution of trace gases, including methane and nitrous oxide. Our ability as a scientific community to evaluate changes in the water-column inventories of methane and nitrous oxide depends largely on our capacity to obtain robust and accurate concentration measurements that can be validated across different laboratory groups. This study represents the first formal international intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements whereby participating laboratories received batches of seawater samples from the subtropical Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Additionally, compressed gas standards from the same calibration scale were distributed to the majority of participating laboratories to improve the analytical accuracy of the gas measurements. The computations used by each laboratory to derive the dissolved gas concentrations were also evaluated for inconsistencies (e.g., pressure and temperature corrections, solubility constants). The results from the intercomparison and intercalibration provided invaluable insights into methane and nitrous oxide measurements. It was observed that analyses of seawater samples with the lowest concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide had the lowest precisions. In comparison, while the analytical precision for samples with the highest concentrations of trace gases was better, the variability between the different laboratories was higher: 36 % for methane and 27 % for nitrous oxide. In addition, the comparison of different batches of seawater samples with methane and nitrous oxide concentrations that ranged over an order of magnitude revealed the ramifications of different calibration procedures for each trace gas. Finally, this study builds upon the intercomparison results to develop recommendations for improving oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements, with the aim of precluding future analytical discrepancies between laboratories. © Author(s) 2018. | Biogeosciences | 17264170 | https://www.biogeosciences.net/15/5891/2018/ | 5891-5907 | 15 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | | University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany; Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Université de Liège, Unité d'Océanographie Chimique, Liège, Belgium; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States; Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Departmento Química-Física, Cádiz, Spain; University of British Columbia, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, United States; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Vigo, Spain; University of Concepción, Department of Oceanography, Center for Climate Research and Resilience (CR2), Concepción, Chile; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany; University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, United States; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helsinki, Finland; Un... |
| Informe final Océano y NDC | Moraga Sariego,Pilar;Farías,Laura;Delgado,Verónica;Urquiza,Anahí;Morales,Bárbara; | Ciudades Resilientes; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2018 | | El Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático establece como obligación para los países firmantes presentar una Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (Nationally Determined Contributions, o NDCs) y revisarla cada cinco años. Es por esta razón que la NDC de Chile está siendo sometida a un proceso de revisión con el propósito de identificar oportunidades de actualización y refinamiento de su primera versión. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, responsable de llevar a cabo esta actualización, se ha propuesto incorporar la protección y conservación del océano en dicho proceso, en conformidad con los objetivos planteados en la declaración “Because the Ocean”, así como en el “Ocean Pathway Platform” lanzado por la Presidencia de la COP23. Para ello se estableció un marco de colaboración técnica entre el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, el Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y el Centro de Derecho Ambiental (CDA) de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile, entre los meses de diciembre de 2017 y abril de 2018, con el objeto de generar un informe sobre la incorporación del océano en la NDC de Chile, a la luz de la agenda oceánica y en concordancia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS). | | | https://www.cr2.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/informe_oceano_NDC.pdf | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Vertical segregation among pathways mediating nitrogen loss (N2 and N2O production) across the oxygen gradient in a coastal upwelling ecosystem | Galán A.; Thamdrup B.; Saldías G.S.; Farías L. | Zonas Costeras | 2017 | 10.5194/bg-14-4795-2017 | The upwelling system off central Chile (36.5 S) is seasonally subjected to oxygen (O2)-deficient waters, with a strong vertical gradient in O2 (from oxic to anoxic conditions) that spans a few metres (30-50€m interval) over the shelf. This condition inhibits and/or stimulates processes involved in nitrogen (N) removal (e.g. anammox, denitrification, and nitrification). During austral spring (September 2013) and summer (January 2014), the main pathways involved in N loss and its speciation, in the form of N2 and/or N2O, were studied using 15N-tracer incubations, inhibitor assays, and the natural abundance of nitrate isotopes along with hydrographic information. Incubations were developed using water retrieved from the oxycline (25€m depth) and bottom waters (85€m depth) over the continental shelf off Concepción, Chile. Results of 15N-labelled incubations revealed higher N removal activity during the austral summer, with denitrification as the dominant N2-producing pathway, which occurred together with anammox at all times. Interestingly, in both spring and summer maximum potential N removal rates were observed in the oxycline, where a greater availability of oxygen was observed (maximum O2 fluctuation between 270 and 40€μmol€L'1) relative to the hypoxic bottom waters ( < €20€μmol€O2€L'1). Different pathways were responsible for N2O produced in the oxycline and bottom waters, with ammonium oxidation and dissimilatory nitrite reduction, respectively, as the main source processes. Ammonium produced by dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNiRA) could sustain both anammox and nitrification rates, including the ammonium utilized for N2O production. The temporal and vertical variability of /15N-NO3' confirms that multiple N-cycling processes are modulating the isotopic nitrate composition over the shelf off central Chile during spring and summer. N removal processes in this coastal system appear to be related to the availability and distribution of oxygen and particles, which are a source of organic matter and the fuel for the production of other electron donors (i.e. ammonium) and acceptors (i.e. nitrate and nitrite) after its remineralization. These results highlight the links between several pathways involved in N loss. They also establish that different mechanisms supported by alternative N substrates are responsible for substantial accumulation of N2O, which are frequently observed as hotspots in the oxycline and bottom waters. Considering the extreme variation in oxygen observed in several coastal upwelling systems, these findings could help to understand the ecological and biogeochemical implications due to global warming where intensification and/or expansion of the oceanic OMZs is projected. © Author(s) 2017. | Biogeosciences | 17264170 | https://www.biogeosciences.net/14/4795/2017/ | 4795-4813 | 14 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; bioassay; biogeochemical cycle; bottom water; continental shelf; denitrification; ecosystem dynamics; environmental gradient; global warming; nitrogen; nitrogen cycle; organic matter; oxygen; oxygen minimum layer; tracer; upwelling; vertical profile, nan | CREA - Centro Regional de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Colón 2766, Talcahuano, 4270789, Chile; Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100, Chile; Department of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Procesos Oceanográficos y Clima (PROFC), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencia Del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile |
| Plankton composition, biomass, phylogeny and toxin genes in Lake Big Momela, Tanzania | Hamisi M.I.; Lugomela C.; Lyimo T.J.; Bergman B.; Díez B. | Zonas Costeras | 2017 | 10.2989/16085914.2017.1334621 | Lake Big Momela, one of the East African soda lakes in Northern Tanzania characterised by highly saline-alkaline conditions, making them inhospitable to a range of organisms, although supporting massive growths of some adapted planktonic microorganisms that serve as food for birds, such as Lesser Flamingo. The temporal dynamics of plankton, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria, were examined in 2007 using morphological traits and ribosomal genetic markers (16S and 18S rRNA). Cyanobacterial genes encoding for hepatotoxins (mcyE and ndaF) were also screened. Rotifers and copepods dominated the zooplankton, whereas cyanobacteria, such as Anabaenopsis elenkinii and Arthrospira fusiformis dominated the phytoplankton community, and these being related to representatives in other East African soda lakes. The cyanobacteria community also showed distinct seasonal patterns influenced by environmental parameters, mainly salinity, pH and nitrate. Significant positive correlations were found between phytoplankton abundance and nitrate concentrations (r = 0.617, p = 0.033). No signals of the hepatotoxin synthetase genes mcyE and ndaF were retrieved from cyanobacteria during the whole year. In general, our data illustrate the presence of rich planktonic communities, including some unique and potentially endemic cyanobacteria. © 2017 NISC (Pty) Ltd. | African Journal of Aquatic Science | 16085914 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/16085914.2017.1334621 | 109-121 | 42 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, cyanotoxin; limnology; plankton diversity; soda lakes | Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda, 340, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate Change and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile |
| A solar radiation database for Chile | Molina A.; Falvey M.; Rondanelli R. | Zonas Costeras | 2017 | 10.1038/s41598-017-13761-x | Chile hosts some of the sunniest places on earth, which has led to a growing solar energy industry in recent years. However, the lack of high resolution measurements of solar irradiance becomes a critical obstacle for both financing and design of solar installations. Besides the Atacama Desert, Chile displays a large array of "solar climates" due to large latitude and altitude variations, and so provides a useful testbed for the development of solar irradiance maps. Here a new public database for surface solar irradiance over Chile is presented. This database includes hourly irradiance from 2004 to 2016 at 90 m horizontal resolution over continental Chile. Our results are based on global reanalysis data to force a radiative transfer model for clear sky solar irradiance and an empirical model based on geostationary satellite data for cloudy conditions. The results have been validated using 140 surface solar irradiance stations throughout the country. Model mean percentage error in hourly time series of global horizontal irradiance is only 0.73%, considering both clear and cloudy days. The simplicity and accuracy of the model over a wide range of solar conditions provides confidence that the model can be easily generalized to other regions of the world. © 2017 The Author(s). | Scientific Reports | 20452322 | http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13761-x | art14823 | 7 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | chile; solar radiation; time series analysis; article, nan | University of Chile, Department of Geophysics, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile |
| Implementation of methane cycling for deep-time global warming simulations with the DCESS Earth system model (version 1.2) | Shaffer G.; Villanueva E.F.; Rondanelli R.; Pedersen J.O.P.; Olsen S.M.; Huber M. | Zonas Costeras | 2017 | 10.5194/gmd-10-4081-2017 | Geological records reveal a number of ancient, large and rapid negative excursions of the carbon-13 isotope. Such excursions can only be explained by massive injections of depleted carbon to the Earth system over a short duration. These injections may have forced strong global warming events, sometimes accompanied by mass extinctions such as the Triassic-Jurassic and end-Permian extinctions 201 and 252 million years ago, respectively. In many cases, evidence points to methane as the dominant form of injected carbon, whether as thermogenic methane formed by magma intrusions through overlying carbon-rich sediment or from warming-induced dissociation of methane hydrate, a solid compound of methane and water found in ocean sediments. As a consequence of the ubiquity and importance of methane in major Earth events, Earth system models for addressing such events should include a comprehensive treatment of methane cycling but such a treatment has often been lacking. Here we implement methane cycling in the Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS) model, a simplified but well-tested Earth system model of intermediate complexity. We use a generic methane input function that allows variation in input type, size, timescale and ocean-atmosphere partition. To be able to treat such massive inputs more correctly, we extend the model to deal with ocean suboxic/anoxic conditions and with radiative forcing and methane lifetimes appropriate for high atmospheric methane concentrations. With this new model version, we carried out an extensive set of simulations for methane inputs of various sizes, timescales and ocean-atmosphere partitions to probe model behavior. We find that larger methane inputs over shorter timescales with more methane dissolving in the ocean lead to ever-increasing ocean anoxia with consequences for ocean life and global carbon cycling. Greater methane input directly to the atmosphere leads to more warming and, for example, greater carbon dioxide release from land soils. Analysis of synthetic sediment cores from the simulations provides guidelines for the interpretation of real sediment cores spanning the warming events. With this improved DCESS model version and paleo-reconstructions, we are now better armed to gauge the amounts, types, timescales and locations of methane injections driving specific, observed deep-time, global warming events. © 2017 Author(s). | Geoscientific Model Development | 1991959X | https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/4081/2017/ | 4081-4103 | 10 | Thomson Reuters SCIE | nan, denmark; air-sea interaction; anoxic conditions; carbon cycle; carbon dioxide; carbon isotope; climate modeling; extinction; global warming; jurassic; marine sediment; methane; permian; radiative forcing; sediment core; simulation; suboxic conditions; terrestrial environment; triassic | GAIA-Antarctica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark; Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark; Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark; Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States; Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03814, NH, United States |
| Memoria institucional 2013 - 2017 | | Agua y Extremos; Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política; Cambio de Uso de Suelo; Ciudades Resilientes | 2017 | | | | | https://www.cr2.cl/memoria-institucional-cr2-2013-2017/ | | | Not Indexed | | |
| Psychology's contributions to address the human dimensions of climate change in Chile (second part); [Contribuciones de la psicología al abordaje de la dimensión humana del cambio climático en Chile (segunda parte)] | Sapiains Arrué R.; Ugarte Caviedes A.M. | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2017 | | Multiple studies show that the integration of social and psychological factors in the design, implementation and evaluation of mitigation and adaptation strategies is paramount to address the complexities of climate change. Such factors influence both the perception of the problem and the responses to it in every social system. Considering a multiple level approach that considers institutional, communitarian and personal dimensions the inclusion of these psychological aspects can help to increase the importance of climate change in society, favor a deeper community engagement, improving public policies, and strengthen individual, social and institutional resilience. Although Chile is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world regarding climate change impacts, presenting seven out of nine vulnerability criteria, the study of the social and psychological dimensions of climate change in our country is limited and its importance for policy-making generally unknown. In such a context we organized a literature review aimed at exploring how Psychology can contribute to address the human dimensions of climate change in Chile considering a wide range of topics. To do this a reasonable high number of specialized data-bases and scientific journals were used. As a result of this work we expect to encourage scholars from diverse disciplines, not only psychologists, to dig deeper on these issues in the Chilean and Latin American context to fill this gap in the knowledge. The literature review showed that most research has been conducted in developed countries such as United States, Australia and United Kingdom. This is expected considering the high levels of political polarization about climate change in those count ries, either regarding the causes of the problem, the actions needed to address it, or even if it is happen ing or not. Contrariwise, we only found a reduced number of articles addressing specifically the psychological aspects of climate change in both Latin America and Chile. Interestingly, mainly scholars from other disciplines generally related to environmental management, planning, Sociology and other social sciences, rather than psychologists, have conducted those studies in the region, most of them focused on issues such as social vulnerability, inequalities, poverty alleviation, political particip ation and agriculture in rural and indigenous communities in the context of droughts or water management related issues. Results of this review are presented in two articles covering five main topics reflecting the most relevant issues identified in the interaction between psychological factors and climate change in the literature. This Second part follows the literature review presented in a previous article (First part). It starts with climate change related topics that are particularly relevant to Latino America mainly associated with social and environmental vulnerability and participation. Then we present an analysis of national and sectorial climate change plans developed in Chile during the last decade to identify the social and psychological aspects that need to be addressed in each of them. Similarly, multiple case studies conducted in Chile are presented to illustrate the importance of these issues. As a result, we propose a framework to organize and encourage research in this area and to integrate this knowledge in policymaking. Four general research topics are suggested: beliefs, values and attitudes; education and climate change awareness; citizen participation; and mental health and social wellbeing. Overall, this review suggests that Psychology's contrib utions to address climate change challenges will improve our understanding of the complex relation ship between people and nature in general and society and climate change in particular. However, to have a significant impact in policy-making, psychological studies need to be part of wider multidisciplinary teams and work at multiple levels, especially close to communities and public institutions avoiding an excessive experimentalism and academicism preventing isolation from society. © 2017 Centro Interamericano de Investigaciones Psicologicas y Ciencias Afines.; En la primera parte de este trabajo se presentó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el estudio de la dimensión humana del cambio climático, organizado en cuatro grandes ejes de investigación: la comunicación del cambio climático, el estudio de creencias, actitudes, valores y conductas relacionadas con el problema, la identificación de facilitadores y barreras psicológicas para la implementación de prácticas de mitigación y la adaptación y los impactos del cambio climático en la salud men tal. En esta segunda parte se informan avances en esta área en el contexto latinoamericano, para posteriormente identificar aquellos ámbitos en los que la Psicología puede contribuir tanto en los planes para el cambio climático como en estudios de caso desarrollados en Chile. Como resultado se proponen cuatro áreas prioritarias: (1) creencias, actitudes, valores y conductas (2) educación y sensibilización, (3) participación ciudadana y (4) salud mental y bienestar social. La investigación en estos ejes puede contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias, políticas y planes más efectivos al pro fundizar en la dimensión humana del cambio climático en el particular contexto de Chile. © 2017 Centro Interamericano de Investigaciones Psicologicas y Ciencias Afines. | Interdisciplinaria | 03258203 | http://www.ciipme-conicet.gov.ar/ojs/index.php/interdisciplinaria/article/view/332 | 259-274 | 34 | Not Indexed | nan, adaptación; adaptation; cambio climático; chile; chile; climate change; conductas pro-ambientales; pro-environmental behaviors; psicología; psychology | Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Chile, Valparaíso, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Jurídicas y Económicas, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile |
| Psychology's contributions to address the human dimensions of climate change in Chile (first part); [Contribuciones de la psicología al abordaje de la dimensión humana del cambio climático en Chile (primera parte)] | Sapiains Arrué R.; Ugarte Caviedes A.M. | Zonas Costeras; Gobernanza e Interfaz Ciencia y Política | 2017 | | Multiple studies show that the integration of social and psychological factors in the design, implementation and evaluation of mitigation and adaptation strategies is paramount to address the complexities of climate change. Such factors influence both the perception of the problem and the responses to it in every social system. Considering a multi-level approach encompassing insti tu tional, communitarian and personal dimensions, the inclusion of these psychological aspects can help to increase the importance of climate change in society, favor a deeper community engagement, improving public policies, and strengthen individual, social and institutional resilience. Although Chile is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world regarding climate change impacts, presenting seven out of nine vulnerability criteria, the study of the social and psychological dimensions of climate change in our country is limited and its importance for policy-making generally unknown. In such a context we organized a literature review aimed at exploring how Psychology can contribute to address the human dimensions of climate change in Chile considering a wide range of topics. To do this a reasonable high number of specialized databases and scientific journals were used. As a result of this work we expect to encourage scholars from diverse disciplines, not only psychologist, to dig deeper on these issues in the Chilean and Latin American context to fill this gap in the knowledge. The literature review showed that most research has been conducted in developed countries such as United States, Australia, and United Kingdom. This is expected considering the high levels of political polarization about climate change in those countries, either regarding the causes of the problem, the actions needed to address it, or even if it is happening or not. Contrariwise, we only found a reduced number of articles addressing specifically the psychological aspects of climate change in both Latin America and Chile. Interestingly, mainly scholars from other disciplines generally related to environmental management, planning, Sociology and other social sciences, rather than psychologists, have conducted those studies in the region, most of them focused on issues such as social vulnerability, inequalities, poverty alleviation, political participation and agriculture in rural and indigenous communities in the context of droughts or water management related issues. Results of this review are presented in two parts covering five main topics reflecting the most relevant issues identified in the interaction between psychological factors and climate change in the literature. Part one presents a short introduction on climate change impacts in Chile and the high level of vulnerability of our country given by geographic, environmental and social factors. Then we explain the link be tween Psychology and environmental problems in general, describing the main issues covered by two specialized sub disciplines called Environmental Psychology and Conservation Psychology. After that we present four sections summarizing the main findings of the literature review. These include the complexities of climate change communication; beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors; psychological drivers and barriers for climate change action; and the emergent study of the impacts of climate change and mental health. This sets the basis for a framework to organize and encourage research in this area and to integrate this knowledge in policy-making in the Chilean context. Overall, this review suggests that psychology's contributions to address climate change challenges will improve our understanding of the complex relation ship between people and nature in general and society and climate change in particular. However, to have a significant impact in policy-making, psychological studies need to be part of wider multidisciplinary teams and work at multiple levels, specially close to communities and public institutions avoiding an excessive experimentalism and academicism preventing isolation from society. | Interdisciplinaria | 03258203 | http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-70272017000100006&lng=es&nrm=iso | 91-105 | 34 | Not Indexed | adaptation; chile; climate change; pro-environmental behaviors; psychology, nan | Departamento De Psicología De La Universidad De Chile, Valparaíso, Chile; Escuela De Psicología De La Facultad De Ciencias Sociales, Jurídicas Y Económicas, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile |
| SDR Cloud Radar development with reused radio telescope components | Toledo F.; Rodriguez R.; Rondanelli R.; Aguirre R.; Diaz M. | Zonas Costeras | 2017 | 10.1109/GRSS-CHILE.2017.7996016 | The ongoing implementation of a fog observatory in a coastal fog forest in northern Chile is expected to provide valuable information to improve our comprehension of these ecosystems alongside retrieving valuable data to fog scientists. Observing this opportunity and the increase on radio astronomy instrumental it is proposed to develop a low-cost Cloud Radar reutilizing obsolete but operative radio telescope components and software defined radios for modulation. Only preliminary tests have been conducted so far to test the viability of this approach. These tests show that it is in fact possible to build an emitter and receiver operating at 35 GHz using radio telescope components as a Radio Frequency front-end, and that the detected echo coming from the signal is affected by the presence of liquid water droplets in the air. Further development is being carried on the prototype to enable the detection of fog droplets in the boundary layer up to 2 km of height. © 2017 IEEE. | IEEE 1st International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GRSS-CHILE 2017 | | http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7996016/ | art7996016 | | Not Indexed | boundary layers; drops; fog; geology; millimeter waves; radar; radar astronomy; radio; radio astronomy; radio receivers; radio telescopes; recycling; remote sensing; signal receivers; cloud radar; coastal fogs; liquid water; millimeter wave radar; northern chile; radio frequency front end; sdr clouds; software-defined radios; software radio, cloud radar; millimeter wave radar; recycling; software defined radios | Electrical Engineering Department of the University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millimetric-Wave Laboratory of the University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geophysics Department of the University of Chile and the Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile; Space and Planet. Explor. Lab. and the Dept. of Electrical Engineering of the University of Chile, Santiago, Chile |
